❖ TOPIC 1 – SOURCES
o HISTORICAL SOURCES – basis of knowledge about the past & historian’s tool in providing facts and
interpreting human past
o 4 CATEGORIES OF SOURCES – (DORN) documents, oral statements, relics, and numerical records
o 2 FORMS OF ARTIFACTS AS SOURCES - testimonies and relics
o TESTIMONIES – oral or written report that describes an event
o HISTORICAL RESEARCH – emphasizes interpretation of documents
o DOCUMENT – process of proof based on sources
TYPES OF SOURCES
o PRIMARY SOURCES – written document that serves as a testimony of a witness
→ Autobiographies – account of person’s life narrated himself; subject matter
→ Memoirs – describes event; observer of event
→ Diaries – record of person’s activities
→ Personal Letter – communication with individuals
→ Correspondence – communication with groups
→ Interview – conversation in question and answer format
→ Surveys – getting data from people
→ Field Research – collection of raw data outside workplace
→ Paintings – uses paint or ink
→ Drawings – uses drawing instruments
o SECONDARY SOURCES – testimony of not an eyewitness
→ Bibliographies – list of work materials referred to text
→ Biographies – recreate in words the life of person as perspective
→ Periodicals – newspapers (daily and b&w) and magazines (colorful)
→ Film Review – accessing film’s quality
→ Book Review – critique on book
❖ TOPIC 2 – MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE
o FRANCISCO ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
→ also known as Antonio Lombardo
→ an Italian traveler born on Vicenza on 1490 and died on 1534
→ his account of voyage became the single most important source of world’s first circumnavigation
→ his travelogue tells about his travel with Magellan and Juan Sebastian Elcano to Moluccas in
1519-1522, which became the primary source of study of pre-colonial Philippines
❖ TOPIC 3 – BUTUAN OR LIMASAWA
o BUTUAN TRADITION – unbroken in 17th to 19th century ; the claim was strengthened by a monument
erected on 1872 (now on Magallanes municipality)
17th CENTURY
o 2 JESUIT HISTORIANS – through them, Butuan tradition was accepted
o FR. FRANCISCO COLIN S.J. – he represents the First Mass and planting of cross at Butuan at his
publication Labor Evangelica
o FR. FRANCISCO COMBES S.J. – Magellan landed on Mactan and planted the cross, but no mention of
First Mass
o Both agreed that Magellan visited Butuan and Limasawa, assisted by Limasawa chieftain, and arrival on
Cebu on April 7
18th CENTURY
o Colin’s passage describing Mindanao was misunderstood – with FR. JUAN DE LA CONCEPTION mixing
up several things
19th CENTURY
o FRAY JOAQUIN MARTINEZ DE ZUNIGA – had a work describing his travels around the islands
o WESCESLAO RETANA – influenced by Joaquin’s work
o FRAY VALENTIN – misspelled a place and had an error on geography
SHIFT IN OPINION
o FR. PABLO PASTELLS – initially responsible for the shift
o PIGAFETTA AND ALBO’S LOG – 2 primary sources Pastells discovered on his making on his edition of
Colin’s Labor Evangelica
o JAMES ROBERTSON – translated Italian text of Pigafetta
o PARDO DE TAVERA AND JAYME DE VEYRA – among the 20th scholars who accepted Limasawa tradition
EVIDENCE FOR LIMASAWA
1. Evidence Of Albo's Logbook
o FRANCISCO ALBO – pilot of Trinidad and one of the survivors of Victoria led by Sebastian Elcano
o sailed from Ladrrones to Suluan to Acquada (Homonhon) to Seilani (Ceylon or Leyte) to Mazava
o they planted a cross on Mazava
o Limasawa was on south of Leyte at 9 degrees 54 N
2. Evidence from Pigafetta
A. Pigafetta’s testimony
o ALBANIANS – tall, tawny indigenous people from Ladroni (robbers) islands
o MARCH 16, 1521 – it was Saturday ; a high land called Zamal was spotte from Ladrones
(Marianas) Islands
o MARCH 17, 1521 – it was Sunday ; landed on another island called Humunu (Homonhon) ;
Magellan named “Islands of Saint Lazarus” in Lenten Season
o MARCH 18, 1521 - nine men from Zuluan island came that welcomed them and introduced
cocoanuts ; Magellan asked food supplies and they promised to bring rice in 4 days
o WATERING PLACE OF GOOD OMEN (ACQUADA LA DI BOUNI SEGNIALLI) – two springs in
Humunu that Magellan renamed that has gold presence
o MARCH 22, 1521 – the natives returned and brought food supplies
o 8 DAYS – the number of days Magellan stayed at Homonhon
o MARCH 25, 1521 – leaving Homonhon, Pigafetta fell into water but rescued as a grace from
Blessed Virgin Mary ; they passed through 4 islands [Cenalo (Ceilon or Seilano of Albo,
Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and Albarien]
o MARCH 28, 1521 – it was Holy Thursday ; they reached Mazaua that lies on 9 and 2/3 NL
latitude and 162 degrees E longitude, 25 leagues from Acquada and they remained there for 7
days ; 8 men approached them and captain-general’s slave, a native of Zamatra, spoke to them ;
they met the king of the natives
o MARCH 29, 1521 – the captain-general wants food supplies to the king and he want to be
friends with him, not enemies ; he want to be casi-casi (brother) with the king ; the captain sent
two men (one was Pigafetta) to see the king’s place
o MARCH 30, 1521 – it was Good Friday, he eat meat even though it’s Good Friday ; Pigafetta had
a drink with the king and his son ; they meet the king’s brother, who was a king on another
island, and considered himself the finest man ; the island of his is called Butuan and Calagan ;
the name of the 1st king is Raia Colambu and the 2nd king is Raia Siaui
o MARCH 31, 1521 – it was Easter day ; commencement of the mass ; Magellan landed with 50
men ; set cross on the highest mountain ; the natives call their god as “Abba” ; the captain asked
the king of Mazaua and Butuan where to get food and they responded that it was on Ceylon,
Calaghann, and Zubu (largest one)
o APRIL 1, 1521 – Magellan sent men to help with harvest, but no work was done
o APRIL 4, 1521 – it was Thursday ; they left Mazaua with the king of Mazaua to Cebu
o APRIL 7, 1521 – it was Sunday ; they entered the port of Zubu ; they had an argument with the
king of Zubu ; the king of Mazaua spoke with the king of Zubu
o APRIL 8, 1521 – they became friends
B. The Evidence of Pigafetta’s Testimony
o MAZAUA – a small island at southwestern tip of Ceilon and east of Bohol
o The island of Mazaua lies equivalent to island of Limasawa
o Mazaua can’t be identified with Butuan as it is situated in Mindanao
C. The Evidence of Pigafetta’s Testimony
o Confirmatory evidence of 2 kings
o The king of Mazaua of guided Magellan
o The king of Butuan was a visitor to Mazaua
o For the 2 kings to see each other, they go to that island to hunt, which was Mazaua
D. An Argument from Omission
o Butuan is on riverine settlement ; there is no mention of the river if the mass was held there
o Mazaua is surrounded by sea, not a river delta
E. The Legazpi Expedition
o Legazpi inquired on Mazaua
o They rounded Panae (Panaon) separated by Leyte
o They went to Camiguing and they intended to go to Butuan on Vindanao Island but went to
Bohol instead by winds
o They managed to go to Butuan
o CONCCLUSION: Mazaua was an island near Leyte and Panaon, and Butuan is on Mindanao
