NEOLOGISMS AND
THEIR
CLASSIFICATIONS
Group 30
NEOLOGISMS
Neologisms are new words or
expressions created to describe
emerging concepts, technologies, or
cultural trends.
The number of new neologisms that appear every year is from
several hundred to a few thousand new words are coined or gain in
the English language:
Oxford English Dictionary (OED)
Urban Dictionary and Social Media
Technology and Science
Language Evolution Studies:
BY ORIGIN
Root Neologisms (Coinages): Words invented from scratch,
with no previous linguistic roots or history.
Example: "Kodak."
Loanwords: Words borrowed directly from another
language and integrated into the native vocabulary.
Example: "Taco" (from Spanish).
Calques: Direct translations or literal adaptations of foreign
phrases. Example: "Skyscraper" (translated from French
gratte-ciel).
BY FORMATION METHOD
1:Derived Neologism
Words created by adding prefixes, suffixes, or other
morphological changes to existing words.
Example: "Unfriend" (from
"friend").
2:Compound Neologisms
New words formed by combining two full words.
Example: "Blackboard" (from
"black" and "board").
3:Portmanteaus (Blends)
Words created by blending parts of two or more words.
Example: "Motel" (from "motor" and "hotel").
4;Acronyms and Initialisms
Words formed from the initials of phrases, often becoming
standalone terms.
Example: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).
BY MEANING AND
SEMANTICS
Semantic Neologisms:
Existing words that take on new meanings due
to social or technological changes.
Retronyms:
Terms created to distinguish an original
concept from newer versions.
Eponyms
Words derived from the names of people or brands
that become synonymous with a concept.
Phrasal Neologisms:
Full phrases that gain significance as
popular expressions or cultural markers.
BY STRUCTURE AND FORM
Syntactical neologisms
Phraseological (forming
Morphological (word-building)
word-groups)
Phraseological Units with Non-Idiomatic Expressions
Transferred Meanings.
For Example:Electronic
For Example:To buy virus,Rubik’s cube,Acid rain
into,Fudge and dudge
Reduplicative Neologisms
Reduplicative neologisms are new words or phrases created by
repeating or slightly altering a word or part of a word.
Phonological neologisms Compound Neologisms
are newly coined words formed
are newly coined words
by combining two or more
created by altering sounds or
existing words, usually to describe
syllables to create fresh new concepts or things that blend
expressions. multiple ideas.
BORROWED OR STRONG NEOLOGISMS
Borrowed neologisms come from another language. They are
also called strong neologisms.
Strong neologisms include also phonetic borrowings, such as
perestroika (from Russian), dolce vita (from Italian), solidarnosc
(from Polish), Berufsverbot (from German), geige (from Chinese),
etc.
MORPHOLOGICAL NEOLOGISMS
Morphological neologisms are usually built on patterns existing
in the language, therefore they do not belong to the group of
strong neologisms.
BY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
FACTORS
Slang and internet neologisms are informal words and expressions that
emerge from online communities, social media, and pop culture.
Examples of Neologisms Used by Neologisms in Everyday Life
Teenagers
Cap / No Cap Ship spill the tea FOMO
Scientific and technical
neologisms
Scientific and technical neologisms are new words or phrases that arise
due to advancements in science and technology. They emerge as new
discoveries, concepts, or inventions need to be described. These
neologisms often carry precise meanings within their fields and may
later become part of general vocabulary.
• Examples:
• Genomics: The study of genomes, especially mapping genes.
• Cryptocurrency: A digital or virtual currency using cryptography for
security.
• Nanotechnology: Manipulation of matter on an atomic or molecular
scale.
Jargon
Jargon refers to specialized language used by people within a particular
field or group. While not all jargon is new, some terms can be
neologisms when they arise to describe new practices, processes, or
technologies within that field. Jargon can be confusing to outsiders but
facilitates precise communication among specialists.
Professional neologisms
Professional neologisms are new terms created within a specific profession or industry to describe
emerging roles, skills, or tools. They might arise due to changing industry demands or technological
advances that require new terminology. Professional neologisms are essential for precise
communication within the field and are often linked to recent trends or job roles.
• Examples:
• Data Scientist: A profession involving the extraction of insights from data.
• User Experience (UX) Designer: A role focused on enhancing user interaction with digital products.
• Influencer: Someone who has built a reputation for expertise in a specific industry and affects audience
behavior, often used in social media contexts.
OTHER TYPES
Proper Neologism*
A proper neologism is a completely new word or expression
introduced to language. It often arises to name new inventions,
phenomena, or concepts.
Examples: "selfie," "google" (as a verb), "blog."
Subtypes of Neologisms Related to Computerization*
These neologisms stem from technological advancements and the
digital wor
Subtypes of Phraseological Neologisms*
These are new expressions or phrases rather than individual words.
ARE THERE ANY
QUESTIONS?
Remember to study the
information from this lecture!
