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Kinetic Particle Model Observations and Reactions

The document contains a series of questions related to the properties and behaviors of various substances, including sodium hydroxide, bromine, halogens, and ammonia, as well as their interactions and changes of state. It emphasizes the use of the kinetic particle model to explain observations such as diffusion and state changes. Additionally, it includes tasks involving predictions and descriptions of physical properties and chemical reactions.

Uploaded by

nikhythasha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • conductivity,
  • reaction mechanisms,
  • particle motion,
  • hydrobromic acid,
  • molecular structure,
  • substance classification,
  • boiling,
  • density predictions,
  • boiling point predictions,
  • temperature effects
33 views7 pages

Kinetic Particle Model Observations and Reactions

The document contains a series of questions related to the properties and behaviors of various substances, including sodium hydroxide, bromine, halogens, and ammonia, as well as their interactions and changes of state. It emphasizes the use of the kinetic particle model to explain observations such as diffusion and state changes. Additionally, it includes tasks involving predictions and descriptions of physical properties and chemical reactions.

Uploaded by

nikhythasha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Topics covered

  • conductivity,
  • reaction mechanisms,
  • particle motion,
  • hydrobromic acid,
  • molecular structure,
  • substance classification,
  • boiling,
  • density predictions,
  • boiling point predictions,
  • temperature effects

1

1 Sodium hydroxide is used to make the red dye alizarin.


Alizarin is soluble in ethanol.

A crystal of alizarin is placed in a beaker of ethanol.


After a few hours, the red colour has spread throughout the beaker.

crystal of ethanol
alizarin

at the start after a few hours

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

2 Bromine is a red-brown liquid.


A drop of liquid bromine is placed in a gas jar.
After 20 minutes the red-brown colour has spread throughout the gas jar.

glass cover

air
gas jar
drop of
bromine

at the start after 20 minutes

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
2

3 This question is about halogens.

The table shows some properties of four halogens.

density at room temperature


melting point boiling point
halogen and pressure
in °C in °C 3
in g / cm

chlorine −101 −35 0.003

bromine −7 59 3.12

iodine 114 184

astatine 302 6.35

(a) Complete the table by predicting:

• the density of iodine at room temperature and pressure


• the boiling point of astatine. [2]

(b) Predict the physical state of bromine at 20 °C.

Give a reason for your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]
3

4 Concentrated aqueous hydrobromic acid releases fumes of acidic hydrogen bromide gas.

A long glass tube is set up as shown.

cotton wool soaked in damp blue


concentrated hydrobromic acid litmus paper
At first the blue litmus paper does not turn red.

After a short time the blue litmus paper turns red.

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

5 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical conductivities of six substances,
D, E, F, G, H and I.

melting point boiling point conducts electricity conducts electricity


substance
/ °C / °C when solid when liquid

D 1083 2567 yes yes

E −117 79 no no

F 3550 4827 no no

G 119 445 no no

H −210 −196 no no

I 801 1413 no no

Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is:

a liquid at 25 °C ........................................................................................................................

a gas at 25 °C ..........................................................................................................................

a solid consisting of simple molecules at 25 °C ....................................................................... [3]

[Total: 3]
4

6 Use the kinetic particle model to describe the differences between liquid lead and lead gas in terms
of:

• the separation of the particles ...............................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

• the motion of the particles .....................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

7 Zinc is extracted from its ore which is mainly zinc sulfide, ZnS.

The steps for this extraction are shown.

step 1 Zinc sulfide is converted into zinc oxide.

step 2 The zinc oxide is then reduced to zinc in a furnace. The zinc formed becomes a gas.

step 3 The zinc gas is cooled to form molten zinc.

(a) Name the ore of zinc, which is mainly zinc sulfide.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Describe how zinc sulfide is converted into zinc oxide in step 1.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Name the reducing agent used in step 2.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Explain why the zinc forms a gas in step 2 inside the furnace.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) State the name of the physical change occurring when zinc gas is converted into molten zinc.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

8 When nitrogen is cooled to below −196 °C it changes state from gas to liquid.
5

(a) Name the change of state from gas to liquid

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Use the kinetic particle theory to describe the differences between nitrogen gas and liquid
nitrogen in terms of:

the separation of the particles ..........................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

the motion of the particles ................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 5]

9 Substances can change state.

(a) Boiling and evaporation are two ways in which a liquid changes into a gas.

Describe two differences between boiling and evaporation.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Name the change of state when:

a gas becomes a liquid .....................................................................................................

a solid becomes a gas. ..................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

10 Ammonia reacts with chlorine.

(a) Complete the equation for this reaction.

.....NH3 + .....Cl2 → N2 + 6HCl

[2]
6

(b) A small beaker of aqueous ammonia is placed at the front of a classroom.

At first, the students at the back of the class do not smell the ammonia gas.
After a short time, the students at the back of the class smell the ammonia.

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]

11 Hydrogen chloride is an acidic gas produced when concentrated hydrochloric acid evaporates.

(a) Describe the arrangement and separation of the molecules in hydrogen chloride gas.

arrangement .....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

separation ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
7

(b) A long glass tube is set up as shown.

long glass tube

cotton wool soaked in damp blue litmus paper


concentrated hydrochloric acid

At first, the blue litmus paper does not turn red.


After a short time, the litmus paper turns red.

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]

12 Ammonia gas is prepared at the front of a laboratory.

The pungent smell of ammonia spreads throughout the laboratory slowly.

(a) Name the process that occurs when ammonia gas spreads throughout the laboratory.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Explain, using ideas about particles, why ammonia gas spreads throughout the laboratory.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Explain why carbon dioxide gas, CO2, will spread throughout the laboratory at a slower rate
than ammonia gas, NH3.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

Common questions

Powered by AI

Ammonia gas spreads faster than carbon dioxide because it has a lower molecular mass (NH3 has a molar mass of 17 g/mol compared to CO2's 44 g/mol), giving ammonia higher average velocities at the same temperature. According to Graham's law of effusion, the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass, allowing lighter molecules to diffuse faster .

The kinetic particle model explains the diffusion of alizarin in ethanol through the random motion of particles. Initially, the alizarin crystal is localized. As ethanol particles collide with alizarin particles, they transfer energy, allowing alizarin particles to move from areas of high concentration to low concentration throughout the beaker. This continues until an equilibrium is reached, where particles are evenly distributed .

Boiling is a phase transition from liquid to gas occurring at a specific temperature (boiling point) where all liquid molecules have enough energy to form vapor. It involves the formation of bubbles throughout the liquid. Evaporation occurs at any temperature below boiling point, involving only surface molecules gaining sufficient energy to enter the gas phase, without forming bubbles .

Bromine is in a liquid state at 20°C. The boiling point of bromine is 59°C, which is higher than 20°C, indicating it has not reached the gaseous state. Additionally, bromine's melting point is −7°C, below 20°C, suggesting it is not solid at this temperature .

The kinetic particle model posits that particles move randomly and can spread out over time. Initially, hydrobromic acid molecules are concentrated near the cotton wool. Over time, they diffuse through the air in the tube, eventually reaching the litmus paper. The acidic gas particles cause a chemical reaction with the litmus, turning it red due to the presence of hydrogen ions .

In nitrogen gas, particles are widely spaced, moving independently and rapidly due to high kinetic energy. In liquid nitrogen, the particles are more closely packed, with less kinetic energy, allowing them to move past one another but remain in a definite volume. This indicates a transition from a high-energy state to a lower-energy one .

Zinc oxide is used in place of zinc sulfide for reduction because sulfide ores require roasting to convert them into oxides, which are easier to reduce. Roasting helps remove sulfur as sulfur dioxide, making zinc oxide a more reactive form for reduction processes like those involving carbon or carbon monoxide .

The kinetic particle model explains that gas particles are in constant, random motion and have kinetic energy. When a drop of liquid bromine is placed in a gas jar, the bromine particles evaporate into the air. These gaseous bromine particles then diffuse, spreading out due to their motion and filling the jar evenly due to thermal agitation .

In liquid lead, particles are closely packed but can slide past each other, allowing the liquid to flow while maintaining a definite volume. In gaseous lead, particles are much further apart and move freely and randomly, filling their container with no definite shape or volume, indicative of higher kinetic energy compared to liquid .

The phase change involved is condensation, where zinc gas is cooled to form liquid zinc. According to kinetic theory, cooling the gas decreases particle kinetic energy, reducing their velocity and allowing intermolecular forces to bring particles closer together, resulting in a transition from gaseous to liquid state .

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