EXPERIMENT- 4
AIM OF EXPERIMENT:
TO STUDY DATA CODING AND DECODING TECHNIQUES FOR NON-RETURN TO ZERO FORMAT
CONCEPT:
The coding of basic data NRZ -L into NRZ -M and NRZ- S format can be understood by referring to circuit
diagram and Graph. For the decoding the NRZ coded data, first of the entire clock is recovered from the incoming
coded data by using phase locked loop techniques on kit ACT-07R. Graph shows the data stream and clock using
a typical NRZ-L protocol. In this data format, the ones are represented by highs and the zeroes are presented by
lows. In the data stream, it should be guaranteed those continuously more than 5 zeros or 5 one should not occur
in succession while transmitting data.
This ensures that the slowest rate of changes will then be a frequency corresponding to one twelfth clock. The
fastest rate of change of frequency will correspond to one-half of the clock frequency with alternate one and
zeroes occurring in the data stream.
NON –RETURN TO ZERO signal are the easiest formats that can be generated. These signals do not return to
zero with the clock. The frequency component associated with these signals are half that of the clock frequency.
The following data formats come under this category.
A) Non-return to zero – LEVEL – NRZ-L,
B) Non-return to zero - MARK – NRZ-M,
C) Non-return to zero – SPACE – NRZ-S
NON-RETURN TO ZERO – LEVEL(NRZ-L)
This is the most extensively used waveform in digital logics. The data format is very simple where all ‘ones’ are
represented by high and all ‘zeros’ by lows. The data format is directly got at the output of all digital data
generation logics and hence very easy to generate. Here all the transitions take place at the rising edge of the
clock.
NON-RETURN TO ZERO – MARK (NRZ-M)
These waveforms are extensively used in magnetic tape recording. In this data format all ‘one’ are marked by
change in levels and all ‘zero’ by no transitions, and the transitions take place at the rising edge of the clock.
NON-RETURN TO ZERO – SPACE (NRZ-S)
This type of waveform is marked by change in levels for ‘zero’ and no transition for ‘one’ and the transitions take
place at the rising edge of the clock. This format is also used in magnetic tape recording.
UNIPOLAR AND BIPOLAR:
Unipolar signals are those signals which have transition between 0V and +VCC voltage. Bipolar signals are those
signals which have transition between +VCC to –VCC.
Note : Fault Switch should be in normal position.
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the AC Supply to the Kit
2. Ensure that all faults are in normal position
3. Connect the coded data NRZ-L to the corresponding DATA INPUT NRZ-L, of the decoding logic
Block
4. Switch ON the power.
5. Set the Switch SW2 at OFF position and Switch SW3 should be OFF.
6. Observe the coded and decoded signal on the CRO.
7. Similarly connect the coded data NRZ-M and NRZ-S to their corresponding DATA INPUT NRZ-M
and NRZ-S respectively and observe the coded and decoded signal.
8. Unipolar to Bipolar / Bipolar to Unipolar.
a) Connect coded data NRZ-L signal to the INPUT of “Unipolar to Bipolar” and observe the
Bipolar Output.
b) Then Connect Bipolar output signal to the INPUT of “Bipolar to Unipolar” and observe
Unipolar Output.
9. Observe the following coded signal on one of channel of the CRO and INPUT DATA on second
channel simultaneously and plot it on the paper.
CODED DATA
i. Coded data NRZ-L.
ii. Coded data NRZ-M.
iii. Coded data NRZ-S.
10. Observe the following decoded signal on one of channel of the CRO and verify it by observing the
INPUT DATA on second channel simultaneously
DECODED SIGNAL
i. Decoded data NRZ-L.
ii. Decoded data NRZ-M.
iii. Decoded data NRZ-S.
Fig.-A (NON RETURN TO ZERO DATA FORMAT)
CONCLUSION :
