CSE121: Computer Programming (2)

)2( ‫ برمجة الحاسب‬:121 ‫هحس‬

1st Year
Computer and Systems Engineering &
Power and Electrical Machines Engineering

Zagazig University

Fall 2024
Lecture #3
Dr. Ahmed Osman Mahmoud
Dept. of Computer & Systems Engineering

These slides are adapted from the slides accompanying the text “C How to Program, 8/e,” [Link]
Copyright Deitel 2016
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This lecture is credits to Dr./ Ahmed Amer

 Outline
• A C Program to compare two numbers
• Relational and Equality Operators
• Logical Operators
• Structured Program Development in C
– Algorithm, Pseudocode, and Flowchart
– Control Structures
• The selection statements (if, if…else, switch)
• Common Errors

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Lecture Map

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A C PROGRAM TO COMPARE TWO
NUMBERS
 A C Program to Compare Two Numbers

• A program that uses six if statements to

compare two numbers entered by the user.
• If the condition in any of these if statements
is true, the printf statement associated with
that if executes.

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© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 7
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 8
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. All rights reserved. 9
RELATIONAL AND EQUALITY
OPERATORS
Relational and Equality Operators

These operators are binary operators, and the result from any
expression that contains a relational or equality operators is
either 0 (false) or 1 (true)
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 Relational and Equality Operators
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int a = 4, b = 9;

printf("a > b gives a value of %d\n", a > b);

printf("a < b gives a value of %d\n", a < b);

return 0;
}

a > b gives a value of 0

a < b gives a value of 1
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 Relational and Equality Operators

• Conditions in if statements are formed by

using the equality operators and relational
operators
• If the condition is true (i.e., the condition is
met) the statement in the body of the if
statement is executed.
• If the condition is false (i.e., the condition
isn’t met) the body statement is not
executed.

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 Relational and Equality Operators

• Back to the program that compares two

numbers
– The if statement

if ( num1 == num2 ) {
printf( "%d is equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );
}

– compares the values of variables num1 and

num2 to test for equality.
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 Relational and Equality Operators

• A left brace, {, begins the body of each if

statement
• A corresponding right brace, }, ends each if
statement’s body
• Any number of statements can be placed in the
body of an if statement.
• If the body contains one statement only, the
braces {} could be omitted.
• Indenting the body of each if statement
enhances program readability.

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LOGICAL OPERATORS

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 Logical Operators

• C provides logical operators that may be

used to form more complex conditions by
combining simple conditions.
• The logical operators are
&& (logical AND)
|| (logical OR)
! (logical NOT)

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 Logical AND (&&) Operator
• Suppose we wish to ensure that two conditions are
both true before we choose a certain path of
execution.
• In this case, we can use the logical operator && as
follows:
if (gender == 1 && age >= 65)
++seniorFemales;
• This if statement contains two simple conditions.
– The condition gender == 1 might be evaluated, for
example, to determine if a person is a female.
– The condition age >= 65 is evaluated to determine
whether a person is a senior citizen.

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 Logical AND (&&) Operator

• The if statement then considers the

combined condition
gender == 1 && age >= 65
• Which is true if and only if both of the simple
conditions are true.
• Finally, if this combined condition is true,
then the count of seniorFemales is
incremented by 1.

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 Logical OR (||) Operator
• Suppose we wish to ensure at some point in a
program that either or both of two conditions are
true before we choose a certain path of execution.
• In this case, we use the || operator as in the following
program segment

if (semesterAverage >= 90 || finalExam >= 90)

printf("Student grade is A");

– The condition semesterAverage >= 90 is evaluated to

determine whether the student deserves an “A” in the
course because of a solid performance throughout the
semester.
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 Logical OR (||) Operator
– The condition finalExam>=90 is evaluated to
determine whether the student deserves an “A” in
the course because of an outstanding performance
on the final exam.
• The if statement then considers the combined
condition
semesterAverage>= 90|| finalExam>= 90
• and awards the student an “A” if either or both
of the simple conditions are true.
• The message “Student grade is A” is not printed
only when both of the simple conditions are
false (zero).

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 Logical Negation (!) Operator
• C provides ! (logical negation) to enable you to
“reverse” the meaning of a condition.
• The logical negation operator has only a single
condition as an operand (and is therefore a unary
operator).
• Placed before a condition when we’re interested in
choosing a path of execution if the original condition
(without the logical negation operator) is false, such
as in the following program segment:

if (!(grade == undefinedValue))
printf("The next grade is %f\n", grade);

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 Logical Negation (!) Operator
• The parentheses around the condition grade ==
undefinedValue are needed because the logical
negation operator has a higher precedence than the
equality operator.
• In most cases, you can avoid using logical negation
by expressing the condition differently with an
appropriate relational operator.
• For example, the preceding statement may also be
written as follows:

if (grade != undefinedValue)
printf("The next grade is %f\n", grade);

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 Short-circuit Evaluation
• The && operator has a higher precedence than ||.
• Both operators associate from left to right.
• An expression containing && or || operators is
evaluated only until truth or falsehood is known.
– Thus, evaluation of the condition
gender == 1 && age >= 65
– will stop if gender is not equal to 1 (i.e., the entire
expression is false), and continue if gender is equal to 1
(i.e., the entire expression could still be true if age >=
65).
• This performance feature for the evaluation of
logical AND and logical OR expressions is called
short-circuit evaluation.
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Summary of Operator Precedence and
Associativity

The operators are shown from top to bottom in

decreasing order of precedence.
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STRUCTURED PROGRAM
DEVELOPMENT IN C

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 Algorithm, Pseudocode, and Flowchart

• Before writing a program to solve a particular

problem, we must have a thorough
understanding of the problem and a carefully
planned solution approach.
• A procedure for solving a problem in terms of
– the actions to be executed, and
– the order in which these actions are to be executed
• is called an algorithm, which could be described
using a pseudocode or a flowchart
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 Algorithm, Pseudocode, and Flowchart

• Pseudocode is an artificial and informal

language that helps you develop algorithms.
– Pseudocode is similar to everyday English; it’s
convenient and user friendly although it’s not an
actual computer programming language.
• A flowchart is a graphical representation of an
algorithm or of a portion of an algorithm.
– Flowcharts are drawn using certain special-purpose
symbols such as rectangles, diamonds, rounded
rectangles, and small circles; these symbols are
connected by arrows called flowlines.
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 Control Structures

• Normally, statements in a program are

executed one after the other in the order in
which they’re written.
– This is called sequential execution.
• Various C statements we’ll soon discuss
enable you to specify that the next
statement to be executed may be other
than the next one in sequence.
– This is called transfer of control.

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 Control Structures

• Research had demonstrated that all

programs could be written in terms of only
three control structures,
– the sequence structure,
– the selection structure, and
– the iteration structure.

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 The sequence structure

• The sequence structure is simple—unless

directed otherwise, the computer executes
C statements one after the other in the
order in which they’re written.

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 The Selection structure

• C provides three types of selection structures in

the form of statements.
– The if selection statement either selects (performs)
an action if a condition is true or skips the action if
the condition is false.
– The if…else selection statement performs an action
if a condition is true and performs a different action
if the condition is false.
– The switch selection statement performs one of
many different actions depending on the value of
an expression.

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 The Iteration structure

• C provides three types of iteration structures

in the form of statements, namely
– while
– do…while
– for

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THE SELECTION STATEMENTS

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 The if Selection Statement
• The if statement is called a single-selection
statement because it selects or ignores a single
action.
• For example, suppose the passing grade on an exam
is 60.
– The pseudocode statement
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
– The corresponding C Code could be
if (grade >= 60)
{
printf("Passed\n");
}
A flowchart for the statement
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 The if…else Selection Statement
• The if…else statement is called a double-selection statement because it
allows you to specify that different actions are to be performed when
the condition is true and when it’s false.
• For example.
– The pseudocode statement
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
else
Print “Failed”
– The corresponding C Code could be
if (grade >= 60)
{
printf("Passed\n");
}
else
{
printf("Failed\n");
}
A flowchart for the statement

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 The Conditional Operator (?:)

• Closely related to the if…else statement.

Condition? value if true : value if false
• The conditional operator is C’s only ternary
operator—it takes three operands.
– The first operand is a condition.
– The second operand is the value for the entire
conditional expression if the condition is true
– The third operand is the value for the entire
conditional expression if the condition is false.
• These together with the conditional operator
form a conditional expression.

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 The Conditional Operator (?:)
• For example, the statement

printf( grade >= 60 ? "Passed" : "Failed" );

• Has the same effect as the if…else statement.

if (grade >= 60)
{
printf("Passed\n");
}
else
{
printf("Failed\n");
}

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 Nested if...else Statements
Pseudocode to print Grade Corresponding C code
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90 if (grade >= 90)
Print “A” puts("A");
else else if (grade >= 80)
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to puts("B");
80 Print “B”
else if (grade >= 70)
else
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to
puts("C");
70 Print “C” else if (grade >= 60)
else puts("D");
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to else
60 Print “D” puts("F");
else
Print “F”

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 Test Your Understanding
What is the output here? What about here?
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>

int main(void) int main(void)

{ {
int n = 9, b = 7; int n = 9, b = 7;
if ((b < 6) ? n : n - n) if ((n == b) ? n - n : n)
{ {
printf("1st selected\n"); printf("1st selected\n");
} }
else else if ((b < 6) ? n : n - n)
{ {
printf("2nd selected\n"); printf("2nd selected\n");
} }
} }
2nd selected 1st selected

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 switch Multiple-Selection Statement

• The switch statement is called a multiple-

selection statement because it selects among
many different actions.
– For example, a series of decisions in which a variable
or expression is tested separately for each of the
constant integral values it may assume, and
different actions are taken.
• The switch statement consists of a series of case
labels, an optional default case and statements
to execute for each case.

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 switch Multiple-Selection Statement
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
int main(void) {
int count = 50;
{
switch (count)
int count = 50; {
case 90:
if (count == 90)
puts("****");
puts("****"); break;
else if (count == 80) case 80:
puts("***");
puts("***"); break;
else default:
puts("**");
puts("**");
break;
} }
}

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 switch Multiple-Selection Statement
• Keyword switch is followed by a constant integral
expression in parentheses.
– This is called the controlling expression.
• The value of this expression is compared with each of
the case labels.
• If a match occurs, the statements for that case are
executed.
• The break statement causes program control to continue
with the first statement after the switch statement.
– The break statement is used because the cases in a switch
statement would otherwise run together.
• If no match occurs, the default case is executed.

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COMMON ERRORS

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 Common Errors

• A syntax error is caught by the compiler.

int i; = 2;
• A logic error has its effect at execution time.
a = a * 2; //Getting the square of a
• A fatal logic error causes a program to fail
and terminate prematurely.
int *p = 0;
printf("%d", *p);

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 Common Errors

• A nonfatal logic error allows a program to

continue executing but to produce incorrect
results.
• Forgetting a break statement when one is
needed in a switch statement is a logic error

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 Common Errors

• It possible to have no statement at all, i.e.,

the empty statement.
– The empty statement is represented by placing a
semicolon (;) where a statement would normally
be.
– This can cause a logic error as below
if (count < 100);
printf("More to process\n");

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 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=)
Operators
• There’s one type of error that C programmers, no
matter how experienced, tend to make so frequently
– That error is accidentally swapping the operators == (equality)
and = (assignment)
• The Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators have
different meanings in C
– Equality (==) Operator check if the both sides of the operator
are equal and returns either 1 (true) or 0 (false).
– Assignment (=) Operator assigns the value of the right-hand
side to the variable in the left-hand side.
• Assignments in C produce a value, namely the value that’s assigned
to the variable on the left side of the assignment operator.
var1 = var2 = var3 = 6; // all of them assigned a value of 6

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 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=)
Operators
• For example, suppose we intend to write
if (payCode == 4)
printf("%s", "You get a bonus!");
• but we accidentally write
if (payCode = 4)
printf("%s", "You get a bonus!");
• The first if statement properly awards a
bonus to the person whose paycode is equal
to 4.

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 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=)
Operators
• The second if statement—the one with the error—
evaluates the assignment expression in the if
condition.
– This expression is a simple assignment whose value is
the constant 4.
• Because any nonzero value is interpreted as “true,”
– the condition in this if statement is always true,
– and not only is the value of payCode inadvertantly set to
4,
– but the person always receives a bonus regardless of
what the actual paycode is!

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END OF LECTURE

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