Calculus for Engineers

MTN 5

Luciano M. Medrano Jr.

May 3, 2022

College of Engineering
President Ramon Magsaysay State University
Contents
1 Integration 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Differentiation Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Notation and Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Techniques of Integration 6
2.1 Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Integration by Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Trigonometric Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.1 Integral Power of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 Products of Sine and Cosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.3 Products of Secant and Tangent (and Cosecant and Cotangent) . . . . . . . 19
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4 Trigonometric Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5 Rational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5.1 Case of Distinct Linear Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.5.2 Case of Repeated Linear Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.5.3 Case of Distinct Quadratic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5.4 Case of Repeated Quadratic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

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 1 Integration
1.1 Introduction
In a previous course, a process called differentiation is introduced. Differentiation of a function
F (x) results in a new function, say f (x). The function f (x), derived from F (x), and is called the
derivative of F (x), and we write
f (x) = F ′ (x)
d
Other notations for differentation are Dx and dx .
In this course, we discuss the reverse process of differentiation, called antidifferentiation and
its application. The input of antidifferentiation is a function f (x), and the output is some function
F (x) called the antiderivative of f (x).
differentiation

F (x) f (x)
antidifferentiation

Example 1.1 In
d 2
(x cos x) = 2x cos x − x2 sin x
dx
we say
f (x) = 2x cos x − x2 sin x
is the derivative of x2 cos x and
F (x) = x2 cos x
is the antiderivative of 2x cos x − x2 sin x.

1.2 Differentiation Formulas

Before venturing into the realm of antidifferentiation, it is but appropriate to recall the differenti-
ation formulas, given in Table 1.1. Why? The answer to that is in the next chapter.

Table 1.1: Table of Derivatives

F (x) derivative f (x) F (x) derivative f (x)
n
c 0 x nxn−1
sin x cos x cos x − sin x
2
tan x sec x cot x − csc2 x
sec x sec x tan x csc x − csc x cot x
x x x
e e a , a > 0, a ̸= 1 ax ln a
1 1
ln x loga x, a > 0, a ̸= 1
x x ln a
1 1
sin91 x √ cos91 x −√
1 − x2 1 − x2
1 1
tan91 x cot91 x −
1 + x2 1 + x2
1 1
sec91 x √ csc91 x − √
x x2 − 1 x x2 − 1
sinh x cosh x cosh x sinh x
Continued on next page

1
 1 Integration

Table 1.1: Table of Derivatives (Continued)

F (x) derivative f (x) F (x) derivative f (x)
2
tanh x sech x coth x − csch2 x
sech x − sech x tanh x csch x − csch x coth x
1 1
sinh91 x √ cosh91 x √
x2 + 1 x2 − 1
1 1
tanh91 x coth91 x − 2
1 − x2 x −1
1 1
sech91 x − √ csch91 x − √
x 1 − x2 x x2 + 1

1.3 Notation and Formulas

The notation for the derivative uses the prime mark, (′ ), introduced by Joseph Louis Lagrange.
d
Gottfried Leibniz uses the dx notation and is used throughout mathematics. Certainly, there is a
notation for the antidifferentiation.
Integral If F (x) is some function whose derivative is f (x), then F (x) is the antiderivative, or indefinite
integral, of f (x), and is denoted by
Z
F (x) = f (x) dx

R
The symbol is called the integral sign, and the function f (x) is called the integrand.R In most
cases, it is not necessary to assign a function letter (like F ) for the antiderivative, so that f (x) dx
represents the antiderivative (or integral) of f (x).
In reference to Example 1.1, we can write
d 2
(x cos x) = 2x cos x − x2 sin x
dx
in the form Z
(2x cos x − x2 sin x) dx = x2 cos x

One can easily see that the two functions

G(x) = x3 − 2x + 5
H(x) = x3 − 2x − π

have the same derivative 3x2 − 2. In fact, the function

x3 − 2x + (constant)

for any choice of constant has derivative 3x2 − 2. The observation can be generalized as a theorem,
that can easily be proved.
Theorem If G(x) and H(x) are two functions having the same derivative, then

G(x) − H(x) = C

for some constant C.

The theorem implies that there is not one, but an infinite number of antiderivatives of a function
f (x). All the antiderivatives differ from one another by their constant term. It means that if
we know one function F (x) whose derivative is f (x), then F (x) + C represents the family of
antiderivatives of f (x), to which we write
Z
f (x) dx = F (x) + C

F (x) + C is referred to as the indefinite integral and the C is called the constant of integration.
The process of finding an antiderivative (of a function) is called integration.

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 1 Integration

In reference to Example 1.1, a more correct statement is

Z
(2x cos x − x2 sin x) dx = x2 cos x + C

We now can write the differentiation formulas in Table 1.1 as integration formulas.

Table 1.2: Table of Integrals

xn+1
Z Z
k dx = kx + C xn dx = + C, n + 1 ̸= 0
n+1
Z Z
1
dx = ln |x| + C cos x dx = sin x + C
x
Z Z
sin x dx = − cos x + C sec2 x dx = tan x + C
Z Z
csc2 x dx = − cot x + C sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
Z Z
csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C ex dx = ex + C
ax
Z Z
1
ax dx = + C, a > 0, a ̸= 1 √ dx = sin91 x + C
ln a 1 − x2
Z Z
1 91 1
2
dx = tan x + C √ dx = sec91 x + C
1+x x x2 − 1
Z Z
cosh x dx = sinh x + C sinh x dx = cosh x + C
Z Z
sech2 x dx = tanh x + C csch2 x dx = − coth x + C
Z Z
sech x tanh x dx = − sech x + C csch x coth x dx = − csch x + C
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = sinh91 x + C √ dx = cosh91 x + C
2
x +1 2
x −1
Z Z
1 91 1
2
dx = tanh x + C, −1 < x < 1 dx = coth91 x + C, |x| > 1
1−x 1 − x2
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = − sech91 x + C √ dx = − csch91 x + C
x 1 − x2 x 1 + x2

Two properties of the indefinite integral are given below.

Z Z
kf (x) dx = k f (x) dx (1.1)
Z Z Z


f (x) + g(x) dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx (1.2)

We illustrate these properties with the integration formulas in Table 1.2.

Example 1.2 Evaluate the following integrals.
Z
(a) 4x + 1 dx
Z
(b) (2 − 3x)2 dx
Z
3u + 1
(c) du
u2
−4 sin θ + 2
Z
(d) dθ
cos2 θ

The general antiderivative F (x) + C represents the family of curves whose slope of the tangent
line at x is f (x). Only one particular function passes through a given point (x0 , y0 ).

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 1 Integration

Example 1.3 Find the particular function whose graph passes through (4, 3) and has slope of the tangent line
at any x is
2
m(x) = √ − x
x

The family of curves is shown in Fig. 1.1. The tangent lines are represented by the vectors.
Projectile Motion A particle is launched vertically from the ground with an initial velocity v0 . Assuming constant
acceleration, derive the equation of motion of the particle at any time t.
We have the following assumptions:

y(0) = 0 y ′ (0) = v(0) = v0 v ′ (t) = a(t) = −g

We find Z
v(t) = −g dt = −gt + C1

At t = 0, v(t) = v0 which gives the solution C1 = v0 to the above equation. Thus, the velocity
function is
v(t) = −gt + v0

Now, Z Z
y(t) = v(t) dt = (−gt + v0 ) dt = − 21 gt2 + v0 t + C2

At t = 0 and y(t) = 0, we find C2 = 0. Therefore, the position function is

y(t) = − 21 gt2 + v0 t

x
4

Figure 1.1: Family of curves with slope m(x)

Exercises
Z
Write an equivalent integration formula for each given 3.7 (x4 − 21 x3 + 14 x − 2) dx
derivative formula.
d √ 1 d 4x Z 
1
(e ) = 4e4x

3.1 ( x) = √ 3.2
3.8 x2 + 1 + dx
dx 2 x dx x2 + 1
d p x
3.3 1 + x2 = √ Z Z
√ √
dx 1 + x2 3



3.9 x2 + x−2 dx 3.10 x3 + x2 dx
Verify by differentiation that the formula is correct.
Z Z
√ 3
(1 + x2 )(2 − x) dx
Z
1 1 + x2 3.11 x(1 + x ) dx 3.12
3.4 √ dx = − +C
2
x 1+x 2 x
Z Z Z
2 1 1 3.13 (u + 4)(2u + 1) du 3.14 v(v 2 + 2)2 dv
3.5 cos x dx = x + sin 2x + C
2 4
Z Z
x5 + 2x2 − 1
Z
x 2 p 1
3.6 √ dx = 2 (bx − 2a) a + bx + C 3.15 dx 3.16 dy
a + bx 3b x4 csc y
Z Z
Evaluate the integral and check your answer by differ-
3.17 (sin x + sinh x) dx 3.18 (csc2 t − 2et ) dt
entiating.

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 1 Integration
Z Z Z
3.19 (θ − csc θ cot θ) dθ 3.20 sec t(sec t+tan t) dt 3.25 (3 sin x − 2 sec2 x) dx
Z Z Z
sec θ sin x
3.21 dθ 3.22 dx 3.26 sec x(sec x + tan x) dx
cos θ cos2 x
Z Z Z
sin 2x
3.23 (1 + tan2 α) dα 3.24 dx 3.27 csc x(sin x + cot x) dx
sin x