INTERNET OF THINGS
A20CAT613
UNIT III
IOT PLATFORMS DESIGN METHODOLOGY
IOT PHYSICAL DEVICE AND ENDPOINTS :
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects that connect and exchange
data with other devices and systems over the internet. IoT devices are physical objects
that can sense things in the physical world. They can include:
• Sensors, Actuators, Machines, Appliances, Gadgets, Computer devices, Software,
Wireless sensors.
• IoT devices are connected to the internet and can send information about themselves or
their surroundings over a network. They can also remotely actuate physical entities or
the environment around them.
• IoT endpoints are devices that monitor a service, process, or machine by collecting data
and sending it back to be analyzed.
Here are some examples of IoT devices:
• Connected cars
• Smart appliances
• Connected security systems
• Smart agriculture equipment
• Connected retail
• Connected healthcare monitors
• Connected manufacturing equipment
• Connected cities
INTRODUCTION TO RASPBERRY PI :
A Raspberry Pi is a small, single-board computer that can be used in the Internet of Things (IoT).
It has a range of digital media, communications, and computer applications.
Raspberry Pi's General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins act as a bridge between the
computer's digital world and the physical world of devices, sensors, and actuators. This allows
the user to interface with a variety of sensors and peripherals, which is a key asset for building
custom IoT solutions.
Raspberry Pi can do many things, including:
• Browse the internet
• Play high-definition video
• Create spreadsheets
• Word processing
• Play games
• Scan a computer
• Learn to edit in languages like Scratch and Python
Raspberry Pi can also be used for robotics development. For example, it can be turned into a
weather station by connecting instruments to it to check temperature, wind speed, and
humidity. It can also be turned into a home surveillance system by adding cameras to it.
To set up a Raspberry Pi, you need an SD card inserted into the provided space. The SD card
should have the operating system installed and is required for the computer to boot. Raspberry
computers are compatible with Linux OS.
The Raspberry Pi is a very cheap computer that runs Linux, but it also provides a set of GPIO
(general purpose input/output) pins, allowing you to control electronic components for physical
computing and explore the Internet of Things (IoT).
INTERFACE (SEREIES, SPI,I2C) PROGRAMMING :
• Serial interfaces are essential in the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine
(M2M) communication. They enable devices to communicate and exchange data,
creating a connected ecosystem.
• SPI, I2C, and UART are ideal for communication between microcontrollers and sensors
where large amounts of high speed data don't need to be transferred.
Here's some information about SPI and I2C:
1. SPI:
• A four-wire bus that consists of a serial clock, master output/slave input, master
input/slave output, and a device select pin. SPI is well-suited for high-speed data
transfer applications, like displays, flash memory, and Digital-to-Analog Converters
(DACs). SPI is full-duplex communication, supports single-master, and has a bus range
speed much higher than that found in I2C or SMBus.
2. I2C :
• A two-wire protocol that is ideal for connecting multiple devices to a single controller,
such as sensor arrays, EEPROMs, and Real-Time Clocks (RTC). I2C is half-duplex
communication, supports multi-master and multi-slave, and can accommodate several
devices on a single bus.
PYTHON PROGRAM WITH RASBERRY:
Here is a simple Python program that can be used with a Raspberry Pi in an Internet of
Things (IoT) application:
import [Link] as GPIO
import time
# Set up the GPIO pins
[Link]([Link])
[Link](18, [Link])
# Turn on the LED
[Link](18, [Link])
# Wait for 1 second
[Link](1)
# Turn off the LED
[Link](18, [Link])
# Clean up the GPIO pins
[Link]()
• This program will turn on an LED connected to GPIO pin 18 for 1 second, and then turn it
off. It can be used as a starting point for more complex IoT applications, such as a home
automation system or a weather station.
Here are some other Python programs that can be used with a Raspberry Pi in an IoT
application:
• A program that reads the temperature and humidity from a sensor and sends the data to
a cloud server.
• A program that controls a robotic arm.
• A program that monitors the security of a home or business.
• A program that collects data from a variety of sensors and uses it to create a map of the
environment.
These are just a few examples of the many ways that Python can be used with a Raspberry Pi in
an IoT application. With its powerful features and flexibility, Python is a great choice for
developing IoT applications of all kinds.
PI WITH FOCUS OF INTERFACING:
The Raspberry Pi is a cheap, small, and powerful computer that can be used to explore the
Internet of Things (IoT). It can interface with sensors using one-wire protocols and has support
for most sensors on the market.
Interfacing is the process of connecting devices together so that they can exchange information.
For devices to swap information, they must share a common communication protocol. This
protocol can be either parallel or serial.
Here are some ways the Raspberry Pi can be used in IoT:
Build smart devices
• The Raspberry Pi's small size makes it easy to build smart devices and connect them to
other IoT gadgets.
Create connected home appliances
• With basic components, the Raspberry Pi can be used to create connected home
appliances.
Environmental monitoring
• The Raspberry Pi's ability to interface with sensors makes it a good choice for
environmental monitoring applications.
Human-machine interface (HMI) applications
• The Raspberry Pi's touch screen interface makes it suitable for HMI applications.
Home security cameras
• The Raspberry Pi's input and output pins can be used to make projects like home
security cameras and encrypted door locks.
The Raspberry Pi runs Linux and has a set of GPIO (general purpose input/output) pins. It has
1GB of RAM, one HDMI port, four USB ports, one Ethernet connection, a Micro SD slot, one
combined 3.5mm audio/video port, and a Bluetooth connection.
EXTERNAL GADGETS:
An IoT network is a network of physical objects connected with sensors that can exchange data
with other devices and systems without human intervention.
Here are some examples of external gadgets in the Internet of Things (IoT):
August Doorbell Cam
• Allows you to answer your door from any location remotely. It constantly captures
motion changes and suspicious activity in your doorstep.
August Smart Lock
• A trustworthy IoT security gadget that enables the user to easily manage their doors from
any place. It assists the user in keeping robbers at bay while also allowing them to
monitor who enters and exits their home.
Industrial IoT (IIoT) devices
• Designed for use in factories or other industrial environments. Most IIoT devices are
sensors used to monitor an assembly line or other manufacturing processes.
Other examples of IoT devices include:
• Smart thermostats
• Smart refrigerators
• Smart security cameras
• Smart home assistants
• Connected cars
• Wearable fitness devices
• Smart street lights
CONTROLLING OUTPUT :
Here are some ways to control output in the Internet of Things (IoT):
AWS IoT Device Management
• A service that allows users to remotely organize, track, control, update, and scale large
device fleets. It is agnostic to device type and supports any IoT thing, from
microcontrollers to connected fridges.
Smart metering
• A key part of IoT that allows for the minute metering of electricity usage. This data can be
used to better manage the grid and provide accurate and personalized billing services.
Azure IoT Hub
• A set of features designed to help control, monitor, and connect millions of IoT devices
in a reliable and secure manner.
Microcontroller
• A mini-computer that provides smart devices access to processing power and
peripherals for input and output.
Authentication solutions
• Play an essential role in ensuring security and privacy of IoT devices. Authentication
prevents unauthorized entities from gaining access to assets.
Constrained Application Protocol
• An application layer protocol designed to cater to the needs of HTTP-based IoT systems.
It relies on the USe Datagram Protocol to establish secure communication between the
endpoints.
READING INPUT FROMPINS:
Here's some information about reading input from pins in the Internet of Things (IoT):
GPIO pins
• GPIO pins are mainly used for reading and writing signals, not for powering things.
digitalRead function
• In Arduino IDE, the digitalRead() function can read a value from a specific digital pin as
HIGH or LOW.
Bolt IoT
The parameters for reading digital input in Bolt IoT are:
• pins: A CSV list of Bolt GPIO pins to control
• deviceName: The name of the Bolt device to control
Voltage levels
• Voltage levels around 3.3V mean on, true, or 1, and voltage levels near 0V mean off,
false, or 0.
IoT analog input
• To make an app, tell the website AppShed which pin on the board to be reading from. To
do this, log in to [Link] and click on the IoT builder page
