Stimulus bounded- distracted by outside stimuli easily.

Horizontal mobility- a teacher in brgy. School transferred in town.

Vertical mobility- teacher being promoted as supervisor

Nuclear family- father, mother and their children

Extended family- parents and other relatives

Solitary play- children play toys by themselves

Onlooker play- children watch others play but not involved

Parallel play- children watch alongside not with each other.

Associative play- parehas ang kanilang nilalaro

Baduy- awkward looking

Transmuted- changed

Carnal- bold

Aplomb- composure

Loquacious- verbose

Profanity- obscenities

Rizal was born- calamba, laguna

Penchant- fondness

Eureka- discovery

Metaphor- "the lord is my sheperd"

Hyperbole- " he is the blacksheep in the family"

Geoffrey Chaucer- morning star of English lit.

Shakespear- "Bard of avon"

Nature- heredity, IQ, character traits

Nurture- environment

Phelogenetic- development follows orderly sequence

Ontogenetic- rate of dev. Is unique

Cepalocaudal- dev. From head to foot

Proximodistal- central access

Iconic- by seeing ex. Pictures

Symbolic- by symbols ex. Words and numbers

Inactive- learning by doing physical action

Socrates- " know thyself"

Plato- " wrote the republic"

Aristotle- "father of modern sciences"

Albert bandura- social learning theory/ modelling

Kohlberg- moral dev. Theory

Pavlov- classical conditioning

Skinner- operant conditioning

John amos comenius- " orbis pictus"

*NCBTS -national Competency-based teacher standards

*gen ed - haiku 575

*tanaga 7777

*tanka 57577

*Tree releases carbon dioxide during? ~ evening

* tatlong tuldok na sunod-sunod = elipsis

*town criers~~~umalohokan

*Meaning of TOS ~~~table of Specifications

*Sage on stage ~~dispenser of knowledge

*Sa TLE lumabas ang Ohms Law sa electricity.

*sa plumbing naman-Which pipe is used through which rainwater passes

from the root down to the ground. Answer po is DOWNSPOUT

*End product ng citric acid?

*Negative effect of extended family~ FAVORITISM.

*Bicameralism~~ Jones Law

*Ang _____ay ang bantas na ginagamit sa pagitan ng panlaping IKA at
Tambilang~~~GITLING

*"She is a lovely rose" is an example of~~metaphor

*Had I studied very well, I ___________ rewarded with vacation in the

US~~would have been

*"She is a lovely rose" is an example of~~metaphor

*Had I studied very well, I ___________ rewarded with vacation in the

US~~would have been

*___________ is an example of a non pathogenic microorganism~~ Probiotics

as bifidobacterium

*First labor union in the Philippines~~~Union Obrera Demokratika

*The only remnant after world war II~~Philippine Independent Church

*Sa mga Soc Sci major mag focus po kayo sa Economics

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

SUBCATEGORIES OF TEACHER MOVEMENT/MOVEMENT MANAGEMENT

1. THRUST – proceeding without assessing

2. DANGLING – hanging activity by giving another

3. TRUNCATION – leaves activity

4. FLIP-FLOP – returns to a left activity while currently

doing an activity

5. STIMULUS-BOUND – distracted

6. OVERDWELLING – overtime in one topic

7. OVERLAPPING – multitasking results negatively

ISM’s IN EDUCATION

BEHAVIORISM – change ESSENTIALISM – basic

EXISTENTIALISM – choice HUMANISM – build

IDEALISM – enough in mind PERRENIALISM – constant

PRAGMATISM - practice (T&E) PROGRESSIVISM – improve

REALISM – enough to see UTILITARIANISM - best

SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM – benefit of all

AIMS OF ERAS

PRE-SPANISH – survival and conformity

SPANISH – Christianity

AMERICAN – democratic ideals and way of life

COMMONWEALTH – moral character, efficiency

JAPANESE – progress

PROF. ED PROPONENTS

B.F. SKINNER – Operant Conditioning

BANDURA – Modeling

BANDURA & WALLACE – Social Learning

CARL JUNG – Psychological

CARL JUNG – Psychological

CONFICIUS – Education for all, Golden Rule

EDWARD THORNDIKE – Connectionism

ERICK ERIKSON – Psychosocial

IVAN PAVLOV – Classical Conditioning

JEAN PIAGET – Cognitive FROEBEL - Father of Kndrgrtn

PEZTALLOZI – realia, Froebel’s protégé

JEROME BRUNER – Instrumental Conceptualism

JOHN DEWEY – learning by doing

JOHN LOCKE – Tabula Rasa (blank sheet)

KOHLERS – Insight Learning

LAURENCE KOHLBERG – Moral Development

LEV VGOTSKY – Social Cognitivist, Scaffolding

SIGMUND FREUD – Psychosexual

WILLIAM SHELDON – Physiological

PRINCIPLES

HEDONISM – pleasure principle

DOUBLE EFFECT – sacrifice for the good or bad

FORMAL COOPERATION – cooperation with will

LESSER EVIL – choice of the less one from two bad things

MATERIAL COOPERATION – cooperation without will

FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY

1. ORAL (0-1 yrs. old) – Infant

2. ANAL (1-3 yrs. old) – Toddler

3. PHALLIC – Preschool

4. LATENCY – School Age

5. GENITAL – Adolescense

OEDIPUS – son to mom ELECTRA – daughter to dad

LAWS IN EDUCATION

PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers

PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing Teachers

RA NO. 1425 – inclusion of the works of Jose Rizal

RA NO. 4670 – “Magna Carta for Public School Teacher”

RA 7722 – CHED

RA 7796 – “TESDA Act of 1994”

RA 7836 – Phil. Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994

RA 9155 – BEGA (Basic Educ.) or DepEd Law

RA 9293 – Teachers Professionalization Act

RA 10533 – K-12 Law

ACT NO. 2706 – “Private School Law”

COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578 – “persons in authority”

KAUTUSANG PANGKAGAWARAN BLG 7 - PILIPINO NatlLng

PROKLAMA BLG 12 - Linggo ng Wika (Balagtas,Mr29-Ap4)

PROKLAMA BLG. 186 – Linggo ng Wika (Quezon,Ag13-19)

PROKLAMA BLG. 1041 – Buwan ng Wika (Ramos)

PHIL. CONSTITUTION ACT 14 – ESTACS

RA 1079 – no limit of Civil Service eligibility

RA 6655 – “Free Public Secondary Educ. Act of 1988”

RA 6728 – “Act Providing Government Assistance to

Students and Teachers in Private Education

RA 7277 – Magna Carta for PWD

RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law (Amendment: RA 9231)

RA 7743 – establishment of public libraries

RA 7877 – “Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995”

RA 7880 – “Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act”

RA 8049 – Anti-Hazing Law

RA 8187 – Paternity Act

RA 10627 – Anti-Bullying

SB 1987 ART. 14 SEK. 6-9 – FILIPINO (National Language)

BRUNER’S THREE MODES OF REPRESENTATION

1. ENACTIVE (0-1 yrs. old) – action-based information

2. ICONIC (1-6 yrs. old) – image-based information

3. SYMBOLIC (7+) – code/symbols such as language

TAXONOMY OF OBJECTIVES

COGNITIVE:

BLOOM (LOTS) ANDERSON (HOTS)

o Knowledge

o Comprehension
o Application

o Analysis

o Synthesis

o Evaluation o Remembering

o Understanding

o Applying

o Analyzing

o Evaluating

o Creating

AFFECTIVE:

o Receiving

o Responding

o Valuing

o Organizing

o Characterization

PSYCHOMOTOR:

SIMPSON HARROW

o Perception

o Set

o Guided Response

o Mechanism

o Complex Overt Response

o Adaptation

o Origination o Reflex movement

o Fundamental Movement

o Physical Movement

o Perceptual Abilities
o Skilled Movements

o Non-discursive communication

DALES CONE OF EXPERIENCE

Read

Hear

Picture

Video

Exhibit

Demonstration

Collaborative Work

Simulation

Real thing

ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL TASKS

1. TRUST VS. MISTRUST (0-12 months)

2. AUTONOMY VS. SHAME/DOUBT (1-3 years old)

3. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (3-6 years old)

4. INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6-12 years old)

5. INDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (12-18 years old)

6. INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (early 20s-early 40s

7. GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION (40s-mid 60s)

8. INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (mid 60s-death)

PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY

1. SENSORY – senses

2. PRE-OPERATIONAL - imagination

3. CONCRETE 4. FORMAL

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

1. VACUUM TUBES (1940-1956)

2. TRANSISTORS (1956-1963)

3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1964-1971)

4. MICROPROCESSORS (1971-present)

5. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (present-future)

MISTAKEN GOALS

1. ATTENTION SEEKER – “teacher, notice me”

2. REVENGE – “teacher, I am hurt”

3. POWER-SEEKING – “teacher, may I help?”

4. INAD.

✔NATURALISM -- only nature exist, nature is better than civilization

(NATURALESA ng isang BAGAY)

✔IDEALISM -- spiritual, values, moral, socratic method

✔REALISM -- natural world, values arenatural and absolute, reality exist

undercieved

✔PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM -- practical, problem solving research,

knowledge is what works, values are related, truth is warranted assertion.

✔ESSENTIALISM -- 3r's (4r's ngayon), achievement test, certain

knowledge&skills are essential for rational being.

✔PROGRESSIVISM -- process of development, higher level of knowledge, the

child's need and interest are relevant to curriculum.

✔EXISTENTIALISM -- knowledge is subjective, man shapes his being as he

lives, we are what we do, deciding precedes knowing.

✔PERENNIALISM -- education that last for century, universalist, knowledge is

eternally valid.

✔SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM -- for better society, community based

learning

✔RECONSTRUCTUONALISM -- the school should help rebuild the social order

thus social change.

✔BEHAVIORISM -- learning is change in behavior, S-R relationship

✔EMPIRICISM -- knowledge comes thru senses, 5 senses (observatory
learning)

✔STRUCTURALISM -- complex mental exp. such as image,feeling and

sensation

✔FUNCTIONALISM -- focus to motivation, thinking & learning.

✔PURPOSIVISM -- individual hormones are responsible for the motive to

strive towards fulfillment of his/her objective.

✔PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS -- reality is what verifiable, truth correspondes to

reality, usage determines meaning

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

SUBCATEGORIES OF TEACHER MOVEMENT/MOVEMENT MANAGEMENT

1. THRUST – proceeding without assessing

2. DANGLING – hanging activity by giving another

3. TRUNCATION – leaves activity

4. FLIP-FLOP – returns to a left activity while currently

doing an activity

5. STIMULUS-BOUND – distracted

6. OVERDWELLING – overtime in one topic

7. OVERLAPPING – multitasking results negatively

ISM’s IN EDUCATION

BEHAVIORISM – change ESSENTIALISM – basic

EXISTENTIALISM – choice HUMANISM – build

IDEALISM – enough in mind PERRENIALISM – constant

PRAGMATISM – practice (T&E) PROGRESSIVISM – improve

REALISM – enough to see UTILITARIANISM – best

SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM – benefit of all

AIMS OF ERAS

PRE-SPANISH – survival and conformity

SPANISH – Christianity

AMERICAN – democratic ideals and way of life

COMMONWEALTH – moral character, efficiency

JAPANESE – progress

PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION PROPONENTS

B.F. SKINNER – Operant Conditioning

BANDURA – Modeling

BANDURA & WALLACE – Social Learning

CARL JUNG – Psychological

CONFICIUS – Education for all, Golden Rule

EDWARD THORNDIKE – Connectionism

ERICK ERIKSON – Psychosocial

IVAN PAVLOV – Classical Conditioning

JEAN PIAGET – Cognitive FROEBEL – Father of Kndrgrtn

PEZTALLOZI – realia, Froebel’s protégé

JEROME BRUNER – Instrumental Conceptualism

JOHN DEWEY – learning by doing

JOHN LOCKE – Tabula Rasa (blank sheet)

KOHLERS – Insight Learning

LAURENCE KOHLBERG – Moral Development

LEV VGOTSKY – Social Cognitivist, Scaffolding

SIGMUND FREUD – Psychosexual

WILLIAM SHELDON – Physiological

PRINCIPLES

HEDONISM – pleasure principle

DOUBLE EFFECT – sacrifice for the good or bad

FORMAL COOPERATION – cooperation with will

LESSER EVIL – choice of the less one from two bad things

MATERIAL COOPERATION – cooperation without will

FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY

1. ORAL (0-1 yrs. old) – Infant

2. ANAL (1-3 yrs. old) – Toddler

3. PHALLIC – Preschool

4. LATENCY – School Age

5. GENITAL – Adolescence

PILLARS OF LEARNING

Learning to know" HEAD" ---- Knowledge

Learning to Be "HEART" Awareness and understanding

Learning to Do "HAND"-- Skill and actions

Learning to Live "VALUES" Attitudes

Learning to To Transform is which involves all Pillars,

Learning to know - To recognize the evolving nature of the concept of

sustainability - To reflect the ever-growing needs of societies - To
acknowledge that fulfilling local needs often has international effects and
consequences - To address content, context, global issues and local priorities
Learning to be - To build on the principles and values that underline
sustainable development -To deal with the well-being of all three realms of
sustainability environment, society, and economy - To contribute to a person
complete development: mind and body, intelligence, sensitivity, aesthetic
appreciation and spirituality Learning to live together - To build capacity for
community -based decision making, social tolerance, environmental
stewardship, adaptable workforce and quality of life Learning to do - To
contribute to a concrete reality for all our daily decisions and actions - To
build a sustainable and safe world for everyone

#LETREVIEWER #PROFED

Fathers of different Fields

★Father of Biology: Aristotle

★Father of Physics: Albert Einstein

★Father of Chemistry: Jabir Bin Hayan

★Father of Statistics: Ronald Fisher

★Father of Zoology: Aristotle

★Father of History: Herodotus

★Father of Microbiology: Louis Pasteur

★Father of Botany: Theophrastus

★Father of Algebra: Diophantus

★Father of Blood groups: Landsteiner

★Father of Electricity: Benjamin Franklin

★Father of Trigonometry: Hipparchus

★Father of Geometry: Euclid

★Father of Modern Chemistry: Antoine Lavoisier

★Father of Robotics: Nikola Tesla

★Father of Electronics: Ray Tomlinson

★Father of Internet: Vinton Cerf

★Father of Economics: Adam Smith

★Father of Video game: Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr.

★Father of Architecture: Imhotep

★Father of Genetics: Gregor Johann Mendel

★Father of Nanotechnology: Richard Smalley

★Father of Robotics:;Al-Jazari

★Father of C language: Dennis Ritchie

★Father of World Wide Web: Tim Berners-Lee

★Father of Search engine: Alan Emtage

★Father of Periodic table: Dmitri Mendeleev

★Father of Taxonomy: Carolus Linnaeus

★Father of Surgery (early): Sushruta

★Father of Mathematics: Archimedes

★Father of Medicine: Hippocrates

★Father of Homeopathy: Samuel Hahnemann

★Father of Law: Cicero

PROPONENTS AND THEIR THEORIES

1. WILHELM WUNDT-father of modern psychology

[Link] FREUD-father of psychoanalysis, and psychosexual theory

[Link] HEINRICH-father of education and pedagogy

4. IVAN PAVLOV-classical conditioning

[Link] F. SKINNER-operant conditioning.

[Link] AUSUBEL-meaningful learning

[Link] BRUNER-discovery learning,spiral curriculum

[Link] BANDURA-social cognitive learning theory.

[Link] LEE THORNDIKE-law of readiness and exercises

10. KURT LEVIN-life space content.

[Link]-problem solving by insight, insightful learning

[Link] BROFENBRENNER-ecological theory

[Link] BEM-gender schema theory

[Link] GARDNER-theory of multiple intelligence

[Link] TURRIEL-Social domain theory

[Link] KOHLBERG-moral development theory

[Link] STERNBERG-triathlon theory intelligence

[Link] ERIKSON-psychosocial development theory

[Link]. MONTESSORI-transfer of learning, kindergarten preparation of
children.

[Link] PAUL TORRANCE-creative problem solving

[Link]-linguistic acquisition theory

[Link] PIAGET-cognitive learning theory

[Link] WATSON-behavioral theory

[Link] TOLMAN-purpose behaviorism

[Link] WEINER-attribution theory

[Link] GOLEMAN-emotional intelligence.

[Link]- structuralism psychology

[Link] GAGNE -sequence of instruction

[Link] MASLOW – hierarchy of needs , motivation theory

[Link] BLOOM – bloom’s cognitive taxonomy

[Link] KRATHWOHL – affective domain

[Link] VYGOTSKY – socio-cultural theory of cognitive devt , linguistic theory,

Scaffolding

[Link] LOCKE – tabularasa , empiricism

[Link] COOLEY – looking glass self-theory

[Link] FLAVEL – metacognition

[Link] GESELL – maturation theory

[Link] DEWEY – Learning by doing

[Link] FROEBEL – Father of kindergarten

[Link] COMTE – Father of Sociology.

[Link] AMOS COMENCIUS – Fr. Of modern education.

Cognitive Development Theory

By Jean Piaget’s
Basic Cognitive Concepts:

1. Schema – the cognitive structure by which individuals intellectually adapt

to and organize their environment.

2. Assimilation – the process of fitting new experience into an existing

created schema.

3. Accommodation – the process of creating a new schema

4. Equilibrium – achieving proper balance between assimilation and

accommodation.

Stages of Cognitive Development:

1. Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)

Object permanence

– ability attained in this stage where he knows that an object still exists even
when out of sight

2. Preoperational Stage ( 2 to 7 years)

Symbolic Function – the ability to represent objects and events.

Egocentrism – the tendency of a child to only see his point of view and
assume that everyone else also has his same point of view.

Centration – the tendency of the child to only focus on one thing or event
and exclude other aspects.

Lack of Conservation – the inability to realize that some things remain

unchanged despite looking different.

Irreversibility – Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their

thinking.

Animism – the tendency of the child to attribute human like traits to

inanimate objects.

Realism - – believing that psychological events, such as dreams, are real

Transductive reasoning – reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive,

reasoning that appears to be from particular to particular.

3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years).

Decentering – the ability of the child to perceive the different features of
objects and situations.

Reversibility – the ability of the child to follow that certain operations can be
done in reverse.

Conservation – the ability to know that certain properties of objects like

number, mass, volume or area do not change even if there is a change in
appearance.

Seriation – the ability to arrange things in a series based on one dimension

such as weight, volume, size, etc.

4. Formal Operational Stage (11 years and beyond)

Hypothetical Reasoning – ability to come up with different hypothesis about a

problem and weigh data to make judgement.

Analogical Reasoning – ability to perceive the relationship in one instance

and use that relationship to narrow down possible answers in similar
problems.

Deductive Reasoning – ability to think logically by applying a general rule to

a particular situation.

AFRO-ASIAN LITERATURE

Chinese Literature – one of the major cultural heritage of the world

Confucius or Kung Fu-tze – first sage of China who wanted to make education
available to all men.

SHIH CHING – first anthology of Chinese poetry

Five Books

1. Yiking (Book of Changes) divination

2. Liking (Book of Ceremonies) etiquette

3. Shuking (Book of Historical Documents) political ideas & fundamentals of

good government
4. Shiking (Book of Poetry) best poems

5. Chun Chiu (Spring & Autumn) history of Confucius native province

Arabia

A Thousand & One Nights – a collection of stories and folk tales compiled in
Arabic.

Ex.: Aladdin, Ali Baba and Forty Thieves and Sinbad the Sailor

Kahlil Gibran – great poet

Indian Literature – oldest scared literature is found in four VEDAS

(knowledge)

a. Rigveda – oldest – Veda of Praise

b. Brahmanas – rituals and prayers

c. Upanishads – discourses between teachers and pupils

d. Puranas – history of the Aryan race

Mahabharata(Hindu epic)- longest poem in the world about the bitter quarrel
of two brothers – Pandu & Kuru

Ramayana (Hindu epic) - depicts the duties of relationship portraying ideal

characters like the ideal servant, ideal brother, ideal wife and ideal king.

Kalidasa – poet known for Sakuntala/greatest Sanskrit playwright and poets

Rabindranath Tagore – best known of all recent writers in India;Gitanjali-

masterpiece

Hebrew Literature

Bible – book of all books, 39 books Old Testament/ 27 books New Testament

Psalm of David –greatest lyric poem in the literature of the world

Persian Literature (Iran)

Rubaiyat – Omar Khayyam (tent-maker) poem of high divine and spiritual

meaning.

Egyptian Literature

Pharaoh, pyramids, mummies, papyrus Book of the Dead, Hymns to the Sun-
God, Rosetta Stone – reveals the antiquity of Egypt
Hieroglyphics – Egyptian writing

Japanese Literature

1. NOH DRAMA – dramatic dance with lyrical poetic texts and masked actors

2. HAIKU- 7 syllable poetic form usually about nature

3. WAKA/TANKA – 31 syllable classical poetry

4. KABUKI – Japanese dance drama

5. KOJIKI (Record of Ancient Matters) –earliest surviving work in Japan

ENGLISH/AMERICAN LITERATURE

-Jutes, Angles, Saxons

Anglo Saxon – language

Angleland – stone age people

BEOWULF (England) – epic of more than 3,000 lines

CHAUCER – Canterbury Tales

-greatest English writer of the middle ages

-St. Thomas a Becket

-Through Harry Bailly – innkeeper – Tabard Inn

King Arthur & the Knights of the Round Table

-rise and decline of the Round Table, quest for the Holy Grail & establishment
of the first printing press in English by William Caxton

William Shakespeare – greatest writer of all times

-Venus & Adonis/ Romeo and Juliet/ Hamlet/ Macbeth

-Sonnets

Thomas Campion – My Sweetest Lesbia – “Let us live & love”

Francis Bacon – Father of English Essay

Of Studies – Studies serve for delight, for ornament & for ability

Ben Johnson – Song to Celia “Drink to me only with thine eyes and I will
pledge with mine or leave a kiss but in the cup and I’ll not look for mine.”
John Milton- Paradise Lost, On His Blindness

Thomas Gray – Elegy Written in Country Churchyard

Samuel Taylor Coleridge – Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner

Percy Blysshe Shelley – Ode to the West Wind

Alfred Lord Tennyson- Break, Break, Break

Robert Browning- Last Duchess

Elizabeth Barrett Browning – How Do I Love Thee?

Matthew Arnold – Dover Beach

Rudyard Kipling – Mandalay/Recessional

John Masefield- Sea Fever

David Herbert Lawrence- Lady Chatterly’s Lover

American Literature

-Captain John Smith (Pocahontas)

-Virginia

Thomas Jefferson- Declaration of Independence of the 13th United Sates of

America

Patrick Henry – Give me liberty or give me death

Washington Irving – Legend of Sleepy Hollow

-Rip Van Winkle

-Ichabod Crane

-Rose of Alhambra

Edgar Allan Poe- Annabel Lee, Tell-Tale Heart

-Father of Horror Stories

Ralph Waldo Emerson- Self-Reliance

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow- A Psalm of Life

-“Tell me not in mournful numbers”

-“Life is but an empty dream”

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain) – Adventures of Tom Sawyer

Henry James – Tree of Knowledge

Stephen Crane-Blades of Grass

Ernest Hemingway – Old Man & the Sea

Robert Frost – The Road Not Taken

William Ernest Henley – Invictus

Walt Whitman – O Captain, My Captain

Charles Dickens – Christmas Carol

Greek Literature

1. Pre Homeric and Homeric Age

2. Athenian period – Alexander the Great

3. Period of Decline

Homer – blind poet of Greece/great epics – Iliad & Odyssey

theme- Man’s fate is the result of his actions

Mythological background of Iliad:

Achilles – greatest Greek warrior

Thetis and Peleus (parents)

Eris – goddess of mischief

Golden Apple – to the fairest of the goddess

-Hera, Athena, Aphrodite claimed

Alexandros or Paris – Prince of Troy

Hera- promised power

Athena-wisdom

Aphrodite – most beautiful woman in the world

Helen- married to Menelaus

-Alexandros abducted Helen and brought her to Troy

Trojan War – 10-year war

Iliad – violent quarrel between Agamemnon & Achilles

Odyssey- return of Odysseus or Ulysses from the Trojan war

Dramatist s of the Athenian Age

1. Aeschylus – Father of Tragedy

-theological poet

-soldier playwright

-Battle of Marathon/Salamy

2. Sophocles

- Oedipus Rex/Oedipus the King

3. Euripides – modern playwright

4. Aristophanes - master of Greek comedy

Rome – Virgil – greatest writer that Rome produced

Aeneid- Aeneas (Trojan hero)

-great destiny was to be the founder of Rome

Nibelungenlied – Siegfred/epic of Germany

Song of Roland – epic of France

El Cid – epic of Spain

Divine Comedy- Dante – Father of Italian Literature

-greatest literary production of the middle ages

Greek Gods and Goddesses

Zeus – father of gods and men

Hades-god of the dead and the king of the underworld

Thetis – sea goddess, mother of Achilles

Poseidon- fierce god of the sea and of earthquakes

Hermes- Son of Zeus and Maia; messenger of the gods

Hera- wife and sister of Zeus; patroness of female life in general and of
marriage in particular
Hephaestus- god of fire; divine smith and patron of craftsmen

Athena (Pallas) – patron goddess of Athens, and personified wisdom; Minerva

in Roman mythology

Artemis- primitive earth-goddess; a virgin huntress and patroness of chastity

Aphrodite- goddess of beauty and love; Venus in Roman mythology

Apollo- archer god, main protector of the Trojans

Ceres- Roman goddess of corn; identified with the Greek Demeter

Ares – represented the distasteful aspects of brutal warfare and slaughter

Achilles – greatest and bravest warrior among the Greeks

Agamemnon- legendary king of Mycenae; commander-in-chief of the Greek

expedition against Troy

Neptune, Neptunus – Roman god of water; later elevated to god of the sea
after his identification with the Greek Poseidon

Vulcan – Roman god of fire and in particular of furnaces; identified with the
Greek Hephaestus

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

Figurative Language -a language that uses words or expressions with a

meaning that is different from the literal interpretation.

1. Simile - An indirect association and comparison between two things.

Example: She is like a flower.

2. Metaphor - A direct comparison.

Example: You are the sunshine of my life.

3. Personification - Giving human attributes to an inanimate object (animal,

idea, etc…)

Example: The sun is looking down on me.

4. Oxymoron - A self-contrasting statement.

Examples: Loud silence

The sound of silence is indeed deafening.

5. Metonymy - An association wherein the name of something is substituted
by something that represents it.

Example: The crown prefers taxes from the underlings to support his
expenses.

6. Irony - The contrast between what was expected and what actually
happened.

Examples: No smoking sign during a cigarette break.

You’re so beautiful; you look like a Christmas tree!

7. Hyperbole - An exaggeration

Example: Cry me a river.

8. Synecdoche - An association of some important part with the whole it

represents.

Example: The face who launched a thousand ships.

9. Euphemism - Creating a positive connotation out of something negative.

Examples: Loved child (illegitimate child).

She’s on the streets. (meaning ‘She’s homeless”)

10. Asyndeton - Not putting any connectors (conjunctions or prepositions).

Examples: I came, I played, I won.

The car crashed, exploded, burned, melted.

11. Apostrophe - A direct address to an abstract things or a person who

passed away.

Example: Love, please come and take me!

12. Litotese – a deliberate understatement used to affirm by negating its

opposite.

Example: Edgar Allan Poe is no mean writer.

13. Periphrasis- the substitution of a descriptive phrase for a name or vice-

versa.

Example: The sleeping Giant has broken ties with its neighbors.
14. Climax – the arrangement of words or ideas according to their degree of
importance; thus, the last set appears most valuable.

Example: “ I came, I saw, I conquered.” (Julius Caesar)

15. Anti-Climax – a real apparent or ludicrous decrease in the importance or

impressiveness of what is said. Opposed to climax.

Example: He lost his shoelace, his house charred to ashes, his wife even
abandoned him.

16. Anti-thesis- equating or balancing two opposing ideas.

Example: There is a time to sow and there is a time to reap.

17. Parallelism or Juxtaposition- placing two comparable ideas side by side.

Example: “Yea! Though I walk in the valley of the shadow of death, I shall
fear no evil. Thy rod and thy staff thy comfort me.”

18. Pun- a play on words with humorous, witty effects.

Example: House’s everything for all Filipinos.

19. Paradox – a seemingly, contradictory but true example.

Example: There is grief in happiness.

Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory (Personality)

Psychosexual Development

📚Oral Stage (0-1 yrs. Old) – Infant

📚Anal Stage (1-3 yrs. Old) – Toddler

📚Phallic Stage (3-6 yrs old) preschoolers

📚Latency Stage (age 6 – puberty) school age

📚Genital Stage (adolescence /puberty onwards)

Personality Component

📘ID (pleasure principles) infancy

📘EGO (reality principles) preschooler

📘SUPEREGO (morality principles) near end of preschool

3 Levels of Mind

📗CONCIOUS – all that we are aware of that are stored in our conscious mind.

📗UNCONCIOUS – all that we go through (feelings, beliefs, impulses deep

within)

📗SUBCONCIOUS (a.k.a. Pre-Conscious) – the part of us that’s hidden unless

we search for it

- -----------------------------------

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

3 Basic Cognitive Concept

1. Schema – Building blocks of knowledge

2. Adaptation Processes (3)

📕Assimilation – using an existing schema to deal with a new object or

situation.

📕Accommodation – happens when an existing schema does not work and

needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation

📕Equilibration – occurs when a child’s schemas can deal with most new
information through assimilation. But when our experiences do not match
our schemata, we experience cognitive disequilibrium

3. Stages of Cognitive Development

Stage 1. Sensori-motor stage (birth – infancy)

Highlight:

Object Permanence – ability to know that an object still exists even when out
of sight

Stage 2. Pre-operational stage (2-7yrs) preschool years

Intelligence at this stage is intuitive in nature

Child can now make mental representations and is able to pretend

Highlights on this stage:

📒Symbolic Function – ability to represent objects and events

📒Egocentrism – the tendency of the child to only see his point of view and to
assume that everyone also has his same point of view

📒Centration – the tendency of the child to only focus on one aspect of a thing
or event and exclude other aspects.

📒Irreversibility – inability to reverse their thinking

Can understand 2+3=5 but cannot understand that 5-3=2

📒Animism – attribute human like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects

(e.g. Mr. Sun is asleep)

📒Transductive Reasoning – reasoning appears to be from particular to

particular

(i.e. If A causes B, then B causes A)

Stage 3. Concrete-operational stage (8-11 yrs.) elementary school years

This stage is characterized by the ability of the child to think logically but
only in terms of concrete objects.

📒Decentering – no longer focused or limited to one aspect or dimension

which makes the child to be more logical when dealing with concrete objects
and situations

📒Reversibility – can now follow that certain operations can be done in reverse

📒Conservation – the ability to know that certain properties of objects like

number, mass, volume or area do not change even if there is a change in
appearance.

📒Seriation – ability to order or arrange things in a series based on one

dimension such as weight, volume or size.

Stage 4. Formal-operational stage (12-15 yrs.)

Thinking becomes logical

Can solve problems and hypothesize

This stage is characterized by the following:

📓Hypothetical Reasoning – the ability to come up with different hypothesis

about a problem and to gather and weigh data in order to make a final
decision. Can answer what if questions.
📓Analogical Reasoning – the ability to perceive the relationship in one
instance and use it to narrow down possible answers. Can make an analogy.

📓Deductive Reasoning – the ability to think logically by applying the general

rule to a particular situation.

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

Anatomy — It is a branch of biology which deals with the study of internal

structure of an organism as revealed by dissection.

Arthrology — Study of joints.

Agriology — Study of customs of primitive man.

Aphidology — Study of aphids (plant lice).

Aerobiology — Study of flying organisms in relation with other flying objects.

Agronomy — The management of farms and the science of crop production is

called agronomy.

Anthropology — The science of man and mankind including his physical and
mental constitution, cultural development and social conditions of present
and past is called anthropology.

Anthology — is a branch of biology study of flowers.

Agrostology — It is the study of grasses.

Acarology—Study of order acarina comprising ticks and mites.

Acrology — Study of ticks and mites is called acrology.

Aerobiology—Study of air borne organisms and structures such as spores etc.

and their distribution also view fathers of biology of various branches

Agriology—Itis the comparative study of tribal customs.

Agrobiology—It is the quantitative science of plant life and plant nutrition.

Agrology—It is the soil sciecne dealing with production of crops.

Andrology—It is the study of male reproductive organs.

Araneology—It is the study of spiders.

Arboriculture—Cultivation of trees and shrubs is called arboriculture.

Agriculture- It deals with the cultivation of crops and the improved methods
of farming.

Actinobiology — Study of radiation effect on living organisms.

Angiology —is a biology branch Study of blood vessels.

Bionformatics — It is branch of science concerned with development and

application of computing system and technology in order to make novel
observation about biological processes.

Biotechnology — It is the controlled use of biological agents such as micro-

organisms or cellular components for beneficial use.

Breeding biology —Breeding is art and science of changing and improving

the heredity of plant and animals.

Biochemistry — Study of chemical aspect of living organims is termed

biochemistry.

Bacteriology — Study of bacteria.

Batrachology—It is the study of frog.

Biocimatology—The study of climatic effects on biological processes and

organisms.

Biometrology—Study of effects of atmospheric changes on living organisms.

Bionics—It is study of problem solving by humans, animals and its technical

application.

Bacteriology — It is the study of bacteria.

Bryology — It is the study of bryophytes. Computational biology. Systematic

development, application and validation of computational hardware solution
for building simulation models of bilogical systems.

Cytology — It deals with the study of structure and functions of cell.

Cell Biology — The study of structure, functions, reproduction, energy

dynamics, transport mechanism and life history of cell is called cell biology.

Cryobiology — It is the study of effect of low temperature on living

organisms.
Chirology — It deals with communication system with deaf and mute by sign
languages.

Chromatology — Study of pigments.

Ctetology — Study of acquired characters of organisms. Chorology—

Biogeography.

Chromatology—It is the science of colours.

Chronobiology—Study of biology of cyclic physiological phenomena.

Cosmology—Sciecne of structure and evolution of universe.

Cnidology — Study of coelenterates or Cnidarians Characteristics

Conchology — Study of shells.

Chondrology — Study of cartilage.

Craniology — Study of skull.

Cardiology. Study of heart.

Dysteleology — It is the study of appearance of vestigial organs due to

evolution.

Dendrology — It is the study of shrubs and trees.

Developmental biology — It deals with the study of processes by which

organisms undergo progressive and orderly changes in structure as well as
physiology during their entire life cycle.

Dermatology — Study of skin.

Developmental morphology — It deals with the developmental aspects of

plants.

Desmology—Study of structures and anatomy of ligaments.

PHILIPPINE HISTORY

[Link] CRISTIANA-first book written in the Philippines

[Link] BUKANEG-Father of Ilocano Literature

[Link] BALTAZAR-Father of Tagalog Poetry

[Link] REYES-Lola Basyang is the pen name

[Link](Liwayway Magasin,1929)-first and longest running komiks series in

the Philippines

[Link] CRISOSTOMO SOTO-Father of Pampango Literature who wrote There

is no God

[Link] BULLETIN-oldest existing newspaper in the Philippines since 1900

[Link] ABADILLA-Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry

[Link] DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG-work of Bonifacio which tells the

history of the Philippines

[Link] RIZAL-wrote the popular fable The Monkey and the Turtle

[Link] DECALOGUE-known as Andres Bonifacio's Ten Commandments of the

Katipunan

[Link] RIZAL-Rizal's model for Pilosopong Tasyo

[Link] MY FELLOW CHILDREN-line 'whoever knows not how to love his native
tongue is worse than any beast or even smelly fish

[Link], LAONG-LAAN-Rizal's pen name

[Link] LUNA's Pen namen-Taga-ilog

[Link]/BAYBAYIN-first filipino alphabet

17.15 LETTERS-first filipino alphabet consisted

[Link] Fotografica-JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN

[Link] HERNANDEZ-known as the `poet of the workers or laborers

[Link]-Ilocano balagtasan

[Link]-Visayan epic about good manners and right conduct

[Link] POBLETE-father of Filipino newspaper

[Link] REYES-author of Lupang Tinubuan is considered to be the best

story written during Japanese Period
[Link] AT BUHAY NA PINAGDAANAN NG TATLONG PRINSIPENG ANAK NG
HARING FERNANDO AT REYNA VALERIANA SA KAHARIANG BERBANIA-original
title of Ibong Adarna

[Link]-first filipino bread

[Link] Plebian-Andres Bonifacio

[Link] Bonifacio-Father of Katipunan

[Link] Del Pilar-Hero of the Tirad Pass Battle

[Link] Emilio Aguinaldo-President of the First Philippine Republic

[Link] Mabini-Brains of the Philippine Revolution

[Link]-Martyred Priests in 187

[Link] Jacinto-Brains of the Katipunan

[Link] Antonio Luna-Co-founder of La Independencia

[Link] Aquino-Mother of Balintawak

[Link] Lopez- Jaena-Greatest Filipino Orator of the Propaganda

Movement

[Link] Pira:First Filipino Cannon-make

[Link] Ponce-Managing Editor of La Solidaridad

[Link] de Jesus-Lakambini of Katipuna

[Link] Ma. Guerrero-Poet of the Revolution

[Link] Agoncillo-Outstanding Diplomat of the First Philippine Republic

[Link] Palma-First University of the Philippines President

[Link] Luna-Greatest Filipino Painter/Greatest Journalist of the

Propaganda/Painter of the Spolarium

[Link] Florentino-First Filipino Poetess

[Link] Paterno-Peace of the Revolution

[Link] Palma:Author of the Spanish lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem

[Link]-Chief of Tondo

[Link] Soliman-Last Rajah of Manila

[Link] Rivera-Fiancée of Jose Rizal

[Link] Agoncillo-Maker of the

First Filipino Flag

[Link] Apacible-Co-founder of Katipunan

[Link] Silang-Leader of the Ilocano Revolt

[Link]-lapu-First Filipino Hero

[Link] Dagohoy-Leader of the Longest Revolt in Bohol

[Link] Delos Santos:The Man of Many Talents/greatest filipino genius

after Rizal/ nagsulat ng talambuhay ni Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto,
Marcelo H. Del Pilar/ nagsalin sa kastila ng Florante at Laura/ Pinuno ng
pambansang aklatan during Quezon/ sa kanya ipinangalan ang EDSA
(Epifanio Delos Santos Avenue)

[Link] Magbanua-Visayan Joan of Arc

[Link] Tecson-Mother of Biak-na-Bato

[Link] Esteban-Wife of Artemio Ricarte

[Link]. Francisco Makabulos-Leader of the Tarlac Revolt

[Link] Felipe-Composer of the Philippine National Anthem

[Link]-Spaniards born in the Philippines

[Link] Aguinaldo-Leader of Magdalo

[Link] Alvarez-Leader of Magdiwang

63. Jose Rizal-Founder of La Liga Filipina:

📌BASIC CONCEPTS

📎Test -an Instrument designed to measure any characteristic, quality, ability,

knowledge or skill. It comprised of Items in the area. It is designed to
measure.
📎Measurement -a process of quantifying the degree to which
someone/something possesses a given trait. Ie., quality, characteristic, or
feature.

📎Assessment – process of gathering and organizing quantitative or

qualitative data into an interpretable form to have a basis for judgment or
decision-making, it is a pre-requisite to evaluation. It provides the
information which enables evaluation to take place.

📎Evaluation – a process of systematic interpretation, analysis, appraisal or

judgment of the worth of organized data as basis for decision-making. It
Involves judgment about the desirability of changes in students.

📎Traditional Assessment – it refers to the use of pen-and-paper objective test.

📎Alternative Assessment – It refers to the use of methods other than pen-

and-paper objective test which includes performance tests, projects,
portfolios, journals, and the likes.

📎Authentic Assessment – It refers to the use of an assessment method that

simulate true-to-life situations. This could be objective tests that reflect real-
life situations or alternative methods that are parallel to what we experience
in real

Life.

📌PURPOSES OF CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT

1. Assessment FOR Learning – this Includes three types of assessment done

before and during instruction. These are placement, formative and
diagnostic.

a. Placement - done prior to instruction

• Its purpose is to assess the needs of the learners to have basis in planning
for a relevant instruction.

• Teachers use this assessment to know what their students are bringing into
the learning situation and use this as a starting point, for instruction.

• The results of this assessment place students in specific learning groups to

facilitate teaching and learning.

b. Formative – done during instruction

• This assessment is where teachers continuously monitor the students’ level

of attainment of the learning objectives (Stiggins, 2005)
• The results of this assessment are communicated clearty and promptly to
the students for them to know their strengths and weaknesses and the
progress of their learning.

c. Diagnostic – done during instruction

• This is used to determine students’ recurring or persistent difficulties.

• It searches for the underlying causes of student’s learning problems that

do not respond to first aid treatment.

• It helps formulate a plan for detailed remedial instruction.

2. Assessment OF Learning – this is done after instruction. This is usually

referred to as the summative assessment.

• it is used to certify what students know and can do and the level of their
proficiency or competency.

• Its results reveal whether or not instructions have successfully achieved,

the curriculum outcomes.

• The information from assessment of learning is usually expressed as marks

or letter grades.

• The results of which are communicated to the students, parents, and other
stakeholders for decision making.

•It is also a powerful factor that could pave the way for educational Reforms.

3. Assessment AS learning -this is done for teachers to understand and

perform well their role of assessing FOR and OF learning. It requires teachers
to undergo

Training on how to assess learning and be equipped with the following

competencies needed in performing their work as assessors.

📌Standards for Teacher Competence In Educational Assessment of Students

(Developed by the American Federation Teachers National, Council on

Measurement In Education, National Education Association)

1. Teachers should be skilled in choosing assessment methods appropriate

for instructional decisions.

2. Teachers should be skilled in developing assessment methods appropriate

for instructional decisions.
3. Teachers should be skilled in administering, scoring and interpreting the
results of both externally produced and teacher-produced assessment
methods.

4. Teachers should be skilled in using assessment results when making

decisions about individual students, planning teaching, developing
curriculum, and school improvement.

5. Teachers should be skilled in developing valid pupil grading procedures

which use pupil assessments.

6. Teachers should be skilled in communicating assessment results to

students, parents, other lay audiences, and other educators.

7. Teachers should be skilled in recognizing unethical, illegal, and otherwise

inappropriate assessment methods and uses of assessment information

Ponolohiya (Phonology) - Tatlong Salik sa Pagsasalita (Three factors in

Speaking)

1. Enerhiya (Energy) - nilikhang presyon ng papalabas na hiningang galing sa

baga (pressure created when exhaling)

2. Artikulador (Articulator) - nagpapakatal sa mga babagtingang pantinig

(Vocal)

3. Resonador (Resonator) - nagmomodipika ng tunog. Ang bibig at guwang

ng ilong ang itinuturing na resonador (modifies the sound. The mouth and
nasal passageway are considered as resonators.)

Ponolohiya ng Filipino

PONEMA (Phoneme) - isang makabuluhang tunog.

Ang Filipino ay may 20 ponema. 15 ang katinig at 5 ang patinig

"katinig means consonant and patinig means vowel"

Mga katinig:
Panlabi (sounds produced by the lips) - B, P, M

Pangipin (sounds produced by the teeth) - D, N, T

Panggilagid (sounds produced by the gums) - L, R, S

Pangngalangala (sounds produced by the throat) - K, G, Ng, W

Pasutsot (sounds produced by exhaling) - H

Mga Patinig:

A, E, I, O, U

Diptonggo (Dipthong) - alin man patinig na sinusundan ng malapatinig na w

at y.

Halimbawa (Example):

aw, iw, ay, ey, iy, oy at uy.

Halimbawang salita (Example word):

bahaw, bahay, okoy, baliw

Morpolohiya (Morphology) - pag-aaral ng mga morpema ng isang wika at ng

pagsasama-sama ng mga ito upang makabuo ng salita.

Morpema - pinakamaliit na yunit ng isang salita na nagtataglay ng

kahulugan. Ito ay maaaring salitang ugat o panlapi.

Uri ng Pagbabagong Morpoponemiko (Types of Morphophonemic Change)

1. Asimilasyon (Assimilation) - pagbabagong nagaganap sa huling posisyon

dahil sa impluwensiya ng kasunod na ponema. Kung ang ponemang pang ay
ikinakabit sa salitang-ugat na nagsisimula sa b, p ang n ay nagiging m.

Halimbawa:
pang + balabal = pambalabal

pang + panitikan = pampanitikan

pang + kuha = panguha

pang + tabas = pantabas

2. Metasis - ang salitang ugat na nagsisimula sa L, O, Y pag nilagyan ng

panliping (in) ay nagkakapalit ng posisyon.

Halimbawa:

in + layo = nilayo

in + yakap = niyakap

3. Pagpapalit ng ponema - kapag ang ponema ay nasa unahan ng salitang

(d) ito ay karaniwang napapalitan ng ponemang (r) kapag ang huling
ponema ng unlapi ay patinig.

Halimbawa:

ma + damot = maramot

ma + dungis = marungis

4. Paglilipat-diin - ang mga salita ay nagbabago ng diin kapag nilalapian.

Halimbawa:

basa + hin = basahin

laro + an = laruan

5. Pagkakaltas ng ponema - nagaganap kung ang huling ponemang patinig

ng salitang-ugat ay nawala kapag nilalagyan ng hulapi.

Halimbawa:

takip + an = takipan - takpan

sara + han = sarahan - sarhan