ITT270 Digital Electronics

Chapter 2 Numbering Systems

 Numbering Systems
Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
❑ Differentiate between decimal, binary, octal, hexadecimal
and BCD numbering system.
❑ Convert number between different bases.
Numbering Systems
Types of numbering systems:

Decimal

Hexa Number
Binary
decimal Systems

Octal
List of Numbers/Symbols

Type Base Numbers/Symbols

Decimal 10 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Binary 2 0, 1
Octal 8 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Hexadecimal 16 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D,
E, F
Common Number Systems
Binary Octal Decimal Hexadecimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
10 2 2 2
11 3 3 3
100 4 4 4
101 5 5 5
110 6 6 6
111 7 7 7
1000 10 8 8
1001 11 9 9
1010 12 10 A
1011 13 11 B
1100 14 12 C
1101 15 13 D
1110 16 14 E
1111 17 15 F
 Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities: BCD

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecima
l
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l
 Decimal to Binary
Technique
❑ Repeated divide by two, keep track of the
remainder
❑ First remainder is bit 0 (LSB,
least-significant bit)
❑ Second remainder is bit 1 and so on
 Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l
 Decimal to Octal

Technique
❑ Repeated divide by 8 process
❑ Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
Technique
❑ Repeated divide by 16 process
❑ Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l
 Binary to Decimal
Technique
❑ Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the bit

❑ The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on

the right
❑ Add the results
 Example

Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
3.0 BINARY TO DECIMAL
Convert 100110.11012
Before floating point After floating point

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
1x2- 1x2- 0x2-3 1x
4 3 0
1x2 0x2 0x2 1x2 1x2 0 x 2 1 2
2-4
5 2 1

32 0 0 4 2 0 1/2 1/4 0 1/1

6

3810 13/1610 Or 0.812510

 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l
 Octal to Decimal
Technique
❑ Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
❑ The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
❑ Add the results
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
4.0 OCTAL TO DECIMAL
Convert 563.28
Before floating point After floating point

= (5 x 82 ) + (6 x 81 ) + (3 x 80 ) = 2 x 8-1
= (5 x 64) + (6 x 8 ) + (3 x 1 ) = 2 x 1/8
= 320 + 48 + 3 =¼

= = 0.2510
37110
Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l
 Hexadecimal to Decimal

Technique
❑ Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
❑ The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
❑ Add the results
 Example

ABC16 =>C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
5.0 HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL
Convert E5.A816
Before floating point After floating point

= (E x 161 ) + (5 x 160 ) = 10 (16-1 )+ 8(16-2)

= (14 x 16) + (5 x 1 ) = (0.625)+0.03125

= 224 + 5
= 0.6562510
= 22910
 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l
 Octal to Binary

Technique
❑ Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation
 Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l
Hexadecimal to Binary

Technique
❑ Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation
 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l
 Binary to Octal

Technique
❑ Group bits in threes, starting on right
❑ Convert to octal digits
 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l
 Binary to Hexadecimal

Technique
❑ Group bits in fours, starting on right
❑ Convert to hexadecimal digits
 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l
▶ Technique
❑ Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Hexadecima
Binary
l
▶ Technique
❑ Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
2.0 DECIMAL TO BINARY/OCTAL/HEXADECIMAL
Convert 37.687510
Decimal Octal Decimal Hexa
Decimal Binary
Step 1: Covert to binary Step 1: Covert to binary
0.6875 x 2 0. 687510 = .10112
0. 687510 = .10112
= 1.3750 balance 1
0.3750 x 2 Step 2: Convert binary to
Step 2: Convert binary to
= 0.7500 balance 0 hexadecimal
octal
0.7500 x 2
=1.5000 balance 1 1 0 1 1 00 1 0 1 1
0.5000 x 2
=1.0000 balance 1 22 21 20 22 21 20 23 22 21 20

(4 + 0 +1) =5 (4 + 0 + 0)=4 ( 8 + 0 + 2 + 1) = 11
Therefore 37.687510
Therefore 0. 687510 Therefore 0.687510
= 100101 .10112 = 45.548 = 25.B
16
 Decimal to BCD
1 digit decimal = 4 bit BCD
 Decimal to BCD

138910 = ?BCD
1 3 8 9

0001 0011 1000 1001

So 1389 decimal = 0001001110001001 in BCD

 Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF

Skip answer Answer

Don’t use a calculator!
 Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF

Exercise – Convert …
 Fractions
❑ Decimal to binary
.14579
x 2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.

p. 50
 Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82

Skip answer Answer

Don’t use a calculator!
 Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… [Link]…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82

Exercise – Convert …