Correlational Study on Sexual Attitudes and Potential Sexual Risk

Behavior Among Youth: Basis for a School-based

Prevention Plan

Coronejo, John Lloyd Kenneth

Regudon, Rommel S.

Sollestre, Angel E.

Southern Luzon State University

Polillo, Campus

2024
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

The concept of sex education here in the Philippines is still considered taboo

because many people believe that any information about sex is provided only by parents.

The increasing rate of teenage pregnancies in Polillo, Quezon indicates that the existing

health education programs and the current educational approaches were not enough to

reduce it. To limit the rising rate of teenage pregnancies and improve the sexual health

knowledge and behaviors of adolescents, this study aims to know the Sexual Attitudes

and Potential Sexual Risk Behavior Among Youth

One significant research gap is the limited understanding of how cultural factors

in specific regions impact sexual attitudes and behaviors among youth. Cultural norms

and values play a critical role in shaping young people’s perceptions and actions

regarding sexuality. By investigating these cultural influences, this study seeks to provide

insights that can inform culturally sensitive prevention programs (Mekonnen et al., 2022;

Khumalo et al., 2020).

Additionally, there is a need to examine how sexual attitudes and potential sexual

risk behaviors vary across different age groups within the youth population.

Understanding these variations can help in designing age-appropriate interventions that

address the specific needs of adolescents at different developmental stages (Roberts et al.,

2021; Alonso-Martínez et al., 2021).

Another important area of focus is the role of gender differences in sexual

attitudes and risk behaviors. Comprehensive studies examining these differences are
scarce, yet they are vital for developing gender-specific prevention strategies (Romero-

Estudillo et al., 2014).

Furthermore, the influence of social media on youths’ sexual attitudes and

behaviors is an emerging area of interest. Social media platforms have become integral to

young people’s lives, and their impact on sexual behavior warrants thorough

investigation (Fevriasanty et al., 2021). By addressing these research gaps, this study

aims to contribute valuable knowledge to the field and support the development of

effective, evidence-based prevention programs that promote healthy sexual attitudes and

potential sexual risk behaviors among youth.

Background of the Study

The recent data from the Polillo Rural Health Unit indicates that in 2023, there

were 522 successful childbirths, of which 84 were among teenagers aged 15-19.

Furthermore, from January 30 to July 31, 2024, there was an increase of 28 in the number

of teenage pregnancies. This data only indicates that sex education must be implemented

to delay the rising rate of teenage pregnancies and be aware about sexual health education.

Sexual attitudes play a significant role in shaping behaviors and perceptions

regarding sexuality. Positive sexual attitudes, fostered through comprehensive sex

education, can lead to healthier relationships, better communication, and informed

choices about sexual health. Conversely, negative or permissive sexual attitudes can

result in risky behaviors, misinformation, and unhealthy relationships. Addressing sexual

attitudes through education and open communication is crucial for promoting responsible

and healthy sexual behaviors among youth (Katz & Moore, 2013; Baams et al., 2015)
 The Guttmacher Institute (2023) thinks that comprehensive sex education results

in delaying the first act of sexual activity, decreasing the number of sexual partners, and

strengthen the use of contraceptives among adolescents. On the other hand, a lot of

people believe that sex education can encourage teenage early sexual behavior. They

believe that freely addressing sexual subjects could promote interest and experimentation.

A research conducted by the Heritage Foundation (2023) found that abstinence-only

education is far more effective in postponing sexual which starts among adolescents.

Multiple studies, among them those released by the American Academy of Pediatrics

(2023), disagreed with this assumption, proving that comprehensive sex education aims

not to encourage sexual activity but instead promote responsible conduct and informed

decision-making.

Considering numerous studies supporting the beneficial effects of comprehensive

sex education in decreasing adolescent pregnancies, there is a lack of localized research

addressing the pre-implementation phase of these initiatives in rural regions such as

Polillo, Quezon. This provides a chance to examine how local cultural norms and values

influence these attitudes and actions. Moreover, there is a lack of comprehensive data

about the differences in sexual attitudes and risk behaviors across different ages groups.

Performing age-specific analysis allows for the development of these attitudes and

behaviors from early adolescence to late teenage.

Objectives of the Study

1. To determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age
 2.2 Sexual Orientation

3.3 Year Level

4.4 Religion

2. To determine the extent of sexual attitudes among youth in terms of:

2.1 Permissiveness

2.2 Birth Control

2.3 Communion

2.4 Instrumentality

3. To determine the level of potential sexual risk behavior among youth.

4. To ascertain if there is a significant relationship between sexual attitude and potential

sexual risk behavior .

5. To determine whether age, sexual orientation, year level, and religion can

significantly moderate the sexual attitude and potential sexual risk behavior of the

respondents.

6. To develop a Youth Sexual Health and Safety Initiative program.

Significance of the Study

This study would help the following to find specific but relevant information

concerning Sexual-Attitudes and Potential Sexual Risk Behavior. Thus, the result of this

study will be beneficial to the following:

 Students. The findings of this study instantly benefit students since they provide

evidence-based insights that can direct sexual health education suited for their specific

beliefs and practices. By arming students with the knowledge and skills to make informed

decisions regarding sexual activity, a school-based preventative program can help to

promote better sexual practices, reducing the risk of STIs and preventing unintended

pregnancy.

Parents and Guardians. This findings will enable parents and guardians to

better understand the sexual attitudes and possible dangerous activities of youngsters.

Regarding delicate matters of sexual health, it can also help to close the barrier between

them and their children. Moreover, supporting school-based preventative projects could

equip parents with resources to guide and inspire their children in choosing safer routes.

Educational Institutions. This study provides valuable data that can guide the

implementation of thorough sex education programs according to the needs and problems

of their students. With this knowledge, school administrators can more forcefully address

issues pertaining to sexual health, therefore perhaps reducing the frequency of risky

sexual behavior among the student body. This can boost students' general state, thereby

encouraging a better learning environment.

Researcher. This project will give me an opportunity as the researcher to add to

the growing corpus of information on young sexual ideas and risk practices. The

investigation may expose novel trends and insights that would help the researcher to offer

well-informed recommendations for changes of policy or improvements of present sexual

health programs. It also advances field-of-expertise in adolescent health and behavior as

well as intellectual development.

 Future Researcher. This work will be much appreciated by future researchers

ready to explore the complexity of sexual views and behaviors among young people. It

will offer a fundamental understanding of the interactions among these components and

direct following studies aiming at either extending or disputing the conclusions. It will

also highlight areas that potentially demand more investigation, therefore helping the

ongoing expansion of young sexual health campaigns.

Scope and Limitation

This study will focus on the sexual attitude and potential sexual risk behavior

among the youth of Southern Luzon State University-Polillo Campus. The 188 out of 356

total population of BEED students from 1st year to 3rd year of SLSU Polillo campus

served as the respondents of this study. This research will utilize an adaptive

questionnaire. The study will take place between the academic years of 2024 and 2025.

Thus, this study will be done through the quantitative method.

Definition of Terms

The terms below were defined conceptually based on their actual meaning and

operationally depending on how the researcher used them to facilitate understanding of

this study.

Age. The length of time that a person has lived, typically measured in years. It

this study, it refers to the recorded participant’s age in complete years at the time of the

survey.
 Behavior. The actions or reactions of an individual in response to external or

internal stimuli. For this study, it is the documented self-reported instances of sexual risk

behaviors, such as unprotected sex or multiple partners.

Birth control. refers to the methods and practices used to prevent pregnancy and

manage reproductive health. In this study, it refers to the respondents’ attitudes towards

various contraceptive methods, such as condoms, pills, and other forms of birth control,

to prevent pregnancy and address other reproductive health issues.

Communion. involves the emotional and relational aspects of sexual behavior,

emphasizing intimacy, connection, and mutual respect between partners. In this study, it

refers to the respondents’ emotional closeness, love, and mutual understanding in their

sexual relationships.

Instrumentality. views sexual behavior as a means to achieve personal goals or

satisfaction, often focusing on physical pleasure rather than emotional connection. In this

study, it refers to the respondents’ motivations for engaging in sexual activities, such as

seeking pleasure, stress relief, or social status.

Permissiveness. refers to the acceptance of various sexual behaviors and

attitudes, including casual sex and multiple sexual partners, without strict moral

judgments. In this study, this refers respondent’s acceptance regarding casual sex, open

relationships, and sexual experimentation

Religion. defined as a system of beliefs, practices, and ethical values centered

around the worship of a higher power or deity. In this study, this refers to the

respondents’ doctrinal beliefs, rituals, moral codes, and community practices that affects

their sexual attitudes and behaviors.

 Sexual Attitude. A person’s beliefs and feelings about sexual activities and

behaviors. In this study, it refers to the participants point of view about sexual activities

and potential sexual risk behavior.

Sexual risk behaviors. Considered sexual conducts that can cause biological,

psychological and social damage.

Sex. The biological distinction between male and female. In this study, it refers to

the participant’s self-identified sex (male, female, or other).

Year Level. The academic grade or level a student is currently in. In this study, it

refers to the current year level or grade of the participant in school.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of literature and related studies regarding

typhoon awareness and level of compliance to disaster programs. The statements

presented below discuss the facts about Sexual-Attitudes and Potential Sexual Risk

Behavior and other related topics similar to the variables. Thus, the topics are presented

according to the appearance of variables.

Sexual Attitudes

Balzarini et al. (2020) classify sexual attitudes into four categories:

permissiveness, birth control, communion, and instrumentality. These ideas provide a

logical framework for understanding personal perspectives on and responses to sexual

relationships. Their research characterizes permissiveness as an individual's acceptance of

casual sex, birth control as attitudes surrounding contraceptive use, communion as

emotional connection, and instrumentality as the perspective of sex as a means to an end.

This study underlined how these attitudes affect people's sexual activities and relationship

outcomes: permissive attitudes correlate with liberal sexual behaviors, good birth control

attitudes encourage responsible sexual behavior, increased communion attitudes improve

relationship satisfaction, and instrumental attitudes may cause emotional connection in

relationships to be less. This paradigm highlights the need of addressing several points of

view in order to promote good sexual attitudes and relationships, thereby laying a

foundation for next studies and programs in sexual health education.

 Blanc and Rojas' (2021) analysis reiterated the 2020 Balzarini et al. research that

Drawing four dimensions—permissiveness, birth control, communion, and

instrumentality—they look at how acculturation affects sexual views. Their research

defines permissiveness as the acceptance of liberal sexual activities and casual contacts

by an individual. Birth control relates to the need of responsible sexual behavior and

covers people's attitudes on the use of condoms, diaphragms, pills, and other

contraceptives. In sexual relationships, communication emphasizes the need of emotional

closeness and connections. In instrumentality, people participate in sexual behavior

seeing it as a means to an end and with no emotional connection. Understanding these

ideas will help programs encouraging good sexual habits and relationships as well as the

effectiveness of sexual health education.

De Guzman and Dee (2022) investigated how age, educational level, and sexual

orientation affect sexual attitudes among Filipino men, so highlighting how greatly their

approaches to sexual health are shaped by their sexual attitudes, which span

permissiveness, birth control, communion, and instrumentality. According to their studies,

sexual attitudes range in complexity from concepts and actions. While the emphasis here

is on the support of casual sex and permissive sexual behaviors, the beliefs toward birth

control relate to the acceptance of contraceptive use. In sexual relationships,

communication stresses intimacy and connection covering both emotional and relational

aspects. By contrast, instrumentality emphasizes the pragmatic and physical sides of sex.

According to their studies, heterosexual orientation and educational level greatly affected

intellectual sexual health-seeking behavior. This suggests that people who identify as

straight and those with greater education are more likely to search for materials and
knowledge about sexual health. The study also revealed that sexual attitude communion

and self-efficacy greatly affected interactional sexual health-seeking behavior, thereby

implying that individuals who appreciate emotional closeness and feel confidence in their

sexual skills are more proactive in seeking sexual health services. This study emphasizes

the need of bringing personal and cultural settings into the conversation on problems of

sexual health.

The 2019 Natsal survey complements earlier studies by showing that an

individual's thoughts, attitudes, and practices about sexual practices and relationships

define their perspective. Many elements affect these views, including cultural, social, and

personal experience as well as others. They also exposed how people's opinions on sexual

attitudes and practices have changed over the past few decades. Acknowledgments of

different sexual orientations and practices have become more common. This study shows

that if people embrace better ideas on birth control, contraception, and sexual health, their

sexual outcomes will show improvement. They also came to the conclusion that sexual

views fluctuate depending on cultural background, gender identification, and age group.

This implies that the several facets of human inside the community should be the main

emphasis of further studies. The research emphasizes the need of knowing sexual

attitudes in order to create efficient interventions and educational campaigns.

Alonzo-Martinez et al. (2021) underline even more the sexual attitudes as

predisposition regarding sexuality influenced by personal experiences and culture

standards. These attitudes define the emotional, intellectual, and behavioral aspects that

help one participate and view in sexual activities. Developing successful sexual health

interventions and academic programs depends on an awareness of and understanding of

these views; moreover, it is a major factor influencing the sexual behaviors among young

people.

PERMISSIVENESS

Studies on sexual permissiveness expose a multifarious terrain of attitudes and

actions with different interpretations of their consequences and influences. Leri &

DelPriore (2021) described permissiveness as an act of will to engage in sexual behavior

without any commitment or relationship. This idea covers lots of sexual partners and

casual sex. Their research revealed the variations in sexual ideas and practices by asking

participants how comfortable they felt about and accepted of permissive activities.

Furthermore more sexually permissive than heterosexual women were LGBT women.

The greater psychological stress experienced by sexual minority women influences their

openness to several partners and casual sex.

Supporting this theory, permissiveness is usually determined by sociosexual

orientation, which evaluates people's openness to casual sex. High degree of

permissiveness, that is, people with an unrestricted sociosexual orientation, are more

likely to engage in and embrace casual sex interactions. Conversely, persons with low

permissiveness—that is, a limited sociosexual orientation—usually want for sexual

activities inside committed relationships. The study most certainly looks at various

factors influencing permissiveness, including cultural, psychological, and social

components, and their interactions with personal variances in sexual attitudes and

practices. Millar et al. (2019)

 Azarraga (2021) further contends that liberal sexual behavior and ideas are

advanced by permissiveness. Accepted are informal relationships, unusual sexual

expressions, and premarital sex. The results imply that since permissive individuals see

sexuality as a natural and positive part of life, they are more open about it. Reduced

permissiveness points to more restrictive sexual attitudes generally influenced by religion,

society, or culture. According to the study, sexual permissiveness is much influenced by

religious orientation. It suggests that religious people are more constrictive about

sexuality and less tolerant. This link reveals the tight interaction between personal beliefs

and sexual attitudes as well as the ways in which society and the religious surroundings

could affect sexual standards.

The results of Marah et al. (2023), who underline that Sexual permissiveness is a

bi-dimensional notion that spans attitudes and actions that support casual sex, so

reflecting this conflict and maybe resulting in interaction with several sexual partners.

Understanding teenage sexual behavior depends on the belief that early beginning of

sexual engagement is correlated with permissive views. Teenagers who experience more

sexual permissiveness are more likely to have early premarital sex behaviors and sex-

related conversations. Teenagers from single-parent households showed notably more

sexual permissiveness than those from two-parent households, according to the study.

This result emphasizes how much family structure shapes teenage sexual beliefs and

actions. According to the study, the absence of one parent can result in less supervision

and direction, so raising the possibility of youngsters choosing more permissive sexual

views. Targeting specific interventions to encourage teenagers' healthy sexual conduct

calls for knowledge of these elements.

 On the other hand, certain viewpoints condemn this liberalizing of sexual

standards. A 2021 Isobelle Barrett Meyering study claims that permissiveness is the state

in which moral and society standards are relaxed, mostly in connection with sexual

behavior and family sizes. Those against sexual acceptance saw the 1979 International

Year of the Child as a chance to fight what they saw as a growing inclination. These

conservatives said that being so open-minded compromises the family and values. They

argued using the UN Declaration on the Rights of the Child. Making it more difficult to

be sexually active, they claimed, compromises the stability and safety of families, which

is crucial for children and society at large. This frame of view and conservatives' attempts

to hang onto antiquated values obviously contradict one another.

BIRTH CONTROL

Different points of view define the debate on birth control, especially in

connection to its application to reproductive health, cultural influences, and gender

dynamics. Said (2021) asked people about birth control and found, although the

difference was not statistically significant, women were less likely than men to support

birth control. This suggests that even if there may be a trend, it is not sufficient to show a

definite gender difference in opinions on contraceptive use. The poll also showed that

white undergraduates were more inclined than Hispanic ones to embrace birth control,

implying that cultural and ethnic background greatly affects attitudes on the usage of

contraceptives. Being aware of these points of view helps one to solve problems of sexual

health and reproductive rights since it allows the modification of policies and educational

programs to better fit the demands of various populations. Acknowledging and fixing
these cultural and gender inequalities can help us to create more inclusive and successful

strategies for contraception availability and reproductive health education.

Keating (2020) supports this point of view by discussing how the birth control pill

altered reproductive health and provides a comprehensive background of its expansion.

By giving women control over their fertility—something never attainable before—the pill

transformed family planning when it first emerged in the 1960s. This brought fairness

between men and women more forward. This breakthrough spurred greater research on

birth control strategies, therefore enabling more options. Public health policy heavily

relies on ensuring women may access efficient birth control. Studies indicate that women

who can accomplish this excel in the workplace and in the classroom. According to

Keating's research, women's health and freedom depend on their ability to immediately

obtain birth control at a price they can afford.

Likewise, especially stressing birth control, the studies of Lewczuk, Wizła, and

Gola (2023) investigate the relationship between sexual beliefs and hyper-sexuality.

Particularly as measured by the Birth Control sub-scale, the authors found that beliefs

supporting responsible sexuality showed a negative connection with hyper-sexuality and

problematic pornography use. This suggests that those who support suitable sexual

behaviors, such the use of birth control, are less prone to show hyper-sexual activities. To

reduce the risks connected to hyper-sexuality and problematic pornography usage, the

study underlines the need of encouraging good sexual attitudes and responsible sexual

practices. This study clarifies the relationship between sexual attitudes and sexual health

results and emphasizes the need of thorough sexual education stressing the need of birth

control.
 Bethany Wakeman and Rachel Worthington (2021), on the other hand, looked at

the intricate dynamics of birth control sabotage (BCS), a type of sexual coercion in which

one partner modifies contraceptive methods to achieve personal goals including

conception or improved sexual satisfaction. Published in the Journal of Sexual

Aggression, their findings 273 people who answered the Short Dark Triad (SD3)

assessment and responded to vignettes depicting several BCS situations were part of the

study. The study revealed that the gender and motives of the perpetrator greatly affect

society opinions on BCS. Important elements shaping these views of view are narcissism,

and psychopathy.

The research of Wakeman and Worthington underlines the need of a very

comprehensive knowledge of BCS in the framework of the criminal justice system and

intimate relationship violence. The results highlight the complexity of BCS and show

how well rooted society norms and personal psychological traits can affect the

understanding and reaction to such behavior. This covers the identification of the little

types of coercion that could show up in relationships and the significant effects they

might have on their victims. To properly handle the complex character of BCS, their

efforts call for the creation of informed policies and the provision of customized victim

care programs. This guarantees that a thorough knowledge of the problem forms the basis

of both preventive and reaction programs.

COMMUNION

Azarraga et al. (2021) define communion as a sexual orientation that stresses

relational and emotional relationships. In much research, the idea of communion in

sexual interactions has attracted interest because of its emotional and relational aspects as

well as because it exposes gender variants and consequences for sexual health. From this

point of view, a good sexual connection is based on intimacy, emotional attachment, and

mutual delight. Communion is not like permissive or individualistic sexuality, which

might give physical pleasure top priority. Moreover, Azarraga et al. came to the

conclusion that those who value emotional and relational sex enjoy closer relationships as

communion affects sexual enjoyment. Moreover, communion helps to lower sexual

shame and anxiety, therefore enhancing relationships and experiences of sexuality. This

method makes both spouses feel valued and understood, therefore strengthening their

connection. This study emphasizes the significance of sex education covering emotional

and relational education in addition to biological ones. Using this all-encompassing

approach, students can develop good behaviors and learn about sexuality.

Supporting this idea, De Guzman and Dee's (2022) study looks at how several

elements affect Filipino men's search for sexual health. Analyzed mostly is sexual

attitude communion, which relates to the emotional and relational aspects of sexual

attitudes. According to the study, interactional sexual health-seeking behavior suffers

from negative influence of sexual attitude communion. This suggests that men who give

emotional and relational aspects top priority in their sexual attitudes would be less likely

to seek sexual health care. The results highlight the need of including emotional and

relational aspects in the analysis of sexual health-seeking activities, therefore

emphasizing that interventions have to be tailored to address these particular attitudes to

improve health results.

 Moreover, Marcinechová and Záhorcová (2020) underlined the close friendship

and open communication between couples engaged in sexual activities. They characterize

communion as the emotional and relational component of sex encounters. Their studies

underline the need of communion as a sexual attitude reflecting the emotional meaning of

sex, therefore enhancing overall well-being and relationship pleasure. The study shows

that women scored better than males in the sexual attitude of communion, implying that

women might give the emotional and relational elements of sexual relations more major

importance. Furthermore positively correlated are communion and sexual fulfillment.

Those who appreciate and enjoy strong degrees of communion in their relationships also

show higher degrees of sexual satisfaction, which fosters better and happier sexual unions.

Hsu et al. (2021) also thoroughly meta-analyzed gender differences in

communion. Since it involves compassion, empathy, and teamwork, communication is

absolutely necessary for developing major relationships and social cohesiveness. To find

trends and differences in these shared traits across men and women, the study performed

an extensive data analysis using multiple sources. According to this meta-analysis,

women rate more in communion than men. Women seem more likely to give teamwork,

emotional support, and well-being of others top priority. The study also looks at how

different circumstances and civilizations affect gender variances in communion, therefore

offering a multifaceted picture of gender roles and community behavior. Analyzing

several study projects and civilizations helps one to understand the social and

psychological reasons behind variations in communion between sexes. Their research

help to explain how gender roles and community aspects are influenced by society

expectations and standards. This thorough investigation emphasizes the need of cultural
and contextual elements in examining personal behavior and gender roles and helps to

clarify gender dynamics.

On the other hand, in Wilinsky and McCabe's (2021) "Agency and communion in

sexual abuse survivors' narratives," the word communion captures the great sense of

connection and belonging people experience with other people. This theory helps one to

grasp the social and emotional aspects of human contacts. In order to fully grasp the

several effects of sexual assault on survivors, this paper looks at communion in line with

other important subjects such agency, ineffectiveness, and alienation. The study showed

that victimizing survivors especially disturbs their sense of communion, therefore

impairing their capacity to feel linked and supported by others. Apart from a little

annoyance, this disruption causes a significant change in their social fabric, which results

in alienation and isolation. The study emphasizes that as survivors' whole recovery

depends on their general well-being and capacity to rebuild trust and relationships, fixing

these disturbances in communion is absolutely necessary. Therapeutic interventions can

better support survivors on their road towards resilience and recovery by stressing both

agency and communion, thereby guaranteeing they reestablish a feeling of belonging and

connection with the surroundings.

INSTRUMENTALITY

Many studies have looked at the theory of sexual instrumentality and underlined

how it influences sexual attitudes and practices. Comprehensive sex education can help to

improve the area of instrumentality outlined by Azarraga et al. (2021). A thorough sex

education program can help pupils acquire important traits that will improve their sexual
knowledge and change their attitudes. According to the studies, students from sectarian

schools who show higher religiosity view their sex education as more comprehensive,

therefore improving these instrumental qualities. Emphasizing instrumentality, sex

education can help students to assume responsibility for their sexual health, make

informed decisions, and participate in sexually confident and clear interactions.

Dai (2023) validates this viewpoint. He investigated among college students the

relationships between sexual health and the usage of smartphone dating apps. The study

revealed that negative attitudes regarding birth control and more marital instability were

linked to raised sexual instrumentality. This implies that those who consider sexual

connections as vital could place instant enjoyment above long-term sexual health, which

would cause conflicts and unstable relationships. These findings highlight the need of

include sexual instrumentality into instructional and intervention campaigns to encourage

among young people good sexual attitudes and practices.

Said's (2021) study on gender attitudes on how people view sex as a tool to

achieve specific goals like physical pleasure, stress-relieving, or other personal benefits

reveals. The study found that men were less instrumental than women, defying some

traditional gender stereotypes that typically imply men as more likely to engage in sex for

physical pleasure. Still, in this sense the variations between men and women were not

statistically significant. This outcome refutes the theory that men are naturally more

prone to having instrumental attitudes about sex since it suggests that both men and

women could regard sex as a functional activity equally. This insight clarifies sexual

attitudes by hinting that gender differences in sexual instrumentality could not be as

definite as the first presumption.

 Complementing this, Ndasi et al. (2022) studied the idea of instrumentality among

Kenyan adult men. With an average score of 3.1, the researchers discovered that attitudes

about sexual instrumentality were generally neutral. This implies that this viewpoint is

not rather common even if some men would consider sexual contacts as vital. The study

underlines the need of knowing sexual attitudes in many cultural settings since these

beliefs can greatly affect sexual behavior and health results. By means of their

investigation of different points of view, the researchers improve the knowledge of sexual

instrumentality perception and its possible consequences on sexual health therapies.

Litam et al. (2022) also looked at the sexual attitudes and features of OnlyFans,

showing that both non-users and users had similar opinions on instrumentality. This study

shows that a person's view of sexual encounters as utilitarian is not much changed by

using the platform. Particularly considering sex as a transactional or goal-oriented

activity, the study clarifies how digital platforms may impact or reflect current sexual

attitudes. The study underlines how important digital environments are in forming sexual

norms and behaviors, thereby stressing the need of more study on their influence on

consumers' sexual health and relationship dynamics.

Many research examined reveals a complex interplay of factors influencing

sexual attitudes and behaviors. The four dimensions of sexual attitudes—permissiveness,

birth control, communion, and instrumentality—provide a valuable framework for

understanding these influences.

Permissiveness: Studies highlight the multifaceted nature of permissiveness,

ranging from acceptance of casual sex and multiple partners to more restrictive views

often influenced by religious and cultural beliefs. Research indicates variations in

permissiveness based on factors like gender, sexual orientation, family structure, and

cultural background. While some view permissiveness as a sign of sexual liberation,

others express concern about its potential impact on traditional family values. Birth

Control: Attitudes towards birth control are shaped by gender, cultural background, and

access to resources. Research emphasizes the importance of birth control in reproductive

health, women's empowerment, and responsible sexual behavior. However, studies also

reveal instances of birth control sabotage and highlight the need for comprehensive

education and support systems.

Communion: Communion, emphasizing emotional connection and intimacy in

sexual relationships, is linked to increased relationship satisfaction and reduced sexual

shame and anxiety. Research suggests gender differences in communion, with women

generally placing greater importance on emotional aspects of sexual encounters. However,

research also highlights how traumatic experiences like sexual abuse can disrupt a

survivor's sense of communion and need to be addressed in recovery.

Instrumentality: Instrumentality, viewing sex as a means to an end, is influenced

by factors like religiosity, access to sexual health education, and use of dating apps.

Research suggests a link between higher instrumentality and negative attitudes towards

birth control and relationship instability. However, some studies indicate that

instrumentality is not significantly influenced by factors like gender or use of online

platforms like OnlyFans.

Basically, the research emphasizes the importance of understanding these four

dimensions in promoting healthy sexual attitudes, behaviors, and relationships. It

highlights the need for comprehensive sexual education that addresses not only biological
aspects but also emotional, relational, and cultural influences. Furthermore, it calls for

culturally sensitive interventions and policies that address the diverse needs and

perspectives of different populations. Future research should continue to explore the

complex interplay of these factors and their impact on individual and societal well-being.

Potential sexual risk behavior

High-risk sexual behavior is a significant concern among teens and young adults,

as it increases the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unplanned pregnancies,

and engaging in sexual relationships before being mature enough to understand what

constitutes a healthy relationship. According to HealthLink BC (n.d.), high-risk sexual

behaviors include unprotected intercourse without the use of male or female condoms,

unprotected mouth-to-genital contact, and starting sexual activity at a young age. The

younger individuals are when they begin having sex, the greater their risk of contracting

genital herpes. Other examples of high-risk sexual behavior include having multiple sex

partners, engaging in sexual activities with a high-risk partner (one who has multiple sex

partners or other risk factors), having unprotected anal sex, and having sex with a partner

who injects or has ever injected drugs.

Additionally, involvement in sex trade work is considered a high-risk sexual

behavior. Teens and young adults are particularly vulnerable to these risks compared to

adults. This demographic is more likely to engage in behaviors that increase their

susceptibility to STIs and other negative outcomes associated with high-risk sexual

activities (HealthLink BC, n.d.).

 A study by Jahanfar, S., & Pashaei, Z. (2023) examines the relationship between

potential risk factors and risky sexual behavior (RSB) among undergraduates. Current

criticisms of RSB lead to reduced participation among religious students in high-risk

sexual behavior activities. The study advocates for educational institutions to deliver

comprehensive instruction on gender equality and safe sexual behaviors, catering to the

requirements of both sexually active and inactive students, while also providing

counseling to mitigate risks and choose suitable pregnancy prevention measures. This

pertains to extensive research highlighting the crucial significance of education in

fostering healthy sexual practices. The findings emphasize the necessity of a holistic

approach to sexual education, incorporating aspects of gender equality, risk mitigation,

and personalized assistance.

A study by Jahanfar, S., & Pashaei, Z. (2023) examines the relationship between

potential risk factors and risky sexual behavior (RSB) among undergraduates. Current

criticisms of RSB lead to reduced participation among religious students in high-risk

sexual behavior activities. The study advocates for educational institutions to deliver

comprehensive instruction on gender equality and safe sexual behaviors, catering to the

requirements of both sexually active and inactive students, while also providing

counseling to mitigate risks and choose suitable pregnancy prevention measures. This

pertains to extensive research highlighting the crucial significance of education in

fostering healthy sexual practices. The findings emphasize the necessity of a holistic

approach to sexual education, incorporating aspects of gender equality, risk mitigation,

and personalized assistance.

 Moreover, Jaspal et al. (2020) believe that mental health therapy and educational

programs that promote psychological well-being and endorse safe sexual practices are

crucial. By comprehending the essential mental health difficulties that lead to hazardous

sexual practices, institutions may develop effective measures to enhance the general

safety and well-being of their students. In developing effective sexual health promotion

interventions, it is essential to recognize the influence of social and cultural norms. These

standards may result in enhanced identity risks, emotional stress, and consequently,

strategies for coping.

In Addition to Ikenna Desmond Ebuenyi, Uzoechi Eze Chikezie, and Eunice

Anyalewechi Nwoke (2021) identify several psycho-social matches, including depression,

low self-esteem, and suicidal ideation, that are associated with heightened engagement in

risky sexual behaviors. The results indicate that students who face depression, low self-

esteem, and suicidal thoughts are more prone to participating in risky sexual behaviors.

By offering sufficient mental health resources and cultivating a nurturing atmosphere,

universities can diminish the occurrence of risky sexual behaviors and enhance the

overall well-being of students.

However to the study of Keto, T., Tilahun, A., & Mamo, A. (2020) indicate

that despite students' significant awareness of risky sexual behaviors, some of them still

engage in activities that risk their sexual and reproductive health. The difference between

awareness and practice indicates that information alone is insufficient for change in

behavior. By fostering collaborative learning and transparent discussion, educational

institutions can aid individuals in making more informed decisions regarding their sexual

health. The importance of educational institutions and the influence of peers are essential
in reducing result inequalities. Despite their awareness of safe sexual practices, a

considerable percentage of students persist in engaging in risky behaviors influenced by

social and cultural variables, as evidenced by the research.

The study on the attitude and frequency of early sexual debut among teenagers by

Millanzi et al. (2023) offers a vital knowledge of how early sexual events could result in

risky sexual behaviors. Their results imply that a combination of sexual attitudes and

sociodemographic elements usually determines dangerous sexual activities during

adolescence. Youth who have stronger family and school relationships and more positive

attitudes toward sex education, for instance, are less likely to participate in dangerous

sexual [Link] report emphasizes how reducing these risks depends on father-child

and school connectedness.

According to the study of Alemtsehay Mekonnen Munea, Getu Degu Alene, and

Gurmesa Tura Debelew (2022) highlight the importance of parental engagement in

sexual and reproductive health education as a means to safely reduce risky sexual

behaviors among youths. Encouraging open and supportive conversations between

parents and adolescents about sexual and reproductive health could create a more positive

atmosphere for reducing harmful sexual behaviors. The importance of comprehensive

approaches that combine structured interventions with strong family communication to

promote safer sexual practices.

Research results by Odii, A., Atama, C. S., Igwe, I., Idemili-Aronu, N. J., &

Onyeneho, N. G. (2020) highlight the fact that adolescents who had strong family

relationships and thorough sex education in their youth demonstrated a lower likelihood
to engage in risky sexual behaviors later in life. Individuals who did not receive this kind

of support were more likely to have several sexual partners and to participate in

unprotected sexual activity. The study shows the need of early intervention and

comprehensive sex education in promoting safer sexual behaviors.

In addition to Danyka Therriault, Jean-Pascal Lemelin, Jean Toupin, Alexa

Martin-Storey, and Michèle Dery (2024) , their research examines how attachment to

parents and peers mediates this relationship. They suggest that adolescents with lower

quality parental attachment are more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors, such as

having nonexclusive partners and inconsistent condom use. indicating that early

interventions targeting attachment quality could be crucial in reducing risky sexual

behaviors and the importance of fostering strong, supportive relationships between

parents and adolescents to promote healthier sexual behaviors.

Moreover, according to Eyeberu et al. (2022), many students participate in

dangerous sexual activities include unprotected intercourse and several sexual partners.

Identified as major causes of these behaviors were elements including urban residency,

lack of parental supervision, and peer pressure: Their research emphasizes how much

youths' sexual behaviors are shaped by social and environmental elements. Programs for

comprehensive sexual education involving parents and tackling specific challenges

experienced by urban youth could be successful in lowering potential risk sexual

behavior and encouraging better habits.

And lastly, according to the study of Zi-Yu Wang, Ming Hu, Tao-Lin Yu, and Jun

Yang (2019) they emphasize that persons who have endured childhood maltreatment are
more prone to participate in behaviors such as unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners,

and early sex participation.

However, the research of Assoumou, Pharr, and Coughenour (2023) emphasizes

the major public health issue of food insecurity among college students and its correlation

with higher involvement in certain sexual risk behaviors. This point of view holds that

student who have effective coping mechanisms can manage food insecurity without

resorting to possible sexual risk behavior. This suggests a distinct path, meaning that

even if social-ecological factors are crucial, personal resilience and support systems are

also rather crucial in preventing risky sexual behavior.

Armstrong, Thorpe, and Williams (2020) also highlight upon a reduced level of

participation in risky sexual behaviors. Additionally, it studies the ways in which an

individual's sexual attitudes, whether they are conservative or liberal, influence their

impressions of power and assertiveness in the context of sexual encounters. Furthermore,

the research explores the impact that religious beliefs have on sexual behavior and

decision-making. This is in addition to the information presented above. On the other

hand, perspectives that are more accepting of sexuality may lead to a larger participation

in activities that are associated with its approval.

The study conducted by Wiwi Yunengsih and Agus Setiawan (2021) shows how

important it is to solve the adverse impact of pornography in lowering dangerous sexual

activity among [Link] implies that youth who often view pornography could have

misconceptions of sexual standards and practices, which would cause them to act in ways

endangering their sexual health. Their work supports an effective approach combining
community awareness, mental health support, and education to encourage in young

people better sexual attitudes and behaviors.

Moreover Pathmendra, Raggatt, Lim, Marino, and Skinner (2023) study how

early age of first sex, condom less sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, and other

dangerous sexual practices are much linked with pornography usage. Suggesting that

early exposure to pornographic content may lead to earlier sexual initiation and

engagement in dangerous sexual behaviors, pornography has a possible harmful influence

on teenage sexual behavior. Their research highlight the need of thorough sex education

that tackles the effect of pornography and advances good sexual development by means

of addressing its effects.

Strongly connected to higher risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and

unwanted pregnancies, high-risk sexual behavior among teenagers and young people is a

major public health issue. Among the primary dangerous behaviors are early sexual start,

unprotected sex, and many partner engagement. Younger people—especially those with

genital herpes—seem more vulnerable to STIs according to research.

Studies reveal how knowledge helps to reduce certain hazards. To suit both active

and inactive pupils, Jahanfar and Pashaei (2023) advocate thorough sexual education

involving gender equality and customized therapy. As Jaspal et al. (2020) who support

initiatives aiming at psychological well-being also underline, mental health services are

thus extremely necessary. Moreover, Ebuenyi et al. (2021) find poor self-esteem and

sadness as elements driving unsafe sexual behavior, therefore implying that educational

settings should be built with encouragement.

 Studies by Keto et al. (2020) and Millanzi et al. (2023) reveal that even if many

students are aware of safe techniques, social and cultural variables nevertheless affect

many of them to participate in dangerous activities. Family participation and

communication are quite important; Munea et al. (2022) stress how open honest talks

about sexual health could help to build a supportive surrounds. 2020, Strong familial ties

and thorough sex education help to lower the risk of dangerous behavior, according to

studies by Odii et al.

Moreover, Therriault et al. (2024) discover that lower connection to parents and

friends influences sexual activity; thus, attachment linked with higher risk corresponds to

lower sexual behavior. As Eyeberu et al. (2022) show, environmental elements including

urban life and peer pressure can aid to support high-risk activities.

Another risk factor for dangerous sexual behavior, as Wang et al. (2019) have

discovered, is childhood abuse. Emphasizing the need of resilience and support structures,

food insecurity among college students has been associated to higher involvement in

risky activities (Assoumou et al., 2023).

While Yunengsih and Setiawan (2021) put attention on the deleterious influence

of pornography on young sexual behavior, Armstrong et al. (2020) investigate how

religious beliefs and personal values drive sexual decision-making. Early pornography

exposure, according to Pathmendra et al. (2023), could lead to dangerous sexual

behaviors, thereby stressing the need of education addressing these consequences.

Reducing risky sexual activity in young people demands for a holistic approach including

parental involvement, mental health support, and thorough sexual education together.
Theoretical Framework

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), proposed by Icek Ajzen in 1991, posits

that an individual’s behavior is determined by their intention to perform the behavior. By

applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to specific constructs, the study will

evaluate Permissiveness by examining how positive or negative views on casual sex

influence intentions and behaviors (Ajzen, 1991). The significance of Communion,

particularly regarding emotional connection in sexual relationships, is associated with

subjective norms and attitudes (Montano & Kasprzyk, 2015). Instrumentality, viewed as

the use of sex to attain personal objectives, will correlate with attitudes and perceived

behavioral control (Ajzen, 1991). In order to determine their influence on behavior, this

study will look at attitudes on the use of contraceptives and how simple or difficult

people believe it to be to use birth control (Albarracín et al., 2001). This theoretical

framework offers a methodical way to examine the variables influencing young people's

sexual attitudes and potential sexual risk behavior among youth.

Research Paradigm

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

SEXUAL ATTITUDES POTENTIAL SEXUAL

RISK BEHAVIOR

Moderating Variable

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE:
1. Age
2 .Sexual Orientation
3. Year Level
4. Religion

Figure 1. Relationship between the Sexual Attitudes and Potential Sexual Risk

Behavior

The paradigm showed the relationship between the sexual attitudes and the

potential sexual risk behavior among the youth of Southern Luzon State University-

Polillo Campus. The sexual attitudes of the respondents served as the independent

variable, while the potential sexual risk behavior served as the dependent variable of the

study. The paradigm also showed the demographic profiles of the respondents as the

intervening variables to see its relationship with the respondents’ sexual attitudes and

potential sexual risk behavior.

Null Hypotheses

1. There is no significant relationship between sexual attitude and potential sexual risk

behavior

2. Age, sexual Orientation, Year Level, and religion do not significantly moderate the

sexual attitudes and potential sexual risk behavior

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology of the study about the Correlational Study

on Sexual Attitudes and Potential Sexual Risk Behavior Among Youth: Basis for a

School-based Prevention Programs. It covers the research locale, respondents, research

design, research instrument, procedure/data collection, ethical consideration, and

statistical treatment.

Research Locale

Fig. 2 Vicinity Map of Brgy. Sibulan, where Southern Luzon State University is

located

This study was conducted at the Southern Luzon State University Polillo Campus.

It is located at St. Ilang-ilang and St. San Francisco Brgy. Sibulan Polillo, Quezon. It
currently offers one program, the Bachelor of Elementary Education. The campus has

three buildings, which are composed of 12 classrooms, 6 offices, and 1 library. It is now

under the supervision of Mrs. Ethel Queddeng-Quesea, the campus director.

Although the campus promotes an inclusive education, where every student is

encouraged to adapt the attitude of being a professionally developed teacher, the

researchers observed that the campus does not have an implementation nor a seminar or

program about sex education that will bring proper practices about sexual attitudes and

knowledge on the potential sexual risk behavior. This prompted the researchers to choose

SLSU Polillo as the locale of this study.

Respondents

The population of BEED students from 1st year to 3rd year who were enrolled

during the academic year 2024–2025 served as the respondents of this study. The

respondents consisted of 75 first-year students, 66 second-year students, and 47 third-

year students, totaling 188 students. Among the 188 respondents, 94 were male and 94

were female. These participants were chosen because, as future educators who will

become leaders in the classroom and the larger community, it is crucial to equip them

with knowledge about sexual attitudes and potential sexual risk behavior among youth.

This knowledge will help capacitate not only themselves but also their future learners and

the community.

This study required that students be currently enrolled in the BEED program from

1st to 3rd year during the academic year 2024–2025 and that they voluntarily agree to

participate in the study with provided informed consent. Additionally, the sample was
balanced to include an equal number of male and female respondents to ensure gender

balance. Conversely, the students that are not currently enrolled in the BEED program,

those in other year levels (e.g., 4th year or beyond), and those who did not provide

informed consent were excluded from the study. Furthermore, students who did not

complete the survey or provided incomplete responses were also excluded from the

analysis. By adhering to these criteria, the study ensured that the sample accurately

represented the target population and provided reliable data for examining sexual

attitudes and potential sexual risk behaviors among youth.

The researchers used a fishbowl method in choosing the respondents from 356

total population of 1st year to 3rd year students. Using Slovin’s Formula and a 0.05

margin of error, the researchers got 188 total sample size who served as respondents of

the study.

Year Level Population Percentage Sample Size

First Year 128 40 75

Second Year 125 35 66

Third Year 103 25 47

TOTAL 356 100 188

Research Design

The researchers will use quantitative method to gather the data on the level of

Sexual Attitudes and Potential Sexual Risk Behavior of the respondents. According to

Williams T., (2021), quantitative method is used to produce objective data that can be

clearly communicated through statistics and numbers. It is utilized in a systematic

scientific way so the studies can be replicated by someone else.

Descriptive method will also be use in this study to describe the demographic

profile of the respondents and assess their Sexual Attitudes and Potential Sexual Risk

Behavior. McCombes (2019) discussed that descriptive method accurately and

systematically describe a population, situation, or phenomenon. It answers the 4WH

questions except the why questions.

Lastly, Correlation Design will also be employed to determine the relationship of

Sexual Attitudes and Potential Sexual Risk Behaviors among the respondents. According

to Bhandari P., (2021), correlational research design investigates relationships between

variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them. It reflects the

strength of the relationship between two or more variables.

Research Instrument

The researchers will use adapted questionnaires to determine the factors

influencing sexual attitudes and sexual risk behavior among the respondents. The

questionnaire consists of two parts, totaling 29 items, which were subjected to validation

to ensure the internal consistency and reliability of the statements.

 The first part aims to determine the extent of sexual attitudes among youth,

utilizing an adapted version of the Brief Sexual Attitudes Scale (BSAS). The BSAS has

demonstrated good internal consistency, with the overall Cronbach’s alpha for the 23-

item scale reported as 0.881. The four dimensions of the scale—permissiveness, birth

control, communion, and instrumentality—have Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0.91,

0.84, 0.84, and 0.79, respectively. Grounded in the Attitude-Behavior Consistency

Theory, which suggests that people's attitudes significantly influence their behaviors

(Eagly & Chaiken, 1993), the BSAS offers valuable insights into individuals' potential

behaviors and choices regarding sexual activities. The BSAS is considered a reliable and

systematic tool for assessing sexual attitudes and predicting corresponding behaviors

(Hendrick et al., 2006). It is divided into four categories: permissiveness (10 statements),

birth control (3 statements), communion (5 statements), and instrumentality (5

statements).

The second part of the questionnaire aims to determine the level of potential

sexual risk behaviors among youth using an adapted version of the Sexual Risk

Behaviors Scale (SRBS), which consists of 6 questions. Developed to assess

engagement in sexual risk behaviors among university students, the SRBS has a

Cronbach’s alpha of 0.84, indicating a high level of internal consistency and reliability.

Based on the Health Belief Model (HBM), which posits that individuals’ health-related

behaviors are influenced by their perceptions of the severity and susceptibility of health

issues, as well as the benefits and barriers to taking action (Rosenstock, 1974), the SRBS

aims to estimate the frequency of sexual risk behaviors to clarify and highlight factors

that influence risky sexual practices. The SRBS’s reliability and validity were established
in a study of university students in the UK (Fino et al., 2021), confirming its acceptability

as a tool for gathering data.

The research used a 5-point Likert scale for responses: for the BSAS, respondents

indicated their level of agreement with each statement by choosing from the options:

Strongly Agree, Agree, Neither Agree nor Disagree, Disagree, or Strongly Disagree,

while for the SRBS, respondents indicated the frequency with which each behavior

occurred by selecting from the options: Always, Often, Sometimes, Rarely, or Never.

Procedures/Data Collection

This research will be conducted at the Southern Luzon State University Polillo

Campus. As part of the research method, the researchers will write a letter of request to

the registrar of the campus to get the total number of students from first year to third year

who are enrolled during the academic year 2024-2025. After getting the result, the

researchers will write a letter to the campus director to allow them to distribute the

questionnaire to the BEED students of SLSU Polillo from 1st year to 3rd year. Also, the

researchers will seek permission from the students to be the participants of their study.

Then, the researchers will personally distribute the questionnaire to the respondents

through a Google form and Survey Questionnaire. After answering the statements, the

researchers will tally and tabulate the responses of the respondents. Upon tabulation, the

data will be given to the statistician for appropriate statistical treatment of the data

collected and interpretation of the result.

Ethical Consideration
 To ensure the confidentiality of the respondents’ identification and their responses,

the researchers will conform to standard ethical considerations and the data privacy act.

Acquiring and administering papers will be done through the proper procedure and with

the consent of the concerned parties. Additionally, a consent letter will be signed before

the respondents answer our inquiries, ensuring that only the researchers, research adviser,

and the authorities will have access to the data in the questionnaire. Furthermore, the

responses will be kept in a safe place after the completion of the study.

Statistical Treatment

To obtain accurate and appropriate result in correlating the sexual attitudes and

potential sexual risk behavior among BEED students of Southern Luzon State University

Polillo Campus, the following statistical treatment will be utilized:

Objective 1: To determine the demographic profile of the respondents in terms Age,

Sexual Orientation, Year Level, and Religion, percentage formula will be used.

Objective 2: To determine the extent of sexual attitudes among youth in terms of

Permissiveness, Communion, Instrumentality, Birth Control , weighted mean will be used.

Objective 3: To determine the level potential sexual risk behavior among youth,

weighted mean will be used.

Objectives 4: To ascertain if there is a significant relationship between sexual attitude

and potential sexual risk behavior, t-test formula and ANOVA will be used.
Objective 5: To determine whether age, sexual orientation, year level, and religion can

significantly moderate the sexual attitude and potential sexual risk behavior of the

respondents, t-test and ANOVA formula will be used.

Objective 6:. To develop a Youth Sexual Health and Safety Initiative program.
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 Survey Questionnaire

Dear Participants,

The undersigned are the third-year BEED students of Southern Luzon State University –
Polillo Campus who are currently undertaking a research paper entitled
“CORRELATIONAL STUDY ON SEXUAL ATTITUDES AND POTENTIAL
SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOR AMONG YOUTH: BASIS FOR A SCHOOL-BASED
PREVENTION PLANS”. This is part of the requirements for the completion of the
Bachelor of Elementary Education.

Attached herewith are the questionnaire and a request for your cooperation through
answering the questionnaire to provide necessary data for the completion of this research.

Participation in this survey is entirely voluntary, and you may choose to participate or not.
Your responses will be kept confidential and used solely for academic purposes. By
completing the questionnaire, you consent to participate in this study.

Thank you for your cooperation and valuable contribution.

Respectfully yours,

JOHN LLOYD KENNETH B. CORONEJO

Researcher

ROMMEL S. REGUDON

Researcher

ANGEL E. SOLLESTRE

Researcher
Year Level:__________

Sexual Orientation: ______

Age:__________

Religion: ___________

Listed below are several statements that reflect different attitudes about sex and
behaviours . For each statement fill in the response on the answer sheet that indicates how
much you agree or disagree with that statement. Some of the items refer to a specific
sexual relationship, while others refer to general attitudes and beliefs about sex.
Whenever possible, answer the questions with your current partner in mind. If you are not
currently dating anyone, answer the questions with your most recent partner in mind. If
you have never had a sexual relationship, answer in terms of what you think your
responses would most likely be.

Instructions: Put check (/) on each statement that correspond to your answer.

5 = Strongly agree

4 = Agree

3 = Neutral - neither agree nor disagree

2 = Disagree

1 = Strongly disagree

Put check (/) on each statement that correspond to your answer.

5 = Always

4 = Often

3 = Sometimes

2 = Rarely

1=Never
Brief Sexual Attitudes Scale (BSAS)

Statement Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly

Agree (3) Disagree
(4) (2)
(5) (1)
Permissiveness
1. I do not need to be committed to a
person to have sex with him/her
2. Casual sex is acceptable.
3. I would like to have sex with many
partners.
4. One-night stands are sometimes very
enjoyable.
5. It is okay to have ongoing sexual
relationships with more than one person
at a time.
6. Sex as a simple exchange of favors is
okay if both people agree to it.
7. The best sex is with no strings
attached.
8. Life would have fewer problems if
people could have sex more freely.
9. It is possible to enjoy sex with a
person and not like that person very
much.
10. It is okay for sex to be just good
physical release.
Birth Control
1. Birth control is part of responsible
sexuality.
2. A woman should share responsibility
for birth control.
3. A man should share responsibility for
birth control.
Communion
Sex is the closest form of
communication between two people
A sexual encounter between two people
deeply in love is the ultimate human
interaction.
At its best, sex seems to be the merging
of two souls.
Sex is a very important part of life.
Sex is usually an intensive, almost
overwhelming experience.
Instrumentality
Instrumentality Sex is best when you let
yourself go and focus on your own
pleasure.
Sex is primarily the taking of pleasure
from another person.
The main purpose of sex is to enjoy
oneself.
4. Sex is primarily physical.
5. Sex is primarily a bodily function,
like eating.

Sexual Risk Behaviors Scale (SRBS)

Statement Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never

(4) (2)
(5) (3) (1)
I often have had vaginal sex without a
condom
I often have had anal sex without a
condom
I often have performed oral sex without
protection (condom or dental dam)
I often have had sex while under the
influence of alcohol (i.e. drunk)
I often have had sex while under the
influence of drugs or substances?
I often have had sex without a condom
with someone I have just met