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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  Antiviral medications

 The major role of the respiratory system is  Oxygen Therapy
the oxygenation of blood and the removal  IV Fluids
of waste products of the body in the form  Draining Fluids
of carbon dioxide.
2. ASPIRATION PNEUMΟΝΙΑ
NASAL CAVITY  An infection of the lungs caused by
 These are hollow spaces where air flows in inhaling saliva, food, liquid, vomit and even
and out. small foreign objects.
ORAL CAVITY CAUSES
 Brings air into your lungs  Bacteria from saliva and secretions from
PHARYNX your mouth and nose.
 A muscular tube in the middle of your neck.  Stomach contents such as digestive juices
It helps you to breathe and digest food or vomit.
LARYNX  Food or beverages.
 It makes it possible for you to make sounds,  Small foreign objects.
which is why it's also called your voice box. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
TRACHEA  Shortness of breath
 The long tube that connects your larynx  Coughing up blood or pus
(voice box) to your bronchi. Also called  Chest pain
"wind pipe"  Bad breath
LUNGS  Extreme tiredness
 The network of organs and tissues that TREATMENT
allow you to breathe  Antibiotics

INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
1. PNEUMOΝΙΑ 3. LUNG ABSCESS
 It is an infection in your lungs caused by  A pus-filled cavity in your lung surrounded
bacteria, viruses or fungi. by inflamed tissue. It usually results from
CAUSES breathing bacteria.
 Bacteria CAUSES
 Virus  Bacteria
 Fungi SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS  Chest pain
 High fever (up to 105 F or 40.55 C).  Cough Fatigue
 Cough  Fever
 Tiredness (fatigue).  Loss of appetite.
 Rapid breathing.  Night sweats Sputum
 Shortness of breath.  Weight loss
 Rapid heart rate.
 Sweating or chills. TREATMENT
 Chest pain and/or abdominal pain.  Antibiotics
 Drainage
 Surgery
TREATMENT
 Antibiotics 4. TUBERCULOSIS
 Antifungal medications  An infectious disease that can cause
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infection in your lungs or other tissues.  A common disease that often produces a
CAUSES radiographic appearance simulating that of
 Caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
tuberculosis. CAUSES
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS  fungus Histoplasma capsulatum
 Bad cough SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Pain in your chest Weight loss  Fever
 Chills  Cough
 Fever  Sweating Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
 Sputum  Chest pain
TREATMENT  Muscle aches
 Isoniazid (Hyzyd®).  Rash or bumps on your lower legs
 Rifampin (Rifadin®). (erythema nodosum).
 Ethambutol (Myambutol TREATMENT
 Pyrazinamide (Zinamide  Itraconazole Amphotericin B (AmB)
 Rifapentine (Priftin®) Corticosteroids.

TYPES OF TUBERCULOSIS BRONCHIECTASIS

1. PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS:  A disease in which there is permanent
 The infection of an individual who has not enlargement of parts of the airways of the
been previously infected or immunised is lung.
called Primary tuberculosis or Ghon's CAUSES
complex or childhood tuberculosis  Inflammation or infection of the airways
2. SECONDARY TUBERCULOSIS: that keeps coming back.
 The infection that individual who has been SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
previously infected or sensitized is called  Productive cough
secondary or post primary or reinfection or  Shortness of breath
chronic tuberculosis.  Chest pain
TREATMENT
TUBERCULOMA  Antibiotics
 A sharply circumscribed parenchymal  Bronchodilators
nodule, often containing viable  Lung transplant
tuberculosis bacilli, that can develop in
either primary or secondary disease. CROUP
CAUSES  also known as croupy cough, is a type of
 Inflammatory reaction mounted by the respiratory infection that is usually caused
body against the tuberculous bacilli. by virus.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CAUSES
 Sputum  Parainfluenza Virus
 Cough SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Weakness and fatigue.  Hoarsenesss
TREATMENT  fever
 HRZE drug combina (Isoniazid, Rifampin,  rash
Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol) followed by  eye redness fifficulty of breathing
maintenance therapy.  restlessness or nervousness
 retraction
HISTOPLASMOSIS  cyanosis
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TREATMENT chemical fumes.
 Humidified air or oxygen  Genetic (inherited)
 IV fluid for dehydration SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Monitoring of vital signs croup medication  Weight loss
 placement of a breathing tube  Fatigue
 Cough
EPIGLOTITIS  Shortness of breath during physical activity
 Inflammation and swelling of your  Depression
epiglottis.  Morning headaches
CAUSES TREATMENT
 Haemophilus influenzae  Smoking cessation
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS  Steroids
 Severe sore throat  Pulmonary rehabilitation
 Difficulty and pain when  Antibiotics Vaccination
 swallowing
 Abnormal or high-pitched breathing noises 3. EMPHYSEMA
 Difficulty breathing  A lung condition that causes shortness of
 Fever of 100.4 °F (38 °C or higher breath. In people with emphysema, the air
Irritability and restlessness. sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged.
TREATMENT CAUSES
 Endotracheal intubation  Smoking
 Intravenous antibiotics  Asthma
 Corticosteroids  Genetics
 Air pollution
DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASE  Infection
1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
 A common lung disease causing restricted
airflow and breathing problems. It is SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
sometimes called emphysema or chronic  Chest pain
bronchitis  Wheezing
CAUSES  Cough with mucus
 Smoking and air pollution  Fatigue
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS  Shortness of breath
 lung infections  Fever
 lung cancer  Headaches
 heart problems  Sore throat
 weak muscles and brittle bones  Heart failure
 depression and anxiety. TREATMENT
TREATMENT  Smoking cessation
 COPD isn't curable.  Pulmonary rehabilitation
 Antibiotics
2. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS  Vaccines
 Swelling and mucus in your airways, or  Exercise regularly
tubes, that bring air in and out of your
lungs. 4. ASTHMA
CAUSES  A chronic (long-term) condition that affects
 Air pollutants in your home or workplace the airways in the lungs that makes
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breathing difficult. 7. ASBESTOSIS
CAUSES  A lung disease that occurs in people who
 Smoking inhale asbestos fibers and dust over a long
 Allergies period of time,
 Infection CAUSES
 Air pollution  Caused by exposure te asbestos dust
 Family history of asthma SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Colds, flu and viruses  Shortness of breath
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS  Persistent cough Rapid weight loss
 Shortness of breath  Chest pain
 Chest tightness or pain  Coughing up blood
 Wheezing or Coughing TREATMENT
TREATMENT  Pulmonary rehabilitation
 Cannot be cured  Oxygen therapy
 Using an inhaler to ease breathing

5. PNEUMOCONIOSIS 8. COAL WORKERS PNEUMOCONIOSIS

 A general term for lung diseases caused  A lung disease that results from breathing
by breathing in certain types of dust. This in dust from coal, graphite, or man-made
dust settles deep in the lungs. carbon over a long time.
CAUSES CAUSES
 Breathing in certain kinds of dust particles  Coal dust is inhaled
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS  Shortness of breath
 Cough  Coughing up of black sputur
 Lots of phlegm TREATMENT
 Shortness of breath  Medicines to keep the airways open and
TREATMENT red mucus
 Cannot be cured  Pulmonary rehabilitation

6. SILICOSIS VASCULAR DISEASE

 A lung disease caused by inhaling very tiny 1. PULMONARY EMBOLISM
crystalline particles of silicon dioxide, or  The pulmonary artery carries
silica. deoxygenated blood from the heart to the
CAUSES lungs for oxygenation.
 Damage to your lungs that happen when CAUSES
you breathe in silica dust..  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS  Virchow's triad
 Shortness of breath SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Fatigue  Shortness of breath
 Weakness  Coughing
 Unintended weight loss  Chest pain
 Persistent coughing that brings up sputum  Rapid heart
 Inflammation  Wheezing
TREATMENT TREATMENT
 There is no specific treatment for silicosis.  Anticoagulants Thrombolytics
 Inferior vena cava filter Surgery
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 Pre-existing Conditions
2. SEPTIC EMBOLISM SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Obstruction of a blood vessel, typically by  Wheezing
an infected thrombus that has traveled  Hemoptysis
through the bloodstream from a distant  Shortness of Breath-Chest Pain
infectiousbsource.  Recurrent Infections
CAUSES TREATMENT
 Difficulty of breathing  Radiotherapy
 Respiratory failure  Chemotherapy
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS  Endoscopic Procedures
 Dyspnea
 Pleuritic chest pain 2. BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
 Cough  More commonly known as lung cancer,
 Hemoptysis originates in the bronchi or other parts of
TREATMENT the lung.
 Source control CAUSES
 Prolonged antibiotic therapy  Smoking
 Exposure to Carcinogens
3. PULMONARY ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA  Air Pollution
 Creates a potentially troublesome  Genetic Factors
connection between a vein and an artery in  Pre-existing Lung
the lung..  Conditions
CAUSES  Radiation Therapy
 Injuries that pierce the skin SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Congential arteriovenous fistula  Persistent cough
 Genetic conditions  Hemoptysis
 Dialysis  Chest pain
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS  Shortness of breath
 Purplish  Wheezing
 Bulging veins  Weight loss
 Swelling in the arms or legs TREATMENT
 Decrease blood pressure  Surgery
 Fatigue  Radiation therapy Chemotherapy
 Heart failure  Immunotherapy
TREATMENT
 Block the fistula during arteriogram 3. PULMONARY METASTASES
 Refers to cancerous tumors that have
NEOPLASM spread to the lungs from other parts of the
1. BRONCHIAL ADENOMA body.
 Are a group of benign tumors that CAUSES
originate from glandular tissue in the  Tumor blocking an airway
bronchi, which are the air. passages in the  Pleural effusion
lungs.  Hypoxemia
CAUSES  Pneumonia
 Genetic Mutation  Anemia
 Environmental Factor  Anxiety and stress
 Chronic Irritation SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
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 Persistent cough Medications
 Hemoptysis  Enough kind of calories
 Chest pain  Surgery
 Shortness of breath
 Wheezing HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE
 Weight loss  One of the most common causes of
TREATMENT respiratory distress in the newborn Hyaline
 Surgery membrane disease is one of the most
 Radiation therapy common causes of respiratory distress in
 Chemotherapy the newborn. It primarily occurs in
 Immunotherapy premature infants, especially those who
have diabetic mothers or who have been
MISCALLANEOUS LUNG DISORDERS delivered by cesarean section. Hypoxia and
1. ATELECTASIS increasing respiratory distress may not be
 The collapse of a lung or part of a lung, immediately evident at birth but almost
also known as lobe. always appear within 6 hours of delivery.
CAUSES
 Tumor blocking an airway Surfactant replacement with artificial surfactant:
 Pneumonia  This treatment has been shown to reduce
 Pulmonary fibrosis the severity of HMD, and is most e ective if
 Pleural effusion started in the first six hours of birth. It may
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS be given as preventive treatment for
 Shortness of breath babies at very high risk for HMD, or used
 Coughing Chest pain as a "rescue" method
 Skin and lips turning blue
TREATMENT What are the symptoms of HMD?
 Deep breathing exercises  Difficulty breathing at birth that gets
 Removing obstructions in your lung progressively worse.
 Physical therapy  Cyanosis (blue coloring)
 Inhaled medications to open up your  Flaring of the nostrils.
airways  Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
 Grunting sounds with breathing.
2. CYSTIC FIBROSIS  Chest retractions (pulling in at the ribs and
 A sever damage to the lungs and other sternum during
organs in the body.
CAUSES Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
 Inherited disease caused by mutations in a  The term adult respiratory distress
gene called the cystic fibrosis syndrome(ARDS) is used to describe a
transmembrane conductance regulator clinical picture of severe, unexpected, and
SIGNS AND SYMPTOM life threatening acute respiratory distress
 Very salty tasting skin that develops in patients who have a
 Persistent coughing with phlegm variety of medical and surgical disorders
 Lung infections but no to major underlying lung disease.
 Wheezing or shortness of breath  Used to describe a clinical picture of
 Weight gain. severe, unexpected, and life-threatening
TREATMENT acute respiratory distress that develops in
 Keeping your airways clear and open patients who have a variety of medical and
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surgical disorders but no to major  Blue fingernails or blue tone to the skin or
underlying lung disease. lips.
PATHOLOGY  Extreme tiredness.
 ALVEOLI FILL WITH FLUID.  Fever
 ACUTE ONSET OF DYSPNEA, HYPOXEMIA,  Crackling sound in the lungs.
& PULMONARY INFILTRATES.

CONSEQUENCES-
 REDUCED LUNG COMPLIANCE What is the treatment for ARDS?
INCREASED PULMONARY DEAD SPACE  Treatment for ARDS typically aims to
INC. RISK OF PNEUMOTHORAX increase blood oxygen levels, provide
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION breathing support, and treat the underlying
 40% MORTALITY RATE cause of the disease. Oxygen and
TREATMENT Ventilation. Most ARDS patients are placed
 ADDRESS UNDEREVING CAUSES on a mechanical ventilator, usually in the
 MECHANICAL VENTILATION intensive care unit of a hospital
o VOLUTRAUMA (OVERDISTENTION)  Intrabronchial foreign bodies
o ALECTECTRAUMA (ALVEOLAR STRAIN)  The aspiration of solid foreign bodies into
o BIOTRAUMA (MICRATION OF PRO- the tracheobronchial tree occurs almost
INFLAMMATORY MOLECULES & exclusively in young children.
PATHOGENS)
 FLUID MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE L. CAUSES:
ATRIAL FILLING PRESSURE (EXC  inhaling or swallowing a foreign object.
DIRUETICS); NEUROMUSCULAR  small object lodged in the nose or mouth.
BLOCKAGE  allergic reaction.
 trauma to the airway from an accident.
Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome  vocal cord issues.
 INADEQUATE SURFACTANT PRODUCTION  breathing in a large amount of smoke from
BY PREMATURE LUNGS, LUNDS a fire.
COLLAPSE.  viral infections.
 bacterial infections.
What is the most common cause of respiratory
distress syndrome? Sign and Symptoms:
 RDS is caused by a lack of surfactant in the  Coughing and choking
lungs. The lungs of a fetus start making
surfactant during the third trimester, which Treatment:
starts after the 26th week of pregnancy.  The definitive diagnosis and management
Surfactant is a foamy substance that keeps of a foreign body typically involves
the lungs fully expanded so that newborns bronchoscopy to remove the o ending
can breathe in air once. object. However, no universal standard of
care has been thoroughly defined. Rigid
Symptoms: bronchoscopy has been described to have
 Shortness of breath. several key benefits compared to flexible
 Fast breathing, or taking lots of rapid, bronchoscopy for definitive management
shallow breaths.
 Fast heart rate. Mediastinal emphysema (pneumomediastinum):
 Coughing that produces phlegm.  The Air within the mediastinal space may
 RT118 – RAD PATHOLOGY
appear spontaneously or be the result of penetrating or blunt injuries that disrupt
chest trauma; perforation of the the lung and parietal pleura so that air is
esophagus or tracheobronchial tree; or the forced into the tissues of the chest wall
spread of air along fascial planes from the Causes:
neck, peritoneal cavity, or retroperitoneal  Subcutaneous emphysema can result from
space. surgical, traumatic, infectious, or
 Spontaneous pneumomediastinum usually spontaneous etiologies. Injury to the
results from a sudden rise in intra-alveolar thoracic cavity, sinus cavities, facial bones,
pressure (eg., severe coughing, vomiting, barotrauma, bowel perforation, or
or straining) that causes alveolar rupture pulmonary blebs are some common
and the dissection of air along blood causes
vessels in the interstitial space to the hilum Sign and Symptoms:
and mediastinum. Air may also extend  Sore throat.
peripherally and rupture into the pleural  Neck pain.
space, causing an associated  Difficulty breathing.
pneumothoraxe definitive diagnosis and  Difficulty swallowing or speaking/voice
management of a foreign body typically changes.
involves bronchoscopy to remove the o  Distention or bloating of the abdomen
ending object. However, no universal Treatment:
standard of care has been thoroughly  Treatments for subcutaneous emphysema
defined. Rigid bronchoscopy has been may include: The administration of highly
described to have several key benefits concentrated oxygen, since it helps the
compared to flexible bronchoscopy for body absorb the subcutaneous air more
definitive management. quickly2. Making two infraclavicular
incisions on each side (deep incisions
How do you treat mediastinal emphysema? made below the clavicle bone) Insertion of
 Often, no treatment is required as the air is a chest tube to remove the air
gradually absorbed from the mediastinum.
If pneumomediastinum is accompanied by DISORDER OF PLEURA
pneumothorax, a chest tube may be 1. Pneumothorax
placed. Breathing high concentrations of  refers to the presence of air in the Pleura
oxygen may allow the air in the Cavity that result in a partial or complete
mediastinum to be absorbed more quickly collapse of the lung.
Causes:
Symptoms of pneumomediastinum include:  Chest trauma (stubbing, gunshot, or
 Severe pain in the middle of your chest or fractured ribs)
breastbone. It may radiate to your arms or  Excess pressure on the lungs
neck  Lung disease, such as chronic obstructive
 Shortness of breath pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, cystic
 Air pockets under your skin on your face, fibrosis, tuberculosis or whooping cough.
neck or chest (subcutaneous emphysema). Symptoms:
 Neck or face swelling.  Shortness of Breath
 High-pitched voice or other voice  Acute Chest Pain
distortion  Increase Blood Pressure
 Increase Heart Rate
Subcutaneous emphysema  Pneumothorax
 Subcutaneous emphysema is caused by Treatment:
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 Treatment for a pneumothorax usually
involves inserting a needle or chest tube 4. Medistinal Masses
between the ribs to remove the excess air.  A mediastinal mass is an abnormal growth
However, a small pneumothorax may heal that forms in the mediastinum, which is the
on its own. area in the chest between the lungs. These
masses can be either benign (non-
cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and
can include tumors, cysts, or other
2. Pleural Effusion abnormalities
 The accumulation of fluid in the pleural Causes:
space is a nonspecific finding that may be  Anterior mediastinum: Thymomas and
caused by a wide variety of pathogenic lymphomas
processes.  Middle mediastinum: Lymph node
Causes: enlargement and vascular masses.
 Congestive heart failure  Posterior mediastinum: Neurogenic tumors
 Cancer and esophageal abnormalities.
 Pneumonia Symptoms:
 Pulmonary embolism.  Including cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea,
Symptoms: pain, dysphagia, stridor, hoarseness, facial
 Chest pain swelling, arm swelling, hypotension due to
 Shortness of breath cardiac compression, and neurologic
 Cough changes such as Horner syndrome.
 Fever and Chills Treatment:
Treatment:  Treatment for mediastinal tumors depends
 One of the most common procedures to on the type of tumor and symptoms:
remove extra fluid is called thoracentesis. Thymic cancers are treated with surgery. It
This involves using ultrasound to locate the may be followed by radiation or
fluid and a hollow needle to drain the fluid chemotherapy, depending on the stage of
from the pleural space. the tumor and the success of the surgery.

3. Emphysema DISORDER OF THE DIAPHRAGM

 Refers to the presence of infected liquid/ 1. Diaphragmatic Paralysis
Frank pus in the pleural space.  is the loss of muscular power due to
Causes: muscle weakness or damage to its nerve
 Smoking supply.
 air pollution Causes:
 chemical fumes  Surgical trauma, such as unintentional
Treatment: injury after a heart or neck procedure.
 Treatment for Emphysema typically Symptoms:
involves medications to open up the  shortness of breath when lying flat, with
airways, pulmonary rehabilitation exercises, walking or with immersion in water up to
and in severe cases; oxygen therapy or the lower chest.
surgery to remove damaged lung tissue. Treatment:
Symptoms:  Correct the Underlying Issue.
 shortness of breath  Ventilatory Support Surgical Plication
 coughing  Phrenic Nerve Pacing.
 fatigue.
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2. Eventration of the Diaphragm
 Is a rare congenital abnormality in which
one Hemidiaphragm (very rarely both) is
poorly developed and is too weak to
permit the upward movement of
abdominal contents into the thoracic cage.
Causes:
 Diaphragmatic paralysis
 Obesity
 Enlarged liver or spleen
 Viral diseases
Symptoms:
 Difficulty of breathing, especially with
exercise or when lying down.
 Coughing
 Chest pain
 Recurrent pneumonia
 Cardiac arrhythmias
Treatment
 can be non-surgical, and include physical
therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation to
improve breathing. If symptoms persist, a
surgery called diaphragmatic plication may
be the best option.

Other causes of elevation of the Diaphragm

Diaphragm
 Temporary elevation of the diaphragm
occurs in pneumonia, lung abscess,
subphrenic abscess, liver abscess,
diabetes, Banti's disease, during digestion,
and normally at full expiration.