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WORK POWER AND ENERGY

WORK
Work is said to be done when a force applied on the body displaces through a certain
distance in their direction of applied force
w = Fs
Dimensional formula = ML2T-2
UNIT : joule
Work done by a constant force :
⃗ be applied on the body such that the direction of force makes an angle θ with
Let a force F
the horizontal direction.
w = (F cos θ) s = FS cos θ
w = ⃗F. ⃗S

NATURE OF WORK DONE IS DIFFERENT SITUATIONS

(i) Positive work : If θ = 0o, force and
displacement are is same direction
W = FS cos θ = FS cos 0o = FS
(ii) Negative work : If θ = 180o,
the force and displacement are in opposite direction
W = FS cos 180o = - FS
(iii) Zero work : When θ = 90o, theforce and displacement are at right
angle to each other
W = FS cos 90o =0, work done is zero.
Work done by a variable force :
Work done by variable force F(x) to displace the body from initial position xi to final
position xf, divide the total displacement of the body into number of small intervals of with
∆ x.
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x
W = ∫x f F(x) dx = Area under the curve xi and xf
i

Energy : Capacity of doing work.

Unit – joule, D.F. [ML2T-2]
Forms of Energy :
Mechanical energy, heat energy, light energy, sound energy, electrical energy, chemical
energy and nuclear energy.

Kinetic energy :
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy. Let a body
of mass m, initially at rest a constant force acting on the body and starts moving
F = ma
After travelling a distance s it acquires a velocity v
v2 – u2 = 2as
v2
a=
2s
mv2
F=
2s
mv2 1
W=F×S= = mv2
2s 2
1
K, E = W = mv 2
2

Work – energy theorem :

The work done by a force on a body is equal to the change is kinetic energy of the body.
F = ma
W = Fs = mas
v2 − u 2 1 1
W=m( ) × s = 2 mv2 – 2 mu2
2s

W = change in K.E. of a body = ∆ (K.E.)

This is known as work – energy theorem.
Work – energy theorem for a variable force :
1
K. E = mv2
2

Different both sides w.r.t ‘t’.

d (K.E) d 1 1 dv dv dv
dt
= ( mv 2 ) = 2 m × 2 v
dt 2 at
= mv
at
(∵
at
= a)
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d.(K.E.) dx
= FV (∵V = )
dt dt

d (K.E.) dx
∴ =F ⇒ d. (K.E) = F dx
dt dt

When x = xi, K.E. = (K.E) i

x = x f, K.E. = (K.E) f
(K.E) x
∫(K.E) d (K. E) = ∫x F (dx) = [KE). ][Link]
f f
i i
KE.i

f x K.E
∫x (dx) = [kx][Link] = (K. E)f - (K.E)i
i
x
But ∫x f F. dx = work done (w) by variable force
i

1
W = mv2 = change in K.E.
2

Potential energy :
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position is called potential energy.
Unit : Joule (J), D.F = [ML2T-2]
Gravitational potential energy :
Let a block of mass m which is to be raised to a height ‘h’ above the ground. The force
required to lift the block must be equal to the gravitational force Fg = mg
Work done by the applied force F against gravitational
force w = ⃗F. ⃗h = Fh cos 0
w = Fh = mgh
work done by the gravitational force
⃗ = mgh cos 180o
⃗.h
wg = F
wg = - Fgh = - mgh
wg = - mgh
Potential energy of a spring :
When a spring is stretched or compressed from its normal position by small distance
x them a restoring force is developed. Restoring force is proportional to the displacement
x
⃗ ∝ -x⃗
F or ⃗ =- k x⃗
F

External forces is just equal opposite to restoring force

⃗⃗F ext = ⃗F
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⃗Fext = + K x⃗
Let the spring be further stretched through the distance dx the
work done
dw = ⃗Fext · dx⃗ = Fext dx cos 0 = Fext dx = kxdx
Total work done to stretch the spring through a distance x the limits
x = 0 to x = x
x
x x2 1
∫ dw = ∫o kxdx = k [ 2 ] = 2 kx2
o

work done is stored as P.E.

1
u = kx2
2

This potential energy is known as elastic potential energy.

Spring constant :
It is defined as the restoring force per unit displacement of the spring
F
k=
x

Units : S. I unit N/m , D·F· = [MLoT-2]

Conservative forces and non-conservative forces :
If the amount of work done by or against
force depends only on the initial and final
positions of a body and not on the path
followed by the body, then such a force in
called conservative force gravitational force
and electrostatic force are the examples of
conservative forces.
If the amount of work done against a force
depends on the path followed by a body, then
the force is said to be non-conservative
fractional force is non-conservative force.
Conservation of mechanical energy :
According to this law, the mechanical energy of an isolated system remains conserved.
Conservation of mechanical energy of a freely falling body :
In case of a freely falling body, mechanical energy of the body remains constant.
Step –I :
Let a body of mass m, initially at rest at point A. which is at height h above the ground
At point A
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1
K.E. of the body. K.E = mv2 = 0
2

P.E. of the body P.E = mgh

Mechanical energy = K.E + 0 = mgh
Step – II :
Let the body is allowed to fall freely,
its P.E. decrease and K.E. increases.
AB = x, at B from the ground = (h - x)
v2 – u2 = 2as
u = 0, v = v1,
a = g, s = x
v12 – 0 = 2 × g × x
v12 = 2gx
1 1
K· E· of body at B. K·E = mv12 = m × 2gx = mgx
2 2

Mechanical energy at B = K · E + U = mgx + mg (h-x) = mgh

Step – III :
Let the body just reaches the ground so h = 0
P.E. of body u = mg × 0 = 0
Let v2 be the velocity of the body which just reaches point c.
v2-u2 = 2us
v22 – o2 = 2gh ⇒ v22 = 2gh
1 1
K·E· of the body K·E = mv22 = m× 2gh = mgh
2 2

Mechanical energy
C = K·E + U = mgh
Conversion of mechanical energy of a simple pendulum :
When the bob of a pendulum is displaced from its equilibrium position O to point P then its
height from the point O is h. so its P·E· Increases by mgh.
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As the bob is left it moves towards point O. So P·E· decreases and K·E· goes increasing
which becomes maximum at O = mgh.
Now bob move towards Q due to inertia if motion and P·E· increases = mgh.
This process repeats and the conversion into K·E·
K·E· at 0 = P·E at P or Q
1
mv2 = mgh
2

Equivalence of mass and energy :

According to Einstein, mass and energy are inter convertible that is mass can be converted
into energy and energy can be converted in to mass.
E = mc2 c = 3 × 108 m/s
Power : Power is defined as the rate at which work is done.
∆w
P=
∆t

Instantaneous power P is defined as instantaneous rate of doing work

∆w dw
P = ∆tLt→0 =
∆t dt

It is scalar quantity
unit is watt, D·F· [ML2T-3]
Collisions :
The interaction between two bodies or particles due to which the direction and magnitude of
the velocity of the colliding bodies or particles change.
Types of Collisions :
(i) Perfectly elastic collision :
A collision between two particles is said to be
perfectly elastic if both the linear momentum and
kinetic energy of the system remains closed.
(ii) Inelastic collisions :
A collision is said to be inelastic if the linear momentum of the system remains
conserved but it kinetic energy is not conserved.
(iii) Perfectly inelastic collisions :
A collision is said to be perfectly inelastic if the two bodies after collision stick together
and move as one body. In this collision linear momentum of the system remains
conserved but the kinetic energy is not conserved.
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(imp )Elastic one dimensional collision :

Let two bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2 moving in a straight line with velocities u1 and
[Link] collision there velocity changes to v1 to v2.
Total linear momentum of system before collision = m1u1 + m2u2
Total linear momentum of the system after collision =m1v1 + m2v2

According to law of conservation of kinetic energy

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
m1(u1-v1) = m2 (v2-u2) ....(1)
According to the law of conservation of kinetic energy
1 1 1 1
m1u12 + m2u22 = m1u12 + m2v22
2 2 2 2

m1(u12 –v12) = m2(v22 –u22)

m1(u1 + v1) (u1 – v1)m2 (v2 + u2) (v2 – u2) .....(2)
Dividing (2) by (1)
u1 + v1 = v2 + u2 ⇒ u1 – u2 = v2 – v1
Relative velocity of approach = relative velocity of separation.
The ratio of the relative velocity of separation of to relative velocity of approach is called
coefficient of restitution (e)
v2 −v1
e=
u1 −u2

Velocity after collision :

v2 = u1 – u2 + v1 .....(3)
Putting the value of v2 in eq (1)
m1(u1-v1) = m2 (u1 - u2 + v1 – u2)
m1 (u1 – v1) = m2 (u1 – 2u2 + v1)
2m2 u2 + u1 (m1 − m1 )
v1 =
(m1 + m2 )

Substituting the value of v1 in eq (3)

2m1 u1 + u2 (m2 − m1 )
v2 =
(m1 + m2 )
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Special Case :
(i) When the two bodies laws equal masses m1 = m2 = m
2m2 u2 + u1 (m1 − m2 ) 2mu2
v1 = = = u2
m1 + m 2 2m
2m1 u1 + u2 (m2 − m1 ) 2mu1
v2 = = = u1
m1 + m 2 2m

their velocities are interchanged after collision.

(ii) When u2 = 0
u1 (m1 − m2 ) 2m1 u1
v1 = , v2 =
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

Inelastic collision in one dimension :

Let body B be initially at rest and A is moving in a straight line with velocity u1 collides
with the body B.

Total linear momentum of bodies A and B before collision

= m1 u1 + m2 × 0 = m1u1
Total linear momentum of bodies A and B after collision
= (m1 + m2)v
m1 u1 = (m1 + m2)v
m1 u 1
v=
m 1 + m2

Kinetic energy of bodies before collision

1 1 1
(K·E)i = m1 u12 + m2 × 0= m1u12
2 2 2

Kinetic energy of bodies after collision

(K·E)f = ½ (m1 + m2)v2
1 m1 2 u1 2
(K·E)f (m1 + m2 )v2 (m1 + m2 )v2 (m1 + m2 )
2 (m1 + m2 )2
= 1 = =
(K·E)i m u 2 m 1 u1 2 m1 + m2 2
2 1 1

(K·E)f m1
=
(K·E)i m1 + m2
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(K·E)f
Since (m1 + m2) > m1 therefore < 1 or (K·E)f < (K·E)i
(K·E)i

The loss of kinetic energy = (K·E)i - (K·E)f

m2
= (K·E)i - (K·E)i
m1 +m2
m
= (m + m2
) (K·E)i
1

m2 1
= (m + m2
) × 2 m1u12
1

𝑚 1 𝑚 2 𝑢1 2
=
2(m1 + m2 )
Collision in two dimensions :
Let two bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2 and body B is at rest before collision. Body
moves (A) in straight line with velocity u ⃗ 1 along x- axis collides with the body B
conservation of momentum along x – axis and y axis.
m1u1 = m1v1 cos θ1 + m2 v2 cosθ2
0 = m1 v1 sin θ1 – m2 v2 sin θ2
m1v1 sin θ1 = m2v2 sin θ2
kinetic energy before collision = kinetic energy after collision
1 1 1
m1u12 = m1v12 + m2 v22.
2 2 2

MOTION IN VERTICLE CIRCLE

Consider a small body of mass ‘m’ attached to one end of a string and whirled in a
vertical circle of radius ‘r’. In this case, the acceleration of the body increases as it goes
down
the vertical circle and decreases when goes up the vertical circle. Hence the speed of the
body changes continuously. It is maximum at the bottommost position and minimum at the
uppermost position of the vertical circle. Hence the motion of the body is not uniform
circular motion. Irrespective of the position of the particle on the circle, the weight ‘mg’
always acts vertically downward.
Let ‘v’ be the velocity of the body at any point P on the vertical circle. Let L be the lowest
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point of the vertical circle. Let ‘h’ be the height of point P above point L. let ‘u’ be the
velocity of the body at L. By the law of conservation of energy
Energy at point P = Energy at point L

The Expression for Tension in the String in Motion of Body in Vertical Circle:
Consider the centripetal force at point P
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Relation Between Tension at the Highest point and at the Lowest Point:
Thus the difference in tensions at the two positions

Thus the tension in the string at the lowest point L is greater than the tension at the
highest point H by six times the weight of the body
Minimum Velocity of Body at Different Positions When Looping a Loop
Lowest Point L (h = 0):
This is the minimum velocity of the body required so that the body looping a loop i.e. to
go round the circle once completely.

This is the minimum velocity at the lowest point of the vertical circle required for a body
looping a loop.
Highest Point H (h = 2r):

This is the minimum velocity at the highest point of the vertical circle required for a body
looping a loop