YOUNG PHOENIX PUBLIC
SCHOOL
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
To study various factors on which the Internal resistance
of emf of a cell depends.
SUBMITTED BY:
Name : Yagyanjyoti Naik
Class : 12th
Roll no :
Subject : English
Guided by:
Mr. NEERAJ KUMAR SINGH
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Yagyanjyoti Naik, of class -XII has
successfully complete the Investigatory project on the topic
“VARIOUS FACTOR ON WHICH THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE
OF E.M.F OF CELL DEPENDS" under the guidance of
[Link] SINGH during the year 2022-23 in the partial
fulfilment of the physics practical examination
conducted by the CBSE.
SIGN OF PRINCIPAL
SIGN OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGN OF TEACHER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I'd like to thank my Principal, Mrs. Sujata Mohanty who
helped me learn a lot about this project and her ideas and
comments aided in the completion of this project.
I would like to express my immense gratitude to my physics
teacher MR. Neeraj Kumar Singh for the help and guidance
he provided for completing this project.
I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in
making this project. Most of all I thank our school
management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity
to do this project
Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who have done
this project along with me. Their support made this
project fruitful.
YAGYANJYOTI NAIK
INDEX
CONTENT PAGE NO
Certificate 2
Acknowledgement 3
Topic 5
Introduction 6
Internal Resistance 7
Practical Analysis 8
Theory 9
Procedure 10-12
Observation 13
Result 14
Precaution 15
Bibliography 15
Topic
To study the various factor on which the Internal
Resistance/e.m.f. of cell depends.
3
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so that
their potential can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for the
factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased, we can
increase the potential difference across it, and hence make
it more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
International resistance is defined as the resistance offered
by the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.
It's S.I. unit is Ohm (n)
For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r),
connected to an external resistance (R) such that (I) is the
current flowing through the circuit. EV + Ir
Internal resistance (r)=E-V\I
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE:
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.
APPARATUS:
Potentiometer
Battery (battery eliminator)
Two one-way keys
Rheostat
Galvanometer
Resistance box
Ammeter
Cell(Leclanché cell)
Setsquare
Connecting Wire and Sand Paper
Theory
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal resistance of cell
Is directly proportional to the distance between the
electrodes .
Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte.
Decreases with increase in Temperature of electrolyte
i.e. inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by: r= E - V/R
*Circuit diagram:
Procedure
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper
and make tight connections according to diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the emf of the battery and make sure that the
emf of the battery is more than of the cell, otherwise
null or balance point will not be obtained.
To study the variation of internal resistance with distance of
separation.
1. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16cm.
2. Take maximum current from the battery, making
rheostat resistance small.
3. Without inserting a plug-in-key Kg, adjust the rheostat
so that a null point is obtained on the last wire in
potentiometer.
4. Determine the position of the null point accurately
using a set square and measure the balancing length
(1) b/w the null point and the end P.
5. Next introduce plugs in both keys Kg and K2 at the
same time take out a small resistance (1-5 W) from
the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with
the cell.
6. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and
obtain the null point.
7. Measure the balancing length (*2) from end P. Record
these observations.
8. Now keep the electrodes 12cm apart.
9. Then remove the plugs of keys K, and K2. Wait for
some time and repeat steps 7 to 10 Now keep the
electrodes 9cm apart and obtain another set of
observations.
To study variations of internal resistance with area of
electrodes.
1. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area
of electrodes in ethe electrolyte by dipping them into
the electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.
2. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7
to 10. Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with concentration
of electrolyte
1. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water
for different observations. Obtain three such
observations by repeating step 7 to 10. Record your
readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with Temperature
1. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the
Temperature of electrolyte.
2. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7
to 10. Record your readings.
OBSERVATIONS
Sl No. Ammeter Position of Null point(cm) Shunt Resistance Internal
reading R Resistance r
(A) (D) (D)
With R (//) Without R
(/2)
`1 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51
Table for Effect of Separation between Electrodes
Sl No. Separation Balancing Balancing point Internal r/d
between Point/t (cm) !2(***) Resistance r(D)
electrodes d ( )
1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
Results and inferences
The Electromotive Force of the Cell is constant and is
equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional
to the separation b/w the electrodes.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the Temperature of electrolytes.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the concentration of the electrolyte
Precautions
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when
observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and E2
should, all be connected to the terminal at
the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.
Bibliography
Wikipedia
[Link]
Physics NCERT book for class XII
