wenos LupRocess OUT OF THE rit OUT EEX SEAN RESEARCH POSITIVE ere 6 He Z WORDS Cj SSUCCESS Hi Poe LU Zo"Practical Research 1 Quarter 3 - Module 10: Selecting and Synthesizing Information from Relevant LiteratureDefinition of the Literature Review Other previous researches related to the study currently conducted by a researcher should be put into consideration. When they are summarized comprehensively, this makes the process of literature review. As cited from Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania (2020), literature review requires for a survey of scholarly articles, books, and other sources which will later be enumerated, summarized, and evaluated in order to form a concrete basis and support for the current study. When it is done, the selected literature may appear on various sections of the study such as in the introduction, related literature section, and the discussion of results.Purposes of Reviewing a Literature ‘The following are the purposes of literature review (University of South Carolina Library, 2020): 1. It provides the researcher a clear understanding of the study to be investigated. Through literature review, the researcher can boost his/her confidence by clearly understanding the phenomenon and be able to clarify essential variables of the study. 2. It justifies the need for conducting the study. Review of literature allows the researcher to identify the existing gaps in knowledge. Thus, further investigation to be conducted by the researcher will be justified. 3. It serves as the basis for establishing concepts presented in the study. Reviewing literature relevant to the current study of the researcher enables him/her to substantiate his/her work. Concepts presented from the study which are supported by literature can make the work of the researcher more credible.Selecting the Literature for a Study Once the researcher has a clear problem as well as a rationale for conducting a study, he/she may now begin selecting literature such as theories, conceptual framework, and related studies that will serve as the foundation of the work. In selecting the literature for a study, the following questions should be considered: 1. Can this literature help me clearly present the delimitation of my study? 2. Can this literature give me insights to present properly essential variables of my study? 3. Is this literature up-to-date? Does this literature provide perceptive and accurate results and conclusions? 5. Does this literature present contrasting ideas which can be used in identifying research gaps?Conducting a Review of Literature When the researcher is about to engage himself/herself in doing literature revi he/she must do it in a systematic procedure so as to arrive with a comprehensive output which can later be used in substantiating the work, Boza (2015) of University of California presents six steps in conducting a literature review. These steps are as follows: 1. Decide on the area of research. The first step always begins with the clear problem in mind of the researcher. He/she must clearly know the topic as well as the rationale of the study to be conducted. This will allow the researcher to focus on articles and books that are relevant and can help him/her substantiate the work. 2. Search for the literature. In searching for the literature which can be used for a study, the researcher may utilize printed materials and references which can normally be found in the libraries. On the other hand, online sources, which also3. Find relevant excerpts in books and articles. Reading the abstract of a scholarly work will help the researcher determine whether it is relevant or not to the study under investigation. Meanwhile, other sections of a scholarly source as in articles. and books can also be skimmed in order to get the excerpts of important data which can be used as bases of the study. Definition of terms, prevalent claims, findings, and conclusions are some of those which the researcher should observe and read carefully. Further, employing different lovels and types of reading can help the researcher to scrutinize efficiently the data and information presented from a reference. Wilson (1990) identified four types of reading. These are as follows:Elementary reading. This type of reading pertains to word-recognition type of reading wherein sentences are literally comprehended. ‘Systematic reading. This type of reading employs skimming strategy wherein the researcher-reader may focus on the highlighted terms in the sample source manuscript. Similarly, he/she may also look into the title of the sample and will try to sce if similar variables of the current study are presented. If ‘yes, he/she may consider the sample as relevant to his/her own work. Analytic reading. This type of reading requires the researcher-reader to break the whole scholarly work into parts for better understanding, In addition, it may also observe here that the researcher-reader establishes connection with the author by asking the 5Ws and 1H questions through annotation. Use of a dictionary for concept clarification is also often considered in this type of reading. The notes made from the analysis are then synthesized and will serve a8 an output. Comparative reading. This type of reading considers two or more scholarly works which will be analyzed for comparing-contrasting purposes. Here, the various viewpoints of the authors regarding the particular concepts and principles will be carefully observed. The generalized summary of the analysis from this type of reading then serves as an output.4. Code the literature. Categorizing the themes of the concepts found in different literature must be done for better analysis and evaluation. Themes can be categorized from the similarities to the differences found among those relevant works. Meanwhile, tools for reading and reviewing should also be considered by the resoarcher in order to save more time since these allow him/her to easily revisit the concepts that may be a help in the process of literature review. Two of the commonly used tools for reading and review purposes are as follows:© Highlighting. This tool uses marks and symbols that will help the researcher to easily revisit the important ideas found in a scholarly work. This can also aid the researcher to easily distinguish the similarities and differences found in various sources. © Annotation. This tool uses words, phrases, and sentences which serve as written remarks of the researcher reflecting his/her understanding and questions regarding the scholarly work.5. Create conceptual schema. After coding the concepts perceived to be important by the researcher in the conduct of the study, he/she may then organize them in order to see in a wider perspective the relevance, including their similarities and differences, to the current work. The researcher may utilize a literature review synthesis matrix to better see how the gathered data from literature review will be presented in the study. As cited from Ashford University (2020), synthesis matrix refers to a table used for organizing important ideas found in the literature. This matrix further allows the researcher to see overlapping ideas among the authors. Here below is an example of a synthesis matrix:quoumaysmy pow ordures wrseq osodind 40 wojqora Study 1 study 2 study 3 Study 46. Begin writing literature review. With a complete vision of necessary data that came from reading and reviewing literature, the researcher may now begin the draft of the manuscript for review of the related literature section. He/she must not forget to cite the author of any data that will be used for the study. The use of transitional words will also be helpful in order to arrange ideas accordingly (e. the use of “similarly” to present that ideas have in common).Practical Research 1 Quarter 3 - Module 11: Plagiarism and ParaphrasingResponsible writing is necessary for writing academic text (Louw, 2017). As a novice researcher, you need to take note that you ought to be responsible for the things that you write in your research. One of the elements in writing responsibly is through proper citation both in-text and reference citation. Aside from it, it is proper to list your sources on the information that you are bringing out. Furthermore, you need to give proper credit to the author by acknowledging his or her ideas. Nonetheless, you are avoiding plagiarism that is usually done when you quote words or ideas created or first used by others. By doing it, your readers can track down the sources that you utilized by citing them properly through footnotes, bibliography, or reference list.Types of Plagiarism: 1. Direct Plagiarism. This type of plagiarism is committed when you copy word-for- word a section of others’ works without quotation marks (Roig, 2002). Example The stage of dialogue was the action of conversation. On this manner, the incident was immediately addressed and effects were identified. from the research titled, “The Die is Cast: Experiences of Novice Teachers in Handling Verbal Bullying Incidents in a Middle Schoot” written by Dexter V. Fernandez, MAED. and Arnet T. Sicat, Ph.D. This is the proper way of citing a direct quotation, “The stage of dialogue was the action of conversation, On this manner, the incident was immediately addressed and effects were identified”,2. Self Plagiarism. This plagiarism is often committed when you mix your previous works to come up with new article without proper citation and permission to the teacher you previously submitted the work (Helgesson & Eriksson, 2014; [Link], 2011). Example ‘You submitted a research for Practical Research 1 ‘The occurrence of verbal bullying was a typical scenario in middle school. This kind of abuse was commonly committed bby students towards their peers. With the literature about this matter, little less hhas been conducted about the manner novice teachers handle verbal bullying From the research titled, “The Die is Cast: Experiences of Novice Teachers in Handling Verbal Bullying Incidents in a Middle Schoo!” utter by Dexter V. Femandlez, MAED. and Amel. Sicat, Ps. ‘Ayear later, you submitted it ‘again in Practical Research 2 ‘The occurrence of verbal bullying was a typical scenario in middle school. This kind of abuse was commonly committed by students towards their peers. With the literature about this matter, little less has been conducted about the manner novice teachers handle verbal bullying incidents,3. Mosaic Plagiarism. It is committed when you take phrases from a source without using quotation marks or citation; thus, you just find synonyms to the authors’ words while keeping the same though as it is in the original (Roka, 2017). Example A research taken from the Internet ‘The occurrence of verbal bullying was & typical scenario in middle school. This kind fof abuse was commonly committed by smudents towards their peers. With the literature about this matter, lite less has been conducted about the manner novice teachers handle verbal bul ‘Thus, phenomenological study investigated the practices of novice teachers in handling bullying in a middle school. 1g incidents, this From the research tied, “The Die is Cast E\poviences of Novice Teachers in Handing Verbal Bullying Incidents in a lle Schoo!” verter by Dester V. Pemandes, MAED. and Amel T Scat, PhD, Plagiarized of ertal baling ws FEET son io ETO ATT] Ths kindof abuse wes commonly committed ty stadents tomrde thet Gassmates] with the mate, itl fess has teen conducted ‘about the manner [gear teachess) handle Cerba. buling incidents. Thus, this Phenomennoga stody invested the practes of noice teachers in handing bathing oxo iol] iterature about thisParaphrasing is the answer for us not to fall to any type of plagiarism (Wallwork, 2011). However, this needs your attention to learn the competencies in achieving proper paraphrasing. Careful reading, in-depth comprehension, and good writing are the skills you need to improve for you to come up with good paraphrased sentences. ‘The big question now is how to paraphrase? There is no perfect way of paraphrasing a sentence or paragraph. It is because it will depend on the manner you understand what you have read, So, what you need is a better understanding. Below is the suggested way for you to come up with good paraphrasing.Five (5) Ways to Paraphrase 1. Take time to read. Careful reading of the text enables you to grasp the meaning of the sentence you are going to paraphrase. It is recommended to read it three times or even more. This is to give you enough time to comprehend the meaning of what you are reading (University of New England, 2020). 2. Take note of the key points. This is done through highlighting or listing the points or ideas presented in the text that you are reading. Through this, you will see the things that the author wanted to impart in his or her write ups. However, for you as a reader, those will also be the bases on how you will explain the ideas that were presented (Chi & Nguyen, 2017).3. Rewrite what you have read but use your own words. Rewsi ing what you have read does not mean you will just copy it. Nevertheless, you are going to write what you have read based from what you have understood from it. However, you need to bbe careful not to eliminate the ideas of what you have paraphrased (Oshima, 1999). 4. Compare what you have written with the original text. Through this, you may be able to see the similarities and difference between the original text and what you have paraphrased. You need to remember that the paraphrased sentence or paragraph has structural difference from the original even the choice of words. However, the thought presented in the original text must not be different from the paraphrased text. 5. Make citation. There are so many citation styles available to you. But, always refer back to what is prescribed to you by the organization or institution you are writing. If they prescribe you to use a particular citation style, then you need to follow that standard. For example, many colleges and universities in the Philippines use American Psychological Association (APA) 6% edition citation style. On the other hand, in the Department of Education (DepEd), they use DepEd Manual of Style and Chicago Manual of Style.Practical Research 1 Quarter 3 - Module 12: APA Citation StyleIn the previous lesson, you have learned about the types of plagiarism and how to paraphrase. Now, you are ready to use in-text and reference citation style. American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is the most commonly used referencing style in the field of education. It is also known as “author-date referencing”. However, this is not the only referencing style available, There are Chicago manual of style (CMOS), Modern Language Association Style (MLA) Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA), American Sociological Association (ASA), and the like. But in the meantime, your focus is on APA 6th Edition Manual of Style.‘There are two (2) things that you need to remember in using APA. First, itis used as ‘an in-text citation and second, it is used in reference citation. Let us begin on in-text citation. The in-text citation is a reference citation that is made within the body of the text or essay (Waikato Institute of Technology, 2010). The main question now is when are wwe going to use in-text citation? Practically, we use in-text citations every time we quote, summarize, and paraphrase statements, information, and ideas that came from others. It is a scholarly acknowledgment through giving credit who stipulated the ideas and concepts. In-text citation with single author used in the beginning Fernandez (2020), stressed that proper citation has to be observed among novice sesearchers.Inctext citation with single author used at the end Proper usage of citation styles promotes integrity among novice researchers (Fernandez, 2020). How about if the writer wanted to indicate the title of the source? Of course, you can do it. However, title has to be in quotation marks. In-text citation with article title In Fernandez’s (2020) article, “Plagiarism: Writers’ Crime”, stressed that proper citation has to be observed among novice researchers.In-text citation in the middle of the statement Fernandez (2020) attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the sentence, whereas Munez (2020) claimed otherwise. Another example: Conduct of research enables novice researchers to deal on practical aspect of education (Fernandez, 2020), as well as the theoretical foundations of different philosophies.Inetext citation with three (3) authors (beginning) Fernandez, Munez, and Valencia (2020), attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement. Inctext citation with three (3) authors (end) It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement (Fernandez, Munez, & Valencia, 2020).Inctext citation with six (6) or more authors Fernandez et al. (2020), attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement. Inctext citation with six (6) authors (end) It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement (Fernandez, et al., 2020).In-text citation using website article without author “Man in need” (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones. In-text citation with page number Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (p. 99). Inctext citation using paragraph number According to Fernandez (2020), eating healthy foods gives us more time for our love ones (para. 99).Reference Citation Style 1. Books Femandcz, D. V. (2020}. Quest for happiness. Fern Publishing Company Press. Ifyou can notice, the structure of this is the author's name [sumame, first letter of ‘the name, middle initial) then followed by a period. After that, the date of publication and then a period are included. Next is the title of the book (remember that the whole title is italicized and the first letter is capitalized). There is an exemption, all proper names are capitalized. After the tile, write the publishing company. «a. Single Author Author Date gfrntcnsn Place of Publication Femandez, D. V. (2020). Quest for happiness, New York: Fern Publishing Company Press. Title Publisher When authorship reached to five (5), you are going to use “et a.” Thus, book with one fo five authorship takes the usual format.b. Three authors Fernandez, D. V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, Y. M. (2020). Quest for happiness. New York: Fern Publishing Company Press. Note: Each author is joined with comma. Before the last author, there is a comma and ampersand. . Six or more authors Fernandez, D. V., et al. (2020). Quest for happiness. New York: Fern Publishing Company Press.2. Journal Articles @. Single Author Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services. Joumal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047 If you notice, it is similar to the reference citation for book, however, what makes it different is that it includes the journal publication (first letter of the word is capitalized) then followed by volume, issue and page number and digital object identificr (doi). Remember two (2) things. First is that journal publication is italicized and second if doi is not present, you can just omit that part. Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services. .2.2.34763.75047b. Three authors Fernandez, D. V., Munez, E. M., & Fernandez, P. Y. M. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services. Journal for Young Filipino, 44(6), 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.75047 ¢. Six or more authors Fernandez, D. V, et al. (2020). Lived experiences of students engaged community services. Journal for Young —‘Fillipino,_-—44(6),, 88-95. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34763.750473. Thesis and Dissertation @. Thesis or Dissertation in Hardcopy Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development of reading comprehension through contextualized graphic novel. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Bataan Peninsula State University, Philippines.b, Thesis or Dissertation from Repository Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development of reading comprehension through contextualized graphic novel. (Master's thesis, Bataan Peninsula State University, Philippines). Retrieved from http:/ /[Link]/ 109287 /99 The format still follows similar with the hardcopy. However, the last part should indicate the link of the thesis. ©. Thesis or Dissertation from Database ProQuest is an example of online database for theses and dissertation. Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Development of reading comprehension through contextualized graphic novel. (Master's thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. (UMI No. 8871229)4, Online Sources ‘These are articles from credible website. Fernandez, D. V. (2020). Reading comprehension and graphic novel. Retrieved from https: / /[Link] /reference/guide/apa/website Notice that on the last part of the entry, it includes the link where the article was retrieved. Remember aot to put period (.) at the end of the entry. Remember, when you make a reference list, it should be arranged in alphabetical order using the first letter of the surname.Practical Research 1 Quarter 3 - Module 13: Literature Review1. Identify your variables. This is to determine what are your variables in your research. In short, you should know your topic (Minch, 2018). For example, your research title is like this: Example Lived experiences of PWD Students Engaged Community Services in a Rural Area. What are your variables here? Or simply, what is your topie all about? If you will be labeling it, you will come up with this result. a) PWD students b) PWD students and community services ©) PWD students in a rural area ) PWD engaged in community services2. Use online or library sources. Literature review requires reading. If there is a nearby school or public libraries, you can go there to read their books related to your study. However, if there is none, internet is the best way to do it. Itis just one click away. iced8, Analyzing the literature. On this part of literature review, you need to analyze what you have read. It requires you to evaluate the findinge of the research. ‘You just need to identify what the literature has to say on the variable that you have considered, ‘Community, The study of Fernandez about community involvement of sevolvement HNP] py, found that there are POD in NCR who ar involved in community services, Most of them aze involved in outreach activity such as education and psychological help. Despite ‘their physical situation, they positively perform their duties as volunteers. PWD ‘The study of Fernandez about PWD students’ involvement poraente to achool services found that students with physical in School difficulties do not usually participate in school related Services services, Tt is because they are afraid to be rejected by students without physical challenges.4. Summarizing what you read by highlighting important things. On this part, you need to summarize the literature you read. There are many ways of summarizing it. However, you can consider my way of summarizing literature through tables. ‘Tubular Mothod Tie [Aathor | Year| ype [Pillication | Findings Tadieae Indicate List he pubisnert| wate we aa eT cenesear | wnathorie | MUEIET] AHEM Uy teate | autor | Puc the year itia ebook, | ndings isa book, concusion teste | or | ewan wetsieitt | iti journal, ifitisa crete |aumors| ransomed | J Yn entine | stay reser | ofeme |srimezire | “EY | sourn, | spent] all yourave | study | is orton | game othe | eaimitc | Peon read or | unpublished * journal, or isan wisan ™ thesis or | * tice tne | atte dissertation st as madeThree (3) Ways of Organizing Literature 1. Categorize by variables. Ten (10) or more literatures that are comprised of books, journals, theses or dissertations, or online publication are hard to organize. In organizing them, you need to stick on the variables you have considered and they will be bases of your searching, On this manner, you can segregate them according to what they are discussing.2. Arrange by importance. After categorizing your literatures by variables, you need ‘to arrange them by importance, The question is how ean we arrange them by ‘importance? Though arranging them will be eubjected because you will decide ‘and chocee what literature is more important than others, you need to be guided by some criteria Criteria in arranging literature ‘a. Relevance. On this criterion, you need to answor the question: Is this literature directly connected to the present study? In what manner? By means of this, you can have a concrote reason why you considered a certain literature as ‘more important than the others. b. Quality. On this eriterion, you need to answer the question: Is this literature ‘ciantfic? Ia it peer reviewed by experts? Well, you can anawer it through looking at whero it was published. If it came from renowned publishing company, educational institution or established websites, then it assumed that itis in good quality. © Assumption On this criterion, you need to anawer the question: Is this literature affirmative or a negation of my study? Ifthe literature you searched is an affirmation of your enady, better place it in the beginning of your literature review. However, iit is a negation, better place it atthe last part.3. Connecting literatures. After arranging the literatures that you searched, now it is time for you to connect them because these are already categorized and arranged. Literatures that discuss on the same topic and same assumption need to be connected drawing similarities from each other and to the prosent study. However, the literature stressing an opposite finding should be differentiated with the other literatures.Practical Research 1 Quarter 3 - Module 14: Literature Review: Elements and EthicsWhat makes a good literature review? There are many ways of coming up with a good literature review. Hence, every writer has their own style on how they can create a good literature review (Thomas et al., 2015). Here are some suggestions that you may use in polishing your work. These are the five (5) elements of good literature review:1. Literature review is intensive The main purpose of literature review is to provide background of your research (Ramdhani, Ramdhani, & Amin, 2014), It has to be intensive wherein all relevant discussion must be included to clearly understand the parameter and bases of vour study. Likewise, this provides an explicit background of what you are writing. Thus, a good literature review is concentrated, wherein all aspects of it are focused, explored, and identified.2. Literature review is concise. Literature review does not represent the entire claim of the research being reviewed. It is just a part of your research that provides information about the variables that you are exploring that were already explored by other researchers on their studies. Therefore, a short discussion of their processes, findings, and implication is more than enough to establish the concepts being dealt on your research (Wee & Banister, 2015). One reviewed literature has to be comprised of one (1) paragraph with six (6) to ten (10) sentences. However, you can exceed depending on the information and its relevance to your research.3. Literature review is logical. Literature review has to be logical, analytical and rational. It is accomplished through deductive or inductive presentation. Deductive presentation may begin with most important to lesser important. (On the other hand, inductive presentation may begin with local going to global. Nonetheless, each sentence has to be in harmony with each other. 4. Literature review is complete. Saturation of the studies related to you research has to be practiced. It should not be based on the quota of literature you need to cite but on the relationship of previous researches to your research. But of course, it is impossible to exhaust alll literature in the world related to your work. It is up to you to decide whether the literature considered clarified all the inquiries related to your research or not. Thus, all important parts are present (Reijers et al., 2018).5. Literature review is recent. The literature to be used have to be conducted within ten (10) years for it to be called recent. However, there are institutions that are requiring literature to be only within five (5) years. Though these time frames difler from each other, their suggested time has to be recent. The more recent it will be, the better. The wisdom behind this idea is that every day we discover new things. There is a great possibility that the information on a certain topic may possibly change.Ethics etymologically came from the Greek word ethos which means right action. In any society, standard action is ought to be followed. For example, if you go out, you need to wear facemask. If you will buy goods, you need to fall in queue. Aside from that, we respect elders, those in authority, and people around us. In literature review, we also follow ethics. But this ethics is not expressed through concrete action like bowing our heads, using “po” and “opo”, or being generous to others. This is manifested to the way we write our literature review. Hence, these are five (5) ethical ways on writing our literature review that we need to follow.1. Observe proper citation. In writing academic text like research, you ought to observe proper citation. This is from proper paraphrasing to correct citation entry in different citations. Observance of this is one way of acknowledging their contribution, as well as your professionalism. As a novice researcher, you need to master different kinds of citation styles depending on what your institution is requiring you. 2. Keep the original thoughts. There are many times that we lose the original thoughts of the text that we are paraphrasing. It is unethical if we will just cite writing wherein the original essence of the sentence is different from what we have interpreted it or written down. We need to be abreast with proper skills in paraphrasing and interpreting others’ works.3. Avoid biases. As a novice researcher, it is important that you eliminate personal interest or biases on your studies (Fleming & Zegwaard, 2018). You should be fair, not one sided. This is not just demeaning your literature but also destroying the integrity of research as vessel of new knowledge. Therefore, any form of biases has to be eliminated. 4. Be scientific. Becoming scientific is to have strong basis on reviewing literature. One has to state only what is written and provided evidence alone not on personal and intuitive deductions of interpretation. 5. Embrace positivism. Research is always geared towards positivity. Thus, the literature review has to be in line with positivism (Polonski, 2004). Though not all reviewed literature is an affirmation of your research, negation of it on the other hand provides clearer picture of implication.