01/09/2021
Recommended Book 2
Digital Fundamentals
Thomas L. Floyd 11th Edition (Pearson International Edition)
Digital Logic & Design
LEC-1 INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL FUNDAMENTALS
SQN LDR (R) DR. ZAHID MIR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Analog & Digital Quantities 3 Analog & Digital Signals 4
Analog Electronics
It involve quantities with continuous values.
Digital Electronics
It involve quantities with discrete values.
01/09/2021
Advantages of digital data 5 Analog and Digital Devices 6
Digital data can be processed and transmitted more effectively
and reliably than analog data.
Digital data can be stored easily. For example, music when
converted to digital form can be stored more compactly and
reproduced more accurately and with more clarity than if it is stored
in analog form.
Noise or fluctuations does not effect digital signals nearly as much as
it does analog signals.
Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) 7 Digital to Analog Conversion (DAC) 8
An ADC converts a continuous analog signal to a discrete digital signal. In electronics, DAC or digital-to-analog convertor is a device that converts
the digital code (binary numbers) to an analog signal (in voltage or current
form).
01/09/2021
DAC & ADC both in Modem 9 Logic Levels 10
A logic level is a voltage level that represents a defined digital state.
Logic HIGH : The higher of two voltages, typically 5 volts
Logic LOW : The lower of two voltages , typically 0 volts
Digital Waveform 11 Parts of a Pulse 12
Rising Edge
Digital waveforms consist of voltage A 0 to 1 transition of a signal.
levels that are changing back and Falling Edge
forth between the HIGH and LOW A 1 to 0 transition of a signal.
levels or states. Amplitude
Maximum voltage attained by the signal, this will always be 5, 12
volts etc.
Positive-going Pulse : It is generated Time Period (T)
when the voltage (or current) goes from The time it takes for a periodic signal to repeat (in seconds).
its normally LOW level to HIGH level and Frequency
then back to its LOW level. A measure of the number of occurrences of signal per second (in
Hertz).
Time HIGH (tH)
Negative-going Pulse : It is The time at which signal is at its maximum value (V=Vmax) also known
generated when the voltage (or as pulse width (tW).
𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = × 100 %
current) goes from its normally HIGH Time LOW (tL)
level to LOW level and then back to its The time at which signal is at its minimum value (V=0).
HIGH level. Duty Cycle
The ratio of tH to the time period T.
01/09/2021
Example 1 13 Digital Wave 14
A portion of a periodic digital waveform is shown in the figure. The
measurements are in milliseconds. Determine the following:
(a) Time period (b) Frequency (c) Duty cycle
A digital wave consists of series of pulses which can be periodic or non-periodic.
Clock 15 Timing Diagram 16
In digital systems all waves are synchronized with basic timing waveform
called clock.
The clock is a periodic waveform in which each interval called a bit time. A timing diagram is a graph of digital waveform showing actual time
Note that each change in level of waveform A occurs at the leading relationship between two or more waves.
edge of the clock waveform.
The speed at which
A computer can
operate depends on the
Three waveforms A, B & C
type of microprocessor
used in the system. The
are HIGH only during bit time
speed specification, e.g 7 and they all change back
3.5GHz of a computer is LOW at the end of bit time 7
the maximum clock
frequency at which the
microprocessor can run.
01/09/2021
Data Transfer 17 Types of Data Transfer 18
Serial Transfer Parallel Transfer
Data refers to groups of bits that convey some type In serial form, one bit is transferred at In parallel form, all the bits in a
of information. a time along a single line, e.g computer-
to-modem transfer.
group are sent out on separate lines
at the same time, e.g computer-to-
printer transfer.
Binary Data is represented by digital waveforms
must be transferred from one system to another in
order to accomplish a given purpose.
For example numbers stored in binary form in the During the time interval from t0 to t1, the
memory of a computer must be transferred to the first bit is transferred. During the time
interval from t1 to t2, the second bit is To transfer eight bits in parallel, it
computer’s CPU in order to be added. The sum of the transferred, and so on. Thus to transfer takes one time interval as compared
addition must then be transferred to a monitor for display eight bits in series, it takes eight time to eight time intervals for the serial
and/or transferred back to the memory. intervals.
transfer.
Advantage : Only one line is required Advantage : Less time is required
Example 2 19 Self Assessment Problems 20
(a) Determine the total time required to serially transfer the eight bits
contained in waveform A, and indicate the sequence of bits. The
left-most bit is the first to be transferred. The 100 kHz clock is used as 1. Determine the duty cycle of the following waveform.
reference.
(b) What is the total time to transfer the same eight bits in parallel?
2. What is the total serial transfer time for the eight bits in the following
waveform? What is the total parallel transfer time? (A bit time is 1μs
in this case)
