Dr.
Arizu Sulaiman
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
RESTRAINED BEAMS
2
GENERAL
• Beam usually subjected to gravity loads (permanent
and variable) which result in the section is in
bending.
• Top flange will be in compression, and will try to
buckle. Bottom flange will be in tension, and will try
to remain straight.
• These two actions cause the beam to twist and move
laterally, and this phenomenon is called:
LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING
3
3
Clamp at
root
LATERAL TORSIONAL
BUCKLING
Unloaded
Buckled position
position
Dead weight
load applied
vertically
4
• If full lateral restraint is provided, lateral
torsional buckling (LTB) is prevented, and the
beam is categorized as:
RESTRAINED BEAMS
• If full lateral restrained is not provided, LTB is
not prevented, and the beam is categorized
as:
UNRESTRAINED BEAMS
5
5
• Restrained Beam should be checked for:
i) Adequate lateral restraint
ii) Section classification
iii) Shear resistance of cross section
iv) Moment resistance of cross section
(including co-existing bending and shear)
v) Deflection
vi) Web resistance to transverse forces
(crushing, crippling and buckling)
6
6
SECTION CLASSIFICATION
• Refer Table 5.2 Sheet 1 and 2 of EC3 (for UB)
i) Outstand flanges
- Parts subject to compression
ii) Internal compression parts
- Parts subject to bending
7
7
SHEAR RESISTANCE (6.2.6)
0.6fy
• Defined as:
Av ( f y / 3)
V pl , Rd
M0
Av = shear area
M0 = partial safety factor (plastic yielding)
[if webs are thin (d/tw > 72/), shear buckling resistance should be
checked]
8
Shear area, Av
The shear area Av is in effect the area of
the cross-section that can be mobilised to
resist the applied shear force with a
moderate allowance for plastic
redistribution
For sections where the load is applied
parallel to the web, this is essentially the
area of the web (with some allowance for
the root radii in rolled sections).
Shear areas, Av
Shear areas Av are given in clause 6.2.6(3).
• Rolled I and H sections, load parallel to web:
Av = A – 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf but ≥ hwtw
• Rolled channel sections, load parallel to web:
Av = A – 2btf + (tw + r)tf
• Rolled RHS of uniform thickness, load parallel to depth:
Av = Ah/(b+h)
• CHS and tubes of uniform thickness:
Av = 2A/
MOMENT RESISTANCE (6.2.5)
- co-existing bending and shear (6.2.8)
• Moment Resistance with Low Shear
VEd 0.5Vpl, Rd
W pl f y
Class 1 & 2 : M c , Rd
M0
Wel f y
Class 3 : M c , Rd
M0
11
• Moment Resistance with High Shear
VEd 0.5V pl , Rd
- use reduced design strength for shear
area
f yr (1 ) f y
2
2VEd
where 1
V pl , Rd
12
• Alternatively, for Class 1 and 2 I-sections:
Aw 2
W pl , y fy
4t w
M y ,V , Rd
M0
(but My,V,Rd < My,c,Rd)
where Aw hwt w
13
DEFLECTION
• Should be determined using Unfactored
Variable Action, Qk
• Suggested limits:
L/350 – Floors and roofs supporting plaster or
other brittle finishes or non-flexible partitions
(L/360 – BS 5950)
L/300 – Floors generally (L/200 – BS 5950)
14
WEB RESISTANCE TO TRANSVERSE FORCES
- When concentrated loads are applied
through the flange to the web
■ Design Resistance (6.2 of EN 1993-1-5)
f yw Leff t w
FRd
M1
where Leff is the effective length, Leff f l y
Xf is the reduction factor
considering local buckling
ly is the loaded length
15
DESIGN PROCEDURES
• Select section and steel grade
• Determine the design strength, fy
• Check whether the compression flange is laterally
restrained
• Calculate the shear capacity and determine whether
the section is subject to low shear or high shear
• Calculate the moment capacity for low shear or for
high shear as appropriate and verify adequacy
• Calculate the deflections and check against
appropriate limits
• If required, check web resistance to transverse forces
16
Restrained beam example
The simply supported 610×229×125 UB of
S275 steel shown below has a span of 6.0
m. Check moment resistance, shear and
deflections. Dead load = 60 kN/m
Imposed load = 70 kN/m
Beam is fully laterally
restrained
6.0 m
Restrained beam exercise
610×229×125 UB
b
z
h = 612.2 mm
b = 229.0 mm
tw tw = 11.9 mm
tf = 19.6 mm
y y
h d r = 12.7 mm
A = 15900 mm2
r Wy,pl = 3676×103 mm3
tf Iy = 986.1×106 mm4
z
Restrained beam exercise
For a nominal material thickness (tf = 19.6
mm and tw = 11.9 mm) less than 40 mm
nominal values of yield strength fy for
grade S275 steel (to EN 10025-2) is 275
N/mm2.
Design UDL = (1.35×60) +(1.5×70) = 186 kN/m
MEd = wL2/8 = 186×62 / 8 = 837 kNm
VEd = wL/2 = 186×6 / 2 = 558 kN
Restrained beam exercise
Cross-section classification (clause 5.5.2):
235 / f y 235 / 275 0.92
Outstand flanges (Table 5.2, sheet 2)
cf = (b – tw – 2r)/2 = 95.85 mm
cf / tf = 95.85 / 19.6 = 4.89
Limit for Class 1 flange = 9 = 8.28 > 4.89
Flange is Class 1
Restrained beam exercise
Web – internal part in bending (Table 5.2, sheet 1)
cw = h – 2tf – 2r = 547.6 mm
cw / tw = 547.6 / 11.9 = 46.0
Limit for Class 1 web = 72 = 66.2 > 46.0
Web is Class 1
Overall cross-section classification is therefore
Class 1.
Restrained beam exercise
Bending resistance of cross-section
(clause 6.2.5):
W pl , y f y
M c , y , Rd for Class 1 and 2 sections
M0
3676 103 275
1010 106 Nmm
1.0
1010 kNm 837 kNm
Cross-section resistance in bending is OK.
Restrained beam exercise
Shear resistance of cross-section
(clause 6.2.6):
A v (fy 3)
Vpl,Rd
M0
For a rolled I section, loaded parallel to the
web, the shear area Av is given by:
Av = A – 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf (but ≥ hwtw)
= 1.0 (from UK NA to EN 1993-1-5)
Restrained beam exercise
hw = (h – 2tf) = 612.2 – (2×19.6) = 573.0 mm
Av = 15900 – (2×229×19.6) + (11.9 +[2×12.7])×19.6
= 7654 mm2 (but ≥ 1.0×573.0×11.9 = 6819 mm2
7654 (275 / 3 )
Vpl,Rd 1215000 N 1215 kN
1.00
Shear buckling need not be considered
provided:
hw
72 for unstiffened webs
tw
Restrained beam exercise
Limit : 72 72 (0.92 / 1.0) 66.2
Actual hw / t w 573.0 / 11.9
48.2 66.2
no shear buckling check required
1215 > 558 kN Shear resistance is OK.
Restrained beam exercise
Check deflections under unfactored imposed load
(UK National Annex)
5 wL4 5 70 6000 4
w 5.70 mm
384 EI 384 210000 986.1 10 6
Assume deflection limit = L/360 = 16.7 mm
Beam OK for bending, shear and deflections.
