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Chapterwise CBSE
4 a Solved p

tax

+. Charges Charge on a body

463 scation of Electric Charg Ec
(iii) Quant risre te amount rather than continuous value
exists in

and hence, it is said to be charge is quantised.

Mathematically,

where, ris an integer -

and e= electronic charge = 1.6 x 10°C.

Coulomb’s Law : Force between

Two Point Charges

It states that the electrostatic force of attraction or
repulsion acting between two stationary point charges is

given by

where, q, and static

separation between them in air or vacuum.

Also, dl/4meg =9x 10° N-m7C

where, €) =permittivity of free space
=8,85419 X10"? C?/N-m”

In vector form,

Absolute Permittivity of a Medium

(Dielectric Constant) ;

The force between two point charges q, .and‘q, located at a

distance r in a medium other than free space can be

expressed aS Frnedium =1/4m+q1q2/r?

where, € is absolute permittivity of the medium.

Relative permittivity (c , ) or dielectric constant,

Electrostatic Forces

These forces (Coulombian forces) are conservative forces.

i.e. the work done by these forces do not depend upon the
path followed. oo

ae affected by other charges,

are the stationary point charges and r is the

- Electrostatic Force due to Contin,

; “Pe
Principle of Superpositio
Forces : Forces between
This principle states that the
by a given charge particle
particles is equal to the ve
on it individually. Force b

n
Mule
Ultj et
net electri, for 4
S$ sen
all the
Charges at

4o due to
Ctor sum of
etween two

- 7
Superposition of electrostatic forces

Net force in terms of position vector,

1 Pea Care
Fy = x ——_(r, ;
9 ANE, ER =r, pp (ro “|

Charge Distribution

The region in which charges are closely spaced

continuous manner is said to have continuous i
charges. °
It is of three types

(i) Linear Charge Distribution (Charge dis

along a line) is given by

got Male

=Adl>F=
dq = Ml 4né! |r}?

where A is called linear charge density (a

unit length) and d/is:a short length element
charge distribution. i :

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* Electric Charges and ‘Fields

(ii) Surface Charge Distribution (Charge distribution

“over a plane surface) is given by

dq =o dS = F=—10_[ ods.
4ney “5 Ir?
where, o is called surface charge density (charge per
unit area) and dS is a small surface element. i

(iii) Volume Charge Distribution (Charge distributed

over a volume) is given by

dq=pdV > F=

of. paV .
Vv

any ire

where p is called volume charge density

and dV is a small volume element.

Electric Field -

The space around a charge in which its effect [Link] felt

significantly, i.e. the area which produces attractive or
repulsive force on another charge placed in that : area is.
called electric field.

Electric Field Intensity ~

The force experienced per unit positive test charge placed

at that point without disturbing | the source charge.

It is expressed as

19> 9Fy

SI unit of electric field intensity (E) is NC7! and it isa

vector quantity.

Electric Field due to a Point Charge. |.

Electric field intensity at point P due to a point charge q is

Electric Field due toa a System

of Charges,

en) 232
I .
f 7 he
q -
A System of Charges '

.+E, =DE,

=1

E=E,+E;+E;+...
Electric Field Lines-

Electric field lines are a way of pictorially mapping the

electric field intensity around a configuration of charge(s).
These lines start from positive charge and end on negative
charge. The tangent on these lines at any point gives the
direction of electric field at that point. Electric field lines
due to positive and negative point charges and their
combinations are shown below: :

We NV
AN ARS

Se

Field lines due to two

equal positive charges

Field lines due to an

electric dipole

Different electric field lines

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ests

4 ee

E equatorial ed ne, vB ad

(? + RYH
|p|

opposite in sign

Electric DIP? er |
eat charges of equal tric dipole. ¢-8- ricer, | IE (jel
pon ne sal gistance f elec ceil
etc. molecu :
ee Torque on an Electric Dipole py
Electric Dipole M “ B Uniform Electric Field laced,
A = weet () +9 ‘Torque acting on the dipole is given by oa
to dl : |
a In vector form,
isa tity and its direction is
it is C-m, itt vector quan
Sees charge (-9)' positive charge (+9)
- ninole
Electric Field due to Electric Dipol
i i the Axial
+ Electric Field at Point on 7
(i) ies due to Electric Dipole (End-on position) cca
. ial line of the dipole at a distance r from ° imum torque
Ata point on axl ten . nium fora
T=T min =0

the centre of the dipole is

1 2pr
e Maximum torque

when sin @ =1

6=1/2

THT mx = PE sa :

» Dipole is in stable equilibrium in uniform elect

when the angle between pand Eis 0° and in ‘naa
equilibrium when the angle is 180°. I

Work Done and Potential Energy of

Electric Dipole
le When an electric dipole is placed in an electric
field, then work is done in rotating it is given by al

Eyal Grey ( -P)

=>

eld at a Point on the

Equatorial Line due to Electric Dipo

(Broadside-on position)
W = pE (cos 8, —cos 3)

(ii) Electric Fi

uatorial line of the dipole at a distance r

Ata point on eq
f the dipole is given by

from the centre 0! peseniisi

_ o ios
E\sino Ei otential energy when 6, =90° to 6, =0
1

W=pE (cos90° —cos 8)

=—pE cos@=—p'E

Conditions
(i) Work done in rotating the electric dipole

when 9, =0° and 6, =.

W=2pE
(ii) Work done in rotating the elecric dipole ©
when 6; =0° and 8, =90°.
W=pE

Ebr

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TOPIC 2

Electric Flux and Gauss' Theorem

Area Vector

It is the vector associated with every area element of a

closed surface and taken in the direction of the outward

normal.
AS =|AS|m=(AS)n| ~

Here, AS is the area vector in the direction of the unit

vector fi normal to the surface area AS.

AS

Representation of area vector —~

Electric Flux

Electric flux linked with any surface is proportional to the

total number of electric field lines that normally pass
through that surface. It is a scalar quantity.

SI unit of electric flux is N-m?C? or J-mc™* or V-m.

CGS unit of electric flux is dyne- cm?/C.

Different Conditions for the Electric Flux

Linked with a Surface

There are following conditions for the electric flux linked

with a surface

(i) When surface is held normal to the direction of a

uniform electric field E, then Ad, = EAS

9 Or > 1 (AS)
E

Electric flux through 9 normal area

(ii) When area vector of surface makes an angle 6 with

the direction of a uniform electric field E , then
Ad ; = EAS cos 8.

In vector form, Abs =E-AS

Positive

AS
Electric Flux through an angle @
(iii) Closed surface S lying inside the non-uniform electric
field E, the total electric flux linked

Closed surface S

Electric flux through a closed surface S

Gauss’ Theorem .
The total electric flux linked with closed surface S is
where, q is the total charge enclosed by the closed
Gaussian (imaginary) surface.
Applications of Gauss’ Theorem
There are some applications of Gauss’ theorem

(i) Electric field due to infinitely long uniformly

charged wire with linear charged density 1. We have

considered cylindrical Gaussian surface.

«Gaussian
surface

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18.

From Gauss’ law,

Nu
fe-ds=-1=—
£&y &
= Ex2nnd=—
Ey
E=
or 2TEgr

Here, r is the. perpendicular distance from the charged

wire. :

(ii) (a) Electric field due to a thin infinite plane sheet

of charge with uniform surface charge density 5

at any nearby point

0
(for infinite plane sheet of-charge]
o
and E=—
a Eo
[for any charged conducting surface]
(b) Electric field intensity due to two equally and

oppositely charged parallel plane sheet of charge

at any point .

o : .
E _ [between the two plates]
' :

[outside the plates]

Chapterwise CBSE Soly 4

e
Pg
Pere.

(iii) Electric field due to a thin ,

of radius R at a distance r wn teeg

To find the field at a distance r = Its cate

spherical shell. °M the

Ce, Eg

(b) Field at a point inside the she

ll
Here, the charge inside the Gaus 4
As, q=0 van Sty

= |

(c) Field at a point on the surface

(r= R) |
On putting r = R, 4
=> E= q =) |
4neyR? €4 |
where, 6 is surface charge density, |
-_ 7

o=

4nR?

1 Mark Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. An infinite long straight wire having a charge density

A is kept along YY’-axis in XY-plane. The Coulomb
force on a point charge q at a point P (x, 0) will be

7 CBSE 2024
: q
(a) attractive and one (b) repulsive and An
aa 2ne gx
: 9
(c) attractive and a (d) repulsive and ge
0 TE x

2. A charge Q is placed at the

i centre of
electric flux through one if # cube. The

its face is CBSE 2023

(d) The electric field over the

Q Q 2 TG
Ors (b) «eR,

3. Which statement is true for Gauss’ law? 4

i

(a) All the charges whether inside or outsidel

gaussian surface contribute to the elect

(b) Electric flux depends upon the geomelty

gaussian surface.

(c) Gauss theorem can be applied to non-usil

field. , |
gaussian surf

. . 7 10!
continuous and uniform at every P°