1.

The Higher Institute of Engineering

El-Shorouk City
Electronics, Communication, and First year - 1st semester
Computer Engineering Dept.
Measurement - Sheet (2) Dr. Fatma El- Fouly

Explain the structure of PMMC (Permanent Magnet Moving Coil) showing the different
forces could be recognized within the device function in details.
Answer:
D'Arsonval or PMMC (Permanent Magnet Moving Coil):
It consists of coil copper wire suspended in the field of the permanent magnet as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1
Types of forces (torques) involved in PMMC:
i. Deflection force: as current passes through the coil wire a magnetic field results that
interacts with the field generated by the permanent magnet, causing the rotation of both coil
and pointer. Where the pointer moves on calibrated scale indicating the value of measured
current.
F= force exerted on each side of coil if one turn of coil is situated in magnetic field and
current I flows through it= BIL (N)
F= Force exerted on both sides of coil of N turns = 2BILN
T D =2 BILNr=BLIND=GI
Where B: Magnetic flux (Tesla), I: Current (A), L: coil length (m), D: coil diameter.
ii. Restoring force: it is provided by spiral spring where spring winds up as coil rotates.
Restoring force obtain the coil and pointer at their zero position when no current flows.

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 iii. Damping force: it presents only when the coil is in motion. It is provided by eddy currents
in coil, which causes magnetic flux opposite coil motion. It is required to minimize
oscillation.
T C =controlling torque=KӨ
At steady state: T D =T C
GI =KӨ
Ө=CI
This equation shows that pointer deflection is always proportional to current and scale is linear
2. Choose the correct answer:
[1] A pointer of an instrument once deflected returns to zero position, when the current is removed due
to
1. Action of gravity
2. Mass of the pointer
3. Restoring Torque
4. Damping Torques
Answer: 3. restoring torque
[2] An ammeter
1. Is inserted in series in a circuit and current to be measured flows through it
2. Is inserted in series in a circuit and part of the current to be measured flows through it
3. Is connected in parallel in a circuit and current to be measured flows through it
4. Is connected in parallel in a circuit and only part of the current to the measured flows through
it.
Answer:

1. Is inserted in series in a circuit and current to be measured flows through it

[3] An ammeter is convertible to a voltmeter by
1. Changing the scale
2. Putting a large resistance in parallel with the actual measuring part of the instrument
3. Putting a large resistance in series with the actual measuring part of the instrument
4. Simply installing the instrument in parallel with the circuit
Answer: 3. Putting a large resistance in series with the actual measuring part of the instrument
[4] A resistance of 75 Ohms is connected in shunt of a galvanometer, having an internal resistance of
25 Ohms, to convert it into an ammeter. What is the value of current (in A) flowing through the
galvanometer, if the total current in the circuit is 5 A?
1. 2
2. 2.5
3. 3.65
4. 3.75
Answer: 4. 3.75
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 [5] The deflecting torque in an instrument may be produced
1. Magnetically
2. Electrostatically
3. Thermally
4. Any of the above
Answer: 4. Any of the above
[6] The advantages of moving coil permanent magnet type instrument are
1. Low power consumption
2. No hysteresis loss
3. Efficiency eddy current damping
4. All of the above
Answer: 4. All of the above
[7] A moving coil milliammeter having a resistance of 10 ohms gives full-scale deflection when a
current of 5 mA is passed through it. If the instrument is to be used to measure current upto 1 A.
1. A resistance of 0.502 Ω must be connected in series with the instrument
2. A resistance of 0.502 Ω must be connected in parallel to the load
3. A resistance of 0.502 Ω must be connected parallel with the resistance of the ammeter
4. A resistance 0.50 Ω must be connected in series with the load
Answer: 3. A resistance of 0.502 Ω must be connected parallel with the resistance of the
ammeter
[8] A PMMC type voltmeter, having a full-scale reading of 250 V and an internal resistance of 400
kilo-ohms, is connected with the series resistance of 100 kilo-ohms. Calculate the sensitivity of the
voltmeter (in Ohms/Volts).
1. 2400
2. 2000
3. 20000
4. 24000
Answer: 2. 2000
[9] Eddy current damping is not used on repulsion type instrument because
1. The presence of a permanent magnet required for damping would affect the deflection and
hence the reading of the instrument
2. The presence of permanent magnet will result in overheating of the coil
3. An uneven scale will be required and the instrument will require calibration every time
4. Excessive vibrations will result in the disc due to eddy; currents, thereby affecting its accuracy.
Answer: 1. The presence of a permanent magnet required for damping would affect the
deflection and hence the reading of the instrument
[10] If damping torque is not provided in an instrument
1. An instrument will show full wave of quantity even under small values

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 2. The pointer will move only when full rated load is provided
3. The pointer will oscillate about its final deflected position and will never come to rest even
under steady conditions
4. The pointer will oscillate about its final deflected position for quite sometime before coming to
rest
Answer: 4. The pointer will oscillate about its final deflected position for quite sometime before
coming to rest
[11] Ohmmeter is
1. A meter to record ohm
2. Used to measure resistance
3. Combination of Ohm and Meter
4. An indicatng instrument
Answer: 2. Used to measure resistance
[12] A moving coil galvanometer has a resistance of 4 ohms and gives full-scale deflection when
carrying 30 milliamperes. The instruments can be used to measure 150 volts by connecting in
sereis with the instrument a resistance of
1. 9996 ohms
2. 5004 ohms
3. 5000 ohms
4. 4996 ohms
Answer: 4. 4996 ohms
[13] If the torque/weight ratio of an instrument is low, then it can be concluded that
1. The meter will have a uniform scale
2. The meter will have the non-uniform scale
3. The sensitivity of the meter will be high
4. The sensitivity of the meter will be low
Answer: 4. The sensitivity of the meter will be low
[14] A moving coil instrument gives full deflection with 15 mA. The instrument has the resistance of 5
ohms. If a resistance of 0.80 ohms is connected in parallel with the instrument, the instrument will
be capable of reading upto
1. 150 mA
2. 600 mA
3. 750 mA
4. 1087 mA
Answer: 4. 1087 mA
[15] The measurement of reproducibility of an instrument given an indication of
1. Resolution
2. Damping
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 3. Efficiency
4. Accuracy
5. Precision
Answer: 4. Precision
[16] The full-scale deflection current of an ammeter is 1 mA and its internal resistance is 100°hm. If
this meter is to have full deflection at 5A, what is the value of the shunt resistance to be used?
1. 49.99 Ohms
2. 1/49.99 ohms
3. 1 Ohm
4. 2 Ohms
Answer: 4. 1/49.99 ohms
3. DC ammeter is constructed of 133.3 Ω resistance in parallel within PMMC instrument. If
the instrument has a 1.2 KΩ coil resistance and 30 µA FSD. Determine the measured
current at FSD, 0.5 FSD, and 0.33 FSD.
Answer:
Rm =133.3Ω , R s=1.2 KΩ ,∧I m FSD=30 µA

i. At FSD: I =I mFSD ( Rm
Rs )
+1 =30 µA
1.2 kΩ
133.3 (
+1 =300 µA )
1
ii. At 0.5 FSD: I = I
Rm
2 mFSD Rs (
+1 =15 µA
)
1.2 kΩ
133.3 (
+1 =150 µA )
iii. At 0.33 FSD: I =0.33 I mFSD ( Rm
Rs )
+1 =9.9 µA (
1.2kΩ
133.3
+1 =100 µA )
4. DC ammeter consists of Aytron shunt in parallel with PMMC instrument that has a 1.2
KΩ coil resistance and 100 µA FSD. The Aytron shunt is made up of four 0.1 Ω series
connected resistors. Calculate the ammeter range at each setting of the shunt.
Answer:

( ) ( )
Rm 1.2 kΩ
i. At position a: I =I mFSD +1 =100 µA +1 =300 µA
(R1 + R2 + R3 + R 4) 4 (0.1)

( ) ( )
Rm + R 4 (1.2 kΩ+0.1)
ii. At position b: I =I mFSD +1 =100 µA +1 =400 µA
(R1 + R2 + R3 ) 3(0.1)

iii. At position c: I =I mFSD ¿

iv. At position d: I =I mFSD ¿

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 Figure 2
5. The ammeter measures the current in a 10 Ω load supplied from a 10V source. Calculate
the measured load current when the ammeter resistance is
a) 0.1Ω.
b) 1Ω.
And calculate the error in each case.
Answer:
E 10
i. At 0.1Ω: I = = =0.99 A
R L + Ra 10+0.1
E 10
ii. At 1Ω: I = = =0.909 A
R L + Ra 10+1

Figure 3
expected value−measured value
Error at each case: as relative error = × 100
expected value
E 10
Expected current = = =1 A
R L 10
a) At 0.1Ω: measured current= 0.99 A
1−0.99
So error= × 100=± 1 %
1
b) At 1Ω: measured current= 0.909 A
1−0.909
So error= × 100=± 9.1 %
1
6. As shown in Figure:
a) Calculate the relative error in I 3 due to loading effect of the ammeter if the ammeter
resistance is 0.2 Ω.
b) To what value should the ammeter resistance be reduced to limit the magnitude of
relative error below 10%
R1=0.3Ω .
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 R2=0.5Ω .
R3=0.1Ω .

Figure 4
Answer:
a) Without loading effect of ammeter:
E 10
I= = =26 A
R 1+ ( R2 ∥ R 3 ) 0.3+ ( 0.5 ∥ 0.1 )
R2 0.5
I 3=I =26 =21.66 A( without loading effect of ammeter)
R2 + R3 0.5+0.1
With loading effect of ammeter:
E
I L=
R 1+ ¿ ¿
R2 0.5
I 3 L =I L =20.5 =12.8 A(withloading effect of ammeter)
R 2+ R 3 + R a 0.5+0.1+0.2
expected value−measured value 21.66−12.8
Relative error in I 3= × 100= × 100=41%
expected value 21.66
b) If %error in I 3=10%
I 3−I 3 L
relative error ∈I 3 L= × 100=10 %
I3
I 3−I 3 L
=0.1
I3
¿ I 3 L =0.9 I 3 =0.9 ×21.66=19.494 A
R2
I 3 L =I L =¿
R 2+ R 3 + R a
Ra =0.033125 Ω
7. Design Aytron shunt to provide an ammeter with ranges of 1A, 5A, and 10A. A
D'Arsnoval movement with a coil resistance Rm= 50 Ω and full scale deflection current of 1
mA is used.
Answer:

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 Figure 5
At position a (1 A):
V m =I m Rm =50 mV
I s=I −I m=1−1 mA=999 mA
Vm
I s= =999 mA
R1 + R2 + R3
R1 + R2 + R3=0.05005 … … … … … … … … .1 ¿
At position b (5 A):
I s=I −I m=5−1 mA=4999 mA
Vm I (R + R )
I s= = m m 3 =4999 mA
R1 + R2 R 1+ R 2
4999 R1 + 4999 R 2−R3=50 … … … … … … … 2¿

At position c (10 A):

I s=I −I m=10−1 mA=9999 mA
Vm I m (R m+ R3 + R2)
I s= = =9999 mA
R1 + R2 R1
9999 R1−R 2−R3=50 … … … … … … … 3¿
From 1, 2, and 3
R1=0.005005Ω
R2=0.005005Ω
R3=0.004004 Ω