Juan Miguel López

de Legazpi
• Born in 1502 in Zumaia, Spain

• Died in August 20, 1572 in

Manila, Philippines

• 70 years old

• Established the first Spanish

settlement in Cebu and
founded Manila.
 Establishment
of Spanish
Settlement
Location: Cebu, Philippines
Formation: Triangular shape,
with two sides facing the sea
and one towards the land
Defenses: Surrounded by a
strong palisade and a fort.
Infrastructure: Wells for water,
a church for Augustinian
fathers, buildings for soldiers.
FLOOR PLAN OF FORT SAN PEDRO
 Naming of the
1st Spanish
Settlement
Named "City of the Most Holy
Name of Jesus" by Legazpi
Named in honor of the Catholic
image
Cebu City, founded in 1565, is
the oldest Spanish city in the
Philippines
Treaty of Cebu
Approach: Legazpi employed a policy of
attraction rather than conquest
Allies: Assisted by Cid Hamal (Sidamit), a
Muslim Malay
Outcome: Successfully gained the friendship
and cooperation of Raha Tupas and other
local datus
Date: June 4, 1565
Agreement: Raha Tupas and other datus
agreed to recognize Spanish sovereignty
and maintain friendly relations.
Propagation of Catholic
Christianity
Primary Aim: Spread Catholic Christianity as the main
objective of colonization.
Historical Basis: Supported by the Testament of Queen Isabel
the Catholic and the Christian-oriented Leyes de Indias.
Role of Missions: Every exploration and conquest expedition
was accompanied by Christian missionaries to facilitate
religious conversion.
Expert Affirmation: Dr. Wilhelm Roscher, a German authority
on Spanish colonization, emphasized the conversion of
indigenous peoples to Christianity as the principal goal.
Economic Wealth
Motivation: Desire to acquire gold and
other riches.
Context: Competition among European
powers to control the spice trade in the
Orient.
National Prestige: Material wealth was
considered a measure of a nation’s
greatness during that period.
Imperial Ambition
Goal: Establish Spain as
the preeminent global
empire.
Method: Acquisition of
numerous colonies,
including the
Philippines, to realize
imperial ambitions.
The Residencia
A peculiar judicial institution introduced by
Spain in the Philippines. It was a trial of an
outgoing governor general and other Spanish
officials who were obliged to explain their acts
during their term of office. This trial was
conducted by their successors or by a special
judge appointed for this purpose.
Governor
Guido de
Lavezaris
(1572 - 1575)
The first Spanish governor
general who was
subjected to a residencia.
Governor
Francisco de
Sande (1575-1580
)
The second Spanish
governor general who is also
subjected to a residencia. He
was found guilty by his
successor.
Governor
Ronquillo de
Peñalosa
(1580 -1583)
The Residencia
Other Spanish governors were convicted at
their residencia for enriching themselves in
office or abusing their power.
Hurtado de
Corcuera
(1635-1644)
He was sentenced to
five years of
imprisonment and a
fine of P25,000.
Juan de Vargas
(1678-1684)
He was condemned to
stand daily at the doors
of the churches, dressed
in the sack cloth of a
penitent and with a rope
around his neck.
Berenguer de
Marquina
(1788-1793)
He was fined P40,000.
The
Visitador
An investigating officer, which the king
of Spain or the viceroy of Mexico sent to
Manila at certain times to investigate
Philippine conditions and the
complaints against the governor
general and other Spanish officials.
Governor General
Juan Niño de
Tabora
(1626-1636)
Francisco Rojas (1629)
The visitador who King Philip IV sent.
An aidor (member) of the Royal Audiencia of
Mexico.
He was sent to Manila to investigate the quarrel
between Governor Tabora and the Royal
Audiencia.
Jose Ignacio Arzadun
(1738)
A member of the Royal Audiencia of Mexico.
During his investigation of Philippine conditions,
he discovered the abuses of the Spanish
alcalde mayor in Cagayan Province.
The Encomienda
System
The Encomienda System. The
encomienda was a grant of
inhabitants living in a particular
conquered territory which Spain gave
to a Spanish colonizer as a reward for
his services. It included only the
tribute collected from inhabitants. it
did not include the land, the natural
resources and the services of its
inhabitants. What the ecnomendero
(owner of the encomiencia) received
were tributes of the inhabitants.
In exchange fo the encomienda, the
encomendero was obligated by the law to
promote the welfare of the inhabitants. His
duties were (1) to protect the inhabitants from
enemies, (2) to assist the missionaries in
Christianizing them add (3) to promote the
education of the people.
The endomiendas were two kinds- royal and private. Royal
encomiendas were exclusively owned by the king and they
consisted of cities, seaports and inhabitants of regions rich
in natural resources. Private encomiendas were owned by
private persons or charitable institutions, such as the
College of Santa Potenciana and the Hospital of San Juan
De Dios.

At the beginning, the encomienda was granted for two

generations, after which it reverted to the Spanish Crown,
later, the Royal Decree of February 1, 1636 by King Philip
III extended its tenure to three generations.
The first encomiendas in the Philippines were given to the
early Spanish colonizers in Cebu on January 1, 1571 by
Adelantao Legazpi, upon orders of king Philip II. In
subsequent times, more encomiendas were granted to other
Spaniards. By 1591, there were 257 ecnomiendas in the
Philippines (31 royal and 236 private) with total population
of over 600,00.

The encomienda system ended in Mexico, Chile, Peru, and

other Spanish colonies in Latin America at the end of the
18th century. In the Philippunes the encomienda system
lasted a little longer and finally ended in the first decade of
the 19th century.
The Tribute
The Tribute, As as symbol of vassalage to Spain, the Filipinos paid
tribute. One tribute corresponded to one family consisting of
husband, wife and minor children. An unmarried man or woman
paid one-half tribute. at the beginning, a tribute amounted to
eight reales (one peso), payable in money or kind. Later, in 1851, it
was increased to twelve reales (one peso and a half). The tribute
was finally abolished in 1884 and was replaced by the cedula tax.

The Filipinos hated the tribute because (1) it reminded them

of their bondage to Spain and (2) it spawned Spanish abuses.
They had no objection to the amount, for it was not high and
they could afford to pay it, but what angered them were the
abuses committed by the tribute collectors
According to the law, the tribute was payable in money or in
kind (rice,honey,corn and other products). The encomenderos
forced them to pay in rice on in honey appraising it at a low
price and later resold it to them at a very high price. in the town
of Dagami, Leyte, for instance, the encomendero cheated the
people by using tempered weight so that the people actually
paid more than the true value of the tribute. In many places the
enomenderos, while collecting the tribute, cruelly treated the
people, torturing them, and plundering their household goods
and stealing their chicken , pigs and even carabaos.

No wonder, in 1859 the people of the Ilocos and Cagayan Valley

rose in revolt against the tribute.
The Polo. Aside from paying the tribute, all male Filipinos from
16 to 60 years of age were obligated to render forced labor
called polo. This labor lasted 40 days. later in 1884 it was
reduced to 15 days, it took various forms, such as the building
and repairing of roads and bridges, construction of public
buildings and churches; cutting timber in the forest; working
shipyards, and serving as sailong and soldiers in military
expeditions.

A person who rendered the forced labor was called polista. He

could be exempted by paying the falla, which was a sum of
money.
The Filipinos hated the polo, like the tribute. they were compelled to render
forced labor, while the white Spaniards, mestizos and Chinese were exempted.
What really aroused their opposition were the abuses connected with it.

The politas (Filipino who rendered forced-labor) were, according to law, to be

given a daily wage and rice ration during their working days. They never
received these. And worse, they were compelled to cut logs in the forest and
drag them to the shipyards where they were made made into ships for the
Spaniadrs. Because of this hard labor, may politas died. Often they were forcibly
taken away to work in the shipyards and served as rowers in Spanish
expeditions during planting and harvesting seasons.

Some of the early Filipino revolts against Spain were caused by the polo. One of
these revolts was the Sumoroy Rebellion in Samar in 1649-1650
Abolition of Slavery
One of the best
achievements of Spain in the
Philippines during the early
years of her colonization.
August 9, 1598
King Philip II issued a royal
decree, ordering the
emancipation of all slaves in
the Philippines.
April 18, 1591
Strengthening the decree by
Pope Gregory XIV, which
threatened to
excommunicate those
persons who would not
liberate slaves.
Provincial Government
Provinces were known as Alcaldias
governed by an Alcade Mayor.
Alcalde Mayor
Exercises both judicial and executive
functions.
Receives a low salary and his office was
lucrative because of his privilege to
engage in the trade.
Corregimientos
Special districts presenting unpacified
regions. Each under a Corregidor
(usually an army officer)
Municipal Government
Provinces were divided into pueblos
(towns).
Each pueblo was administered by a
Gobernadorcillo (Petty Governor)
He was populary called “Capitan” and his
wife “Capitana”
Municipal Government
Every Pueblo is divided into Barangay (Barrios)
Each under a “Cabeza de Barangay”
The Cities
Several large towns in the Philippines were
organized into cities.
1. Manila
2. Lipa
3. Jaro
4. Cebu
5. Albay
6. Naga
7. Vigan
The Cities
Ayuntamiento – City Government
Cabilod – City Council
• Alcalde
• Regidores
• Aguacil Mayor
• Escribano
Missionary and
Spanish
Colonization
University of Rizal System | BSBA – HRM IB
Jude Andrei Pacho
What is a Missionary?
• A missionary is a member of a
religious group who is sent into an
area in order to promote its faith or
provide services to people, such as
education, literacy, social justice,
health care, and economic
development.
What is a Missionary?
• They bravely penetrated the uncharted
mountains and unexplored jungles,
enduring great hardships and not
infrequently suffering a martyr's death
in the course of their evangelical
labors. Their only arms were the
crucifix, the rosary, and their virtues
Andres de Urdaneta
● A Spanish Augustinian friar born in
Villafranca de Ordizia in the Basque
province of Gipuzkoa, Spain, was a
seaman, sailor, navigator, and author
who became the Most
Knowledgeable European Navigator
of the Pacific, best known for his
discovery of the Tornaviaje, or return
sea route from the Philippines to the
Americas in 1565.
From sailor to a missionary
Urdaneta enrolled as a young sailor on the expedition of Jofre
de Loaisa and Juan Sebastian Elcano in 1525, which sailed
from Spain on the first attempt to exploit the route pioneered
by Magellan. The expedition was unable to discover a return
route to Mexico and eventually reached the Portuguese-
controlled Moluccas where the officers and crewmen were
taken prisoners. Urdaneta spent his time in the Moluccas
observing the stars, the currents, and the winds, evaluating
trading opportunities, Portuguese strength, and potential
Spanish alliances with local rulers, and writing his conclusions
in diaries, memoirs, and on maps.
 The order of Friars Minor/Franciscans (1577)
● Franciscans arrived in Manila on July 2, 1577. Upon their arrival, the first fifteen
friars were temporarily housed in the Augustinian convent in Intramuros. Then they
finally moved to their own residence on August 1 of the same year. The next day
they blessed their new church and placed it under the protection of Our Lady of the
Angels. After a few months, they set off for the evangelization of the archipelago.
In Manila, they founded Santa Ana de Sapa, Paco, Pandacan, Sampaloc, and San
Francisco del Monte. With the arrival of more friars, the Province of St. Gregory the
Great was finally erected on November 15, 1586
 The Jesuits
(1681 - 1768)
The first Jesuits, led by Fr. Antonio
Sedeño, arrived in the Philippines in 1581
from the Province of [Link] initial
mission focused on evangelization,
establishing mission stations in various
locations. In 1591, they established
missions in Balayan, Batangas, Taytay and Antipolo, Rizal, and in 1593, they
expanded to the Visayas, setting up their first mission in Tibauan, Panay. Fr.
Pedro Chirino established the first Jesuit school in the Philippines, a
catechetical school for natives, which later expanded to include an elementary
school for both Spanish and Filipino boys. In June 1595, the Philippine mission
was elevated to a vice-province under the Province of Mexico, with Fr. Sedeño
as its first vice-provincial. The same year saw the opening of the College of
Manila in Intramuros, offering courses in grammar, philosophy, theology, and
canon law.
The Dominicans (1587)
● In 1587, the first Spanish Dominicans
were immediately sent to Bataan and
Pangasinan. A year later, they
established the Sto. Domingo Convent
in Intramuros (1588). Years later, the
invasion of the Dutch Protestants saw
the Spanish fleet seek the intercession
of Our Lady of La Naval and credited
her for the miraculous victory in the
naval battle of Manila in 1646, similar
to that of the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.
From then on, the Dominicans have
shepherded the people and nourished
this devotion to Our Lady of La Naval to
this day.
The Battles of La Naval de Manila
● Battle of Manila Bay (March 15,
1646 – October 4, 1646)
● (Spanish: Batallas de las
marinas de Manila) were a
series of five naval battles
fought in the waters of the
Spanish East Indies in the year
1646, in which the forces of the
Spanish Empire repelled
various attempts by forces of
the Dutch Republic to invade
Manila
Our Lady of La
Naval de Manila
The Battle of Lepanto (1571)
● The naval battle of
Lepanto, fought off the
west coast of Greece on 7
October 1571, was a
crushing victory for the
'Holy League' (an alliance
of Catholic maritime
states) over the Ottoman
Empire, which saw most of
its fleet sunk or captured
The Augustinian Recollects (1606)
● The first group of Recollects, led by Fray
Juan de San Jerónimo, landed in Cebu on
May 12, [Link] initial focus was on
contemplative life, establishing priories
rather than parishes.
● Their first priory was built in Bagumbayan,
outside the walls of Intramuros, dedicated
to Saint John the Baptist. Three years
later, they established another priory
within the walls of Intramuros, dedicated
to Saint Nicolas de Tolentino. While their
initial intention was contemplative, the
influx of Filipinos seeking spiritual
guidance on Sundays led them to open
their doors to the public.
The Benedictines (1895)
● The first group of Benedictine fathers and
brothers came to the Philippines on September
12, 1895 from the Benedictine Abbey of Our Lady
of Montserrat in the Cataluña region of Spain
primarily to undertake agricultural and
missionary work in Surigao in Mindanao. They
were the latest of the European Catholic orders
to come to the Philippines and the first
Benedictines to do their mission work more than
halfway around the world. Undaunted by the
brewing Philippine revolt, the Abbot of
Montserrat, Rev. Fr. Jose Deas y Villar, OSB
sailed to Manila with 13 young Benedictine
monks from the Colegio de Misioneros de
Ultramar and founded the Benedictine
community in Mindanao from which grew the
roots of Benedictine tradition and influence in
the Philippines.
The Ecclesiastical Organization
FILIPINO SERVICES TO
SPAIN
THE FILIPINOS HELPED the Spaniards to remain and

rule Philippines for more than three centuries.

Without the cooperation of the Filipinos themselves,

Spain could have not used our country as its base in

Asia. Unfortunately, the foreigners got the best

homes, best lands and best jobs. And they made the

decisions for us. The Filipinos had to obey them and

we were not united or enlightened enough to break

away from Spanish rule until the 19th century.

Why did the Filipinos serve Spain?
 THE FILIPINOS SERVED SPAIN INSTEAD OF SERVING THEIR OWN
COUNTRYMEN BECAUSE OF THREE REASONS:
1. The Filipinos were not united. They did not think of
themselves as one nation. So the Spaniards divided
and conquered them. Spain played one tribe against
another. for example, the Visayans were used to put 3. The Filipinos were offered rewards and honors
down a revolt in the Tagalog region. The Christian by the Spanish rulers. The Spaniards flattered and
Filipinos were used to fight to Filipino Muslims (Moros) took care of the loyal Filipinos. But they punished
and Pagans minorities. and killed the Filipinos who disobeyed or revolted.
Loyal Filipinos were given positions in the local
government as gobernadorcillos (little governors)
2. The Filipinos were converted to the Roman and cabezas de barangay (barangay chiefs).
Catholic religion, so the Filipinos were taught to be Master-of-Camp Francisco Laksamana received
loyal to the Spanish officials and priest who the highest military commander of Fort Santiago
converted them into that religion. The Filipinos for 24 hours (one day). That was his reward for
fought on the side of Catholic Spain, against the
putting down the Third Chinese Revolt (1662).
Muslims and against the Protestant Dutch and
British.
How did Filipinos Serve Spain? The Filipino services to Spain during the
Spanish era included the following:

1. Filipinos provided food for the Spaniards.

2. Filipinos worked in industries owned by Spaniards.
3. Filipinos fought on the side of Spain against Portugal.
4. Filipinos joined the military expeditions to Borneo and the Moluccas.
5. Filipinos fought on the side of Spain against the Dutch and British.
6. Filipinos joined the expeditions to Indochina.
7. Filipinos joined the expeditions to Taiwan.
8. Filipinos helped to colonize the Marianas, Palaus and Caroline islands.
9. Filipinos helped put down the Chinese revolts and stop the invasion of
Lim-Ah-Hong.
10. Christian Filipinos fought with Spain against Filipino Muslims (Moros).
FILIPINO AS FARMERS
it is not true that the Spaniards took away all the land
from the Philippines. The land owned by the religious
orders and foreigners in the Philippines were small
compared to those owned by the wealthy Filipinos,
But even in the farms owned by the Spaniards and
other foreigners, the Filipinos became the real
farmers
This was because the Spaniards did not like manual
work. They thought it was shameful to be seen
working in dirty jobs like digging, farming, cleaning or
carrying heavy loads.

So the Filipinos tilled the land and raised foodstuffs

and livestock. All the
Spaniards - officials, priests, soldiers, and civilian -
would have died of starvation if the Filipinos had not
provided them with food.
FILIPINOS IN INDUSTRIES
The Filipinos became good builders of ships for the
Spaniards during the Spaniards during the Spanish
era. They constructed many galleons used in the
Manila-Acapulco trade, and numerous galleys and
frigates used by the Spaniards to fight their enemies.
These ships were then made of wood, and there were
good natives forests for shipyards in the Philippines.
The shipyards were located at Cavite, Albay,
Camarines, Marinduque, Masbate, and Mindoro.
GRIEVANCE OF FILIPNOS AGAINST
SPANISH RULE
By the last decades of the 18th century the Filipino people were
dolorously agonizing beneath the yoke of Spanish misrule. Dr.
Jose Rizal, an eyewitness of their sufferings, realized that if their
grievances would not be heeded by Spain, they would in
despair, rise in arms and fight for freedom's sake. Thus he
predicted; "The sleep lasted for centuries, but one day the
thunderbolt struck and in striking, infused life. Since then new
tendencies are stirring our sprits, today scattered will someday
be united, guided by God who has not failed other peoples, and
who will not fail us, For His cause is the cause of Liberty!."
Grievances of the
Filipinos against
the Spanish Rule
University of Rizal System | BSBA – HRM IB
Marialyn Britania
• By the last decades of the 18th century, the
Filipino people were dolorously agonizing
beneath the yoke of Spanish misrule. Dr.
Jose Rizal, an eyewitness of their
sufferings, realized that if their grievances
would not be heeded by Spain, they would
in despair, rise in arms, and fight for
freedom's sake.
• Thus, he predicted: "The sleep lasted for
centuries, but one day the thunderbolt
struck and in striking, infused life. Since
then new tendencies are stirring our spirits,
today scattered will someday be reunited,
guided by God who has not failed other
peoples, and who will not fail us, for His
cause is the cause of Liberty!”
Dr. Jose Rizal's "Filipinas Dentro De
Cien Años"
translated as ("The Philippines within One Hundred
Years" or "The Philippines A Century Hence”) is a
socio-political essay written in four parts
(September 1889 - January 1890) in the fortnightly
review La Solidaridad of Madrid. In the articles, Rizal
estimated the future of the Philippines in the span of
a hundred years and foretold the catastrophic end
of Spanish rule in Asia.
Filipino grievances against Spanish rule in the
late 1800s included corruption, unfair taxation,
lack of political representation, racial
discrimination, abuses by Spanish officials, and
forced labor. Additionally, Filipinos were
frustrated by the restrictions on their freedom,
the imposition of Spanish culture and religion,
and the economic exploitation that benefited
Spanish colonizers at the expense of local
communities.
HUMAN RIGHTS DENIED
TO FILIPINOS
Human Rights Denied to Filipinos.
Among these humans rights were
freedom of the press, freedom of
speech, right to fair trial in court, right
to form associations, and right to
petition the government for redress of
grievances. These humans rights were
enjoyed by Spaniards in Spain, but
were denied to Filipinos in the
Philippines.
 Thus don Sinibaldo De Mas bewailed in 1843:

"Why do we fall into an anomaly, such as combining our claim for

liberty for ourselves, and our wish at the same time to impose our
law on remote peoples?

why do deny to others the benefits which we desire for out

fatherland?
Corrupt Spanish Officialdom in the Philippines. Many Spanish colonial officials
were corrupt, incompetent, and worse abusive. They were usually the indigent
job-seekers, carpet-baggers, and vagabonds who came to the Philippines,
where they, despite their lack of education and good moral character, found
good jobs as acaldes mayores, politico-military governors, and army officers.

Some Spanish governors general in the 19th century became notorious for
enriching themselves in office. For instance, General Weyler arrived in Manila
in 1888 as a penniless debtor hounded by his creditors. At the end of his
gubernatorial term in 1891, he returned to Spanish governor General who illicitly
enriched himself was General Primo de Rivera (1880-1883, first term) who
accepted bribes from the gambling syndicate in Manila.
 ABUSES AND
IMMORALITIES OF BAD
FRIARS
Not all Spanish friars in the
Philippines during 19th century
were bad. But the Filipinos
came to hate the friars for their
abuses and immoralities, so that
they wanted them to be
expelled from the Philippines as
attested by the "Anti-Friars
Manifesto of 1888". This was
also one of the aims of the
Propaganda Movement.
The bad Spanish friars were portrayed by Dr. Jose Rizal in his novels
(Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo) and by Graciano Lopez Jaena in
his novellete Fray Botod. These bad friars were arrogant, abusive, and
immortal. Quite a number of them had illicit relations with the native
women, by whom sired bastard children. In a public hearing conducted
by the First Philippines Commission in 1900 at Manila, Attorney Felipe G.
Calderon testified, mentioning the names of many friars in Manila and
the provinces and the names of their children by their native mistresses.
He also said; "My mother is the daughter of a Franciscan friar".
Racial
Discrimination
University of Rizal System | BSBA – HRM IB
Marione Keith Tawiran
Spanish Authorities
• Regarded the brown Filipino as an inferior
people and derisively called them “Indios”

• This racial prejudice against the native

Filipinos existed in the government offices, in
the armed forces, in the universities and
colleges, in courts of justice, and in high
society.
Si Tandang Basio Macunat
● A mischievous pamphlet written in
Tagalog, printed in Manila, 1885

● Published by Miguel Lucio

Bustamante, Franciscan friar (any
member of a Roman Catholic)

● He portrayed the Filipino as having

a low mentality, incapable of
acquiring education, and was fitted
only to take care of the carabao
and plow the fields.
Si Tandang Basio Macunat
• Si Tandang Basio Macunat is told by a narrator who has gotten
into the habit of conversing with a local farmer named Tandang
Basio. Surprised by the farmer's straight and intelligent answers
to his queries, the narrator said that Tandang Basio could have
been a government official if only he had gotten more education.
Instead of being flattered, Basio rendered a tirade about how
going to the city for education could not do natives any good. He
went on to tell a story about a prosperous province-based couple
who sent their son to the city despite their younger daughter's
protests. Instead of studying, the son squandered his family's
wealth and died in prison. Worse luck befell the family in the
province. Basio’s story ended with the rest of the family dying in
shame and poverty.
Dr. Jose P. Rizal
By surpassing the Spanish
writers in literary contests
and winning fame as a
physician, man of letters,
scholar, and scientist,
“proved that a brown man
could be as great or even
greater than a white man.
RISE OF THE PROPAGANDA
MOVEMENT
Rise of the Propaganda Movement, After 1872, Philippine conditions
went from bad to worse. The deportation of Filipino leaders to Spanish
penial colonies, the persecution of the intellectuals, and the abuses of
the Spanish masters continued unabated.
The Filipino exiles of 1872 and many patriotic students

abroad met in Hong Kong, Singapore, Barcelona,

Madrid, London and other foreign cities. Inspired by a

common cause, they banded together and

consecrated themselves to the work of promoting the

welfare and happiness of their fatherland.

Aggressively but peacefully, by means of their

writings and speeches, they crusaded for reforms to

rectify the evils of the Spanish colonial system. The

peaceful campaign for reforms was known in the

Philippine history as the "Propaganda movement".

It began in 1872, when Gomez, Burgos and Zamora

were executed at the Luneta, and ended in 1896,

when Rizal was exiled to Dapitan.

 REFORMS DESIRED BY THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

The Propaganda Movement was not revolutionary or seditious affair. The men
who led it were loyal to Spain; they asked merely for reforms, not
independence. The reforms tget asked were as follows;

1. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws.

2. Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain.
3. Restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes.
4. Filipinization of the Philippines parishes and expulsion of the frirs.
5. Human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of
the press and freedom to meet and petition for redress of grievances.
The propagandists were the scions of

good families, highly intelligent,

educated, patriotic and courageous, who

symbolized the flower of Filipino

manhood. Of these propagandists, one of

the greatest was Marcelo H. del Pilar of

Bulacan, lawyer and journalist, beloved

by the masses for his eloquent Tagalog

and fearless defense of the poor against

friar abuses.
 Other Filipino propagandists worthy of mention were

• Jose Rizal, physician-novelist and a many-splendored genius;

• Graciano Lopez Laena the greatest orator of the Propaganda Movement;
• Mariano Ponce, medical student and biographical writer;
• Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidaldo, master of the brush;
• Dr. Pedro A. Paterno, lawyer and man-of-letters;
• Antonio Luna, pharmacist and essayist;
• Pedro Serrano Laktaw, teacher-tutor of Prince Alfonso de Bourbon (Later King Alfonso XIII o
Spain);
• Jose Ma. Panganiban, linguist and essayist;
• Fernando Canon, engineer and musician;
• Jose Alejandrino. engineer and political writer;
• Isabelo de los Reyes, folklorist, news-paperman and scholar; and Dominador Gomez physician and
FOREIGN FRIENDS OF THE
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
The Filipino propagandists were not alone

in their campaign for reforms, they were

supported by foreigners who were lovers

of freedom of justice. Foremost among

them was Ferdinand Blumentritt, Austrian

professor, scholar, and Dr. Rizal's best

friend. He praised Rizal's two novels (Noli

and Fili) and wrote the "Prologue" to

Rizal's annotated edition of Morga's

Succesos de las Islas Filipinas (Paris,

1890).
Among the liberal Spaniards who aided

the Filipino propagandists was Don Juan

Atayde, who was born in Manila and was a

retired army officer. In September 1882 he

founded a civic association of Spaniards

and Filipinos in Madrid called Circulo

Hispano-Filipino and published the

newspaper Revista del Circulo Hispano-

Filipino. Unfortunately, both the

association and newspaper did not last

long.
 Other Spanish friends of the Propaganda Movement were:

Miguel Morayta Francisco Pi y Margall

• statesman, historian, journalist, • Statesman and former President of the
• Rizal's professor at the Central First Spanish Republic (1873-1875)
University of Madrid
 Other Spanish friends of the Propaganda Movement were:

Emilio Junoy Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla

• journalist and member of the Cortes • parliamentarian and leader of the Spanish
Republican Party.
The Anti-Friar-Manifesto of 1888

On March 1, 1888, Manila was rocked by a tumultuous event. This

was the anti-friar demonstration of hundreds of Filipino patriots led
by the Manila patriotic lawyer, Doroteo Cortes, with the secret
assistance of M. H. Del Pilar And Jose A. Ramos, A London-educated
rich merchant and leading Masonic leader.
The Demonstrators, Including many gobermadorcillos of the towns
around Manila, marched through the city streets to the
Ayuntamiento (City Hall) and formally submitted to acting Civil
Governor Jose Centeno Of Manila Province an anti-friar manifesto
addressed to Queen Regent Maria Cristina. This manifesto, titled
"Long Live the Queen! Long Live The Army! Down with Friars! "was
so well-written in elegant Spanish that it must have been written by
either M. H. del Pilar or Jose A. Ramos.
The "Anti-Friar Manifesto of 1888" denounced the anti-Filipino Archbishop,
Pedro Payo, and the bad friars for meddling in the movement, enriching
themselves contrary to their monastic vow of poverty, opposing the
teaching of the Spanish language to the Filipinos, and keeping the
Philippines in obscurantism. It requested the expulsion of the friars from the
Philippines.

As a result of the anti-friar demonstration and manifesto of 1888, the

powerful friars avenged themselves by persecuting the leaders the signers
of the manifesto, having them arrested and thrown into prison. Fortunately,
the Spanish Queen Regent issued an amnesty in 1889 pardoning the
patriotic demonstrators.
LA SOLIDARIDAD
ORGAN OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

Realizing the importance of mass media to

progate the Propaganda objectives, Graciano

Lopez Jaena founded a fortnightly

newspaper, La Solidaridad, in Barcelona on

February 15, 1889.

 In its first issue on the this date, Jaena bodly stated in his editorial that
the aims of La Solidaridad, were as follows;

(1) To Portray vividly the deplorable conditions of the Philippines,

(2) To work peacefully for political and social reforms,
(3) To combat the evil forces of medievalism and reaction
(4) To advocate liberal ideas and progress, and
(5) To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people for
democracy and happiness.

All the Filipino Masonic Lodges in Spain and in the Philippines became centers of
the Propaganda. They raised the needed funds to finance the campaign for
reforms in Spain.