Flow in Noncircular Ducts
&pipe system
If the duct is noncircular, the analysis of fully
developed flow follows that
Types of Pipe Flow Problems
1. Given d, L, and V or Q, ρ, µ, and g, compute the head loss hf (head
loss problem).
2. Given d, L, hf, ρ, µ, and g, compute the velocity V or flow rate Q
(flow rate problem).
3. Given Q, L, hf, ρ, µ, and g, compute the diameter d of the pipe
(sizing problem).
4. Given Q, d, hf, ρ, µ, and g, compute the pipe length L.
summary
Piping standerd
• Piping codes defines the requirements of design, fabrication, use of
materials, tests and inspection of pipes and piping systems - what you
need to do.
• ANSI
• ASME
• ISO
• DIN
• Piping standards define application design and construction rules and
requirements for piping components as flanges, elbows, tees, valves
etc. - how to do it.
Pump system
Losses in pipe system
• major losses
Minor or Local Losses in Pipe Systems
1. Pipe entrance or exit.
2. Sudden expansion or contraction.
3. Bends, elbows, tees, and other fittings.
4. Valves, open or partially closed.
5. Gradual expansions or contractions.
𝑉2
ℎ𝑚 =k
2∗𝑔
The losses may not be so minor
Valve losses
• the flow pattern in fittings and valves is quite complex, the theory is
very weak. The losses are commonly measured experimentally and
correlated with the pipe flow parameters. The data, especially for
valves, are somewhat dependent on the particular manufacturer’s
design
𝑉2
ℎ𝑚 =k
2∗𝑔
Tee
rounded and beveled inlets
reentrant inlets:
Multiple-Pipe Systems
• Pipes in Serie The first is a set of three (or more) pipes in series. Rule
1 is that the flow rate
• is the same in all pipes:
• Rule 2 is that the total head loss through the system equals the sum
of the head
• loss in each pipe:
•
ΔhA→B = Δh1 + Δh2 + Δh3
Pipes in Parallel
Pipe Networks
• The net flow into any junction must be zero.
• The net pressure change around any closed loop must be zero. In
other
• words, the HGL at each junction must have one and only one
elevation.
• All pressure changes must satisfy the Moody and minor-loss friction
correlations.
Fluid Meters:
• Almost all practical fluid engineering problems are associated with
the need for an accurate flow measurement. There is a need to
measure local properties (velocity, pressure, temperature, density,
viscosity, turbulent intensity), integrated properties (mass flow and
volume flow), and global properties (visualization of the entire flow
field).
Local Velocity Measurements
1. Trajectory of floats or neutrally buoyant particles.
2. Rotating mechanical devices:
a. Cup anemometer.
b. Savonius rotor.
c. Propeller meter.
d. Turbine meter.
3. Pitot-static tube (Fig. 6.30).
4. Electromagnetic current meter.
5. Hot wires and hot films.
6. Laser-doppler anemometer (LDA).
7. Particle image velocimetry (PIV).
(a) three-cup anemometer;
(b) Savonius rotor
(c) turbine mounted in a duct
(d) free-propeller meter
(e) hot-wire anemometer;
(f) hot-film anemometer
(g) pitot static tube
(h)laser-Doppler anemometer.
Volume Flow Measurements
