WORKSHEET 1

1. When a standard die is rolled, find the probability of

getting

a. A 5.

b. A number larger than 2.

c. An odd number.

Answer:

A. A die has six faces and a 5 is one of the six outcomes. Therefore 1/6 = 0.167
is the probability of a getting a 5.
B. There are 4 numbers greater than 2 on a die (3,4,5,6). Therefore, 4/6 = 0.667
is the probability of a getting a number larger than 2.
C. There are 3 odd numbers on a die (1,3,5). Therefore, 3/6 = 0.5, is the
probability of getting an odd number.

2. When a card is selected from a deck, find the probability of getting

a. A club.

b. A face card or a heart.

c. A 6 and a spade

d. A king.

e. A red card.

Answer:

A. There are 52 total cards in a deck and 13 clubs. Therefore 13/52 = 1/4 = 0.25
is the probability of getting a club.
B. There are 13 heart cards, 12 face cards, and 3 heart cards that are also face
cards. Therefore: (13/52) + (12/52) – (3/52) = 22/52 = 11/26 is the probability
of getting a face card or a heart card.
C. There is only one card with a space and a 6 (6 of spades). Therefore 1/52 is
the probability of getting a card that is both a 6 and a spade.
D. There are four king cards in a deck. Therefore, 4/52 = 1/13 is the probability
of getting a king.
E. There are 26 red cards in a deck. Therefore, 26/52 =1/2 is the probability of
getting a red card.

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3. The top-10 selling computer software titles last year consisted of 3 for doing
taxes, 5 antivirus or security programs, and 2 “other.” Choose one title at random.

a. What is the probability that it is not used for doing taxes?

b. What is the probability that it is used for taxes or is one of the "other"
programs?

Answer:

A. There are 3 + 5 + 2 – 3 = 7 programs that are not used for doing taxes from
10 total titles. Therefore, 7/10 = 0.7 is the probability of getting a program
that is not used for taxes.
B. There are 3 + 2 = 5 programs. Therefore, 5/10 is the probability.

4. A six-sided die is printed with the numbers 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 13. Roll the die
once-what is the probability of getting an even number? Roll the die twice and add
the numbers. What is the probability of getting an odd sum on the dice?

Answer:

A. There are 2 even numbers (2 and 8) on the die. Therefore, there is 2/6 = 1/3
= 0.333 probability of getting an even number.
B. There are two instances in which you get an odd number from adding up two
numbers from the die: even firs, odd second and odd first, even second
(independent events). There are 2 even numbers and 4 odd numbers, therefore:
even first (2/6) × odd second (4/6) = 8/36, odd first (4/6) × even second
(2/6) = 8/36. (8/36) + (8/36) = 16/36 = 4/9 is the probability.

5. In a recent survey, 18 people preferred milk, 29 people preferred coffee, and

13 people preferred juice as their primary drink for breakfast. If a person is
selected at random, find the probability that the person preferred juice as her or
his primary drink.

Answer:

A. There are 18 + 29 + 13 = 60 total people and 13 who preferred juice. Therefore,

13/60 is the probability.

6. During a sale at a men's store, 16 white sweaters, 3 red sweaters, 9 blue

sweaters, and 7 yellow sweaters were purchased. If a customer is selected at random,
find the probability that he bought.

a. A blue sweater.

b. A yellow or a white sweater.

c. A red, a blue, or a yellow sweater.

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d. A sweater that was not white.

Answer:

A. There are 16 + 3 + 9 + 7 = 35 total customers and 9 who bought blue sweaters.

Therefore, 9/35 is the probability.
B. There are 35 total customers and 7 who bought yellow sweaters and 16 who
bought white. Therefore, (16/35) + (7/35) = 23/35 is the probability.
C. There are 3 customers who bought red sweaters, 9 who bought blue, and 7 who
bought yellow. Therefore, (3/35) + (9/35) + (7/35) = 19/35 is the probability.
D. There are 3 + 9 + 7 = 19 sweaters that are not white. Therefore, 19/35 is the
probability.

7. Cheap Rentals has nothing but budget cars for rental. The probability that a car
has air conditioning is 0.5, and the probability that a car has a CD player is
0.37. The probability that a car has both air conditioning and a CD player is 0.06.
What is the probability that a randomly selected car has neither air conditioning
nor a CD player?

Answer:

A. 0.5 Air conditioning = 50%

0.37 Cd player = 37%
0.06 Both = 6%
We can get the probability that we do not acquire air condition or cd player
by the complement rule: 100% - (50% + 37% - 6%). We subtract the 6% to avoid
double-counting. 100% - 50% - 37% + 6% = 19% = 0.19 is the probability.

8. When two dice are rolled, find the probability of getting:

a. A sum of 5 or 6.

b. A sum greater than 9.

c. A sum less than 4 or greater than 9.

d. A sum that is divisible by 4.

e. A sum of 14.

f. A sum less than 13.

Answer:

A. The pairs that add up to 5: 1 & 4, 2 & 3, 3 & 2, 4 & 1. 4 outcomes

The pairs that add up to 6: 1 % 5, 3 & 3, 2 & 4, 5 & 1, 4 & 2. 5 outcomes
The total outcome is given by 4 + 5 = 9. Two dice mean a denominator of 6 × 6
= 36 trials. Therefore 9/36 = 1/4 is the probability.

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 B. The pairs that add up to a number greater than 7: 5 & 5, 5 & 6, 6 & 5, 4 & 6,
6 & 4, 6 & 6. 6 outcomes
There are a total of 6 required outcomes and 6 × 6 = 36 total trials. Therefore,
6/36 = 1/6 is the probability.
C. The pairs that add up to a number less than 4:
Sum of 3: 1 & 2, 2 & 1. 2 outcomes
Sum of 2: 1 & 1. 1 outcome
The pairs that add up to a number larger than 9: 5 & 5, 5 & 6, 6 & 5, 4 & 6,
6 & 4, 6 & 6. 6 outcomes
The total number of trials is 6 × 6 = 36, and the total required outcomes are
3 + 6 = 9. Therefore, 9/36 = 1/4 is the probability.
D. Pairs that add up to a number divisible by 4:
A sum of 4: 2 & 2, 1 & 3, 3 & 1. 3 outcomes
A sum of 8: 4 & 4, 6 & 2, 2 & 6, 5 & 3, 3 % 5. 5 outcomes
A sum of 12: 6 & 6. 1 outcome
Total trials = 6 × 6 = 36. Total required outcomes = 3 + 5 + 1 = 9. Therefore,
the probability is 9/36 = 1/4 = 0.25.
E. Since the is no pair that add up to a sum of 14, the probability is 0.
F. All the pairs of the dice give a sum less than 13. Therefore, 36/36 = 1 = 100%
is the probability.

9. The probability that a person owns a car is 0.80, that a person owns a boat is
0.30, and that a person owns both a car and a boat is 0.12. Find the probability
that a person owns either a boat or a car.

Answer:

A. 0.8 owns a car

0.3 owns a boat
0.12 owns both
The probability that a person owns either a boat or a car is 0.8 + 0.3 – 0.12
= 0.98 (We subtract 0.12 to avoid double-counting). Therefore 0.98 is the
probability.

10. There is a 0.39 probability that John will purchase a new car, a 0.73 probability
that Mary will purchase a new car, and a 0.36 probability that both will purchase
a new car. Find the probability that neither will purchase a new car.

Answer:

A. 0.39 John
0.73 Mary
0.36 Both
0.39 + 0.73 – 0.36 = 0.76 is the probability that either will purchase a new
car. By complement rule, 1 – 0.76 is the probability that neither will.

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11. Roughly 1 in 6 students enrolled in higher education took at least one online
course last fall. Choose 5 enrolled students at random. Find the probability that:

a. All 5 took online courses.

b. None of the 5 took a course online.

c. At least 1 took an online course.

Answer:

A. The probability that a student took an online course = 1/6. The probability
that 5 randomly chosen students took an online course is given by: (1/6) ×
(1/6) × (1/6) × (1/6) × (1/6) = 1/65 = 1/7776 = 0.00012860 = 0.0001.
B. The probability that a student did not take an online course is given by:
(6/6) – (1/6) = 5/6. The probability that the 5 students did not take an
online is given by: (5/6) × (5/6) × (5/6) × (5/6) × (5/6) = 55 /65 = 3125/7776
= 0.40188 = 0.402.
C. The probability that at least 1 took and online course is given by, through
the complement rule: 1 – 0.402 = 0.598.

12. Of Americans using library services, 67% borrow books. If 5 patrons are chosen
at random, what is the probability that all borrowed books? That none borrowed
books?

Answer:

A. 67% = 0.67 Probability of a person borrowing a book.

The probability that 5 patrons borrowed books is given by (0.65)5 = 0.135.
B. The probability that a person did not borrow a book is given by, by the
complement rule, 100% - 67% = 33% = 0.33. The probability that none borrowed
books is given by (0.33)5 = 0.0039

13. Three cards are drawn from an ordinary deck without replacement. Find the
probability of getting:

a. All black cards.

b. All spades.

c. All queens.

Answer:

A. The probability of getting a black card (dependent events):

On first draw: 26/52
On second draw: 25/51
On third draw: 24/50

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 The probability is given by (26/52) × (25/51) × (24/50) = 0.0117647058 = 2/17.
B. The probability of getting a spade card:
On first draw: 13/52
On second draw: 12/51
On third draw: 11/52
The probability is given by (13/52) × (12/51) × (11/50) = 0.012941176 = 11/850.
C. The probability of getting a queen card:
On first draw: 4/52
On second draw: 3/51
On third draw: 2/50
The probability is given by (4/52) × (3/51) × (2/50) = 1/5525.

14. A coin is tossed and a card is drawn from a deck. Find the probability of
getting:

a. A head and a 6.

b. A tail and a red card.

c. A head and a club.

Answer:

A. (1/2) × (4/52) = 4/104 = 1/26

B. (1/2) × (26/52) = (1/2) × (1/2) = 1/4
C. (1/2) × (13/52) = 13/104 = 1/8

15. The top five countries for movie releases so far this year are the United States
with 471 releases, United Kingdom with 386, Japan with 79, Germany with 316, and
France with 132. Choose 1 new release at random. Find the probability that it is:

a. European

b. From the United States

c. German or French

d. German, given that it is European

Answer:

A. 471 United States (US)

386 United Kingdom (UK)
79 Japan
316 Germany
132 France
Total entries = 471 + 386 + 79 + 316 + 132 = 1384.
To get the probability that the entry is from a European country: The countries
that are located in Europe are UK, France, and Germany.

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 Therefore, (386 + 316 + 132)/1384 = 834/1384 = 0.6026 = 0.603.
B. US 471
471/1384 = 0.340
C. Germany 316
France 132
(316/1384) + (132/1384) = 448/1384 = 0.324
D. European countries 834
386/834 = 0.379

16. A manufacturing company has three factories: X, Y, and Z. The daily output of
each is shown here.

Product Factory X Factory Y Factory Z

TVs 18 32 15
Stereos 6 20 13

If one item is selected at random, find these probabilities:

a. It was manufactured at factory X or is a stereo.

b. It was manufactured at factory Y or factory Z.
c. It is a TV or was manufactured at factory Z.

Answer:

A. Total number of products = 18 + 6 + 32 + 20 + 15 + 13 = 104

Total number of TVs = 18 + 32 + 15 = 65
Total number of stereos = 6 + 20 + 13 = 39
Total number of products made in Factory X = 18 + 6 =24
(39/104) + (24/104) - (6/104) = 57/104. We subtract the 6/104 to avoid double-
counting.
B. Total number of products made in Factory Y = 32 + 20 = 52
Total number of products made in Factory Z = 15 + 13 =28
(52/104) + (28/104) = 80/104 = 10/13
C. (65/104) + (28/104) – (18/24) = 78/104 = 3/4

17. An automobile license plate consists of 3 letters followed by 4 digits. How

many different plates can be made if repetitions are allowed? If repetitions are
not allowed? If repetitions are allowed in the letters but not in the digits?

Answer:

A. There are 26 letters in the alphabet and 10 digits in decimal number system.
For question 1 (Repetition is allowed):
There are 263 × 104 = 175,760,000 different plates.
B. For question 2 (No repetition allowed for letters):
26! 26!
= = 15600
(26 − 3)! 23!

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 10! 10!
= = 5040
(10 − 4)! 6!

15600 × 5040 = 78,624,000

C. For third question (repetitions are allowed in letters but not in numbers):
10! 10!
263 × = 17576 × = 17576 × 5040 = 88,583,040
(10 − 4)! 6!

18. White copy paper is offered in 5 different strengths and 11 different degrees
of brightness, recycled or not, and acid-free or not. How many different types of
paper are available for order?

Answer:

A. 5 × 11 × 2 × 2 = 220

19. How many ways can 3 outfielders and 4 infielders be chosen from 5 outfielders
and 7 infielders?

Answer:

A. 3 outfielders from 5:
5! 5!
= = 10
(5 − 3)3! 2! 3!
4 infielders from 7:
7! 7!
= = 35
(7 − 4)4! 3! 4!
35 × 10 = 350

20. How many different ways can 8 computer operators be seated in a row?

Answer:

A. The number of 8 distinct objects is given by 8! = 40320. There are 40320 ways
to arrange the eight seats in a row.

21. How many ways can a student select 2 electives from a possible choice of 10
electives?

Answer:

A. The_order_in_which_the_arrangement_of_electives_do_not_matter:
7! 7!
= = 35
(7 − 4)4! 3! 4!

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22. There are 6 Republican, 5 Democrat, and 4 Independent candidates. How many
different ways can a committee of 3 Republicans,2 Democrats, and 1 Independent be
selected?

Answer:

A. 6 Republican
5 Democrat
4 Independent candidates
For the republican:
3_selected_candidates,
6! 6!
= = 20
(6 − 3)3! 3! 3!
For the democrats:
2 selected candidates,
5! 5!
= = 10
(5 − 2)2! 3! 2!
For the independent candidates:
4 selected candidates,
4! 4!
= =4
(4 − 1)1! 4! 1!
20 × 10 × 4 = 800. There are 800 ways to select the members of the committee
with the given candidates.

23. A new employee has a choice of 5 health care plans, 3 retirement plans, and 2
different expense accounts. If a person selects 1 of each option, how many different
options does he or she have?

Answer:

A. Since the choices are independent from one another:

5 × 3 × 2 = 30 different options for the employee.

24. There are 12 students who wish to enroll in a particular course. There are only
4 seats left in the classroom. How many different ways can 4 students be selected
to attend the class?

Answer:

A. 12 total students and 4 selected students:

12! 12!
= = 495
(12 − 4)4! 8! 4!

Therefore, there are different ways that 4 students can be selected to attend
the class.

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25. A candy store allows customers to select 3 different candies to be packaged and
mailed. If there are 13 varieties available, how many possible selections can be
made?

Answer:

A. There are 13 varieties for the 3 different candies, thus:

13! 13!
= = 286
(13 − 3)3! 10! 3!

Therefore, there are 286 possible selections for the candies.

26. If a student can select 5 novels from a reading list of 20 for a course in
literature, how many different possible ways can this selection be done?

Answer:

A. There can be 5 selected novels from a list of 20:

20! 20!
= = 15504
(20 − 5)! 5! 15! 5!

Therefore, there are 15,504 different ways that 5 novels can be selected from
a list of 20.

27. If a student can select one of 3 language courses, one of 5 mathematics courses,
and one of 4 history courses, how many different schedules can be made?

Answer:

A. 3 Language courses
5 Mathematics courses
4 History courses
For the language courses:

3! 3!
= =3
(3 − 1)1! 2! 1!

For the mathematics courses:

5! 5!
= =5
(5 − 1)1! 4! 1!

For the history classes:

4! 4!
= =4
(4 − 1)1! 3! 1!

3 × 5 × 4 = 60 different ways the schedule selection can be done.

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28. License plates are to be issued with 3 letters followed by 4 single digits. How
many such license plates are possible? If the plates are issued at random, what is
the probability that the license plate says USA followed by a number that is
divisible by 5?

Answer:

A. For the first question, since we can pick a number and a letter without
changing the set we choose from:
There are 26 × 26 × 26 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 = 175,760,000 possible plates.
B. For the second question, the possibility of getting U, S, and A for the three
places are 1/26. The two numbers that are divisible by 5 are 0 and 5 or 2/10
= 1/5. Therefore, there is a (1/26) × (1/26) × (1/26) × (1/5) = 0.0000114
possibility.

29. A newspaper advertises 5 different movies, 3 plays, and 2 baseball games for
the weekend. If a couple selects 3 activities, find the probability that they attend
2 plays and 1 movie.

Answer:

A. Ways that the couple can select 5 different movies:

5! 5!
= =5
(5 − 1)1! 4! 1!

For the plays:

3! 3!
= =3
(3 − 2)2! 1! 2!

Ways that they can select three activities:

10! 10!
= = 120
(10 − 3)3! 7! 3!

Therefore, there are (3 × 5)/120 = 15/120 = 1/8 ways they can select the
activities.

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30. Several territories and colonies today are still under the jurisdiction of
another country. France holds the most with 16 territories, the United Kingdom has
15, the United States has 14, and several other countries have territories as well.
Choose 3 territories at random from those held by France, the United Kingdom, and
the United States. What is the probability that all 3 belong to the same country?

Answer:

A. 16 France
15 United Kingdom (UK)
14 United States (US)
The number of ways we can choose 3 countries from a total of 45:

45!
= 14190
(45 − 3)3!

The number of ways we can select 3 from France:

16!
= 560
(16 − 3)3!

from UK:

15!
= 455
(15 − 3)3!

From US:

14!
= 364
(14 − 3)3!

560 + 455 + 364 = 1379

The probability that all three belong from the same country:

1379/14190 = 0.097

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 WORKSHEET 2

1. How People Get Their News The Brunswick Research Organization surveyed 50
randomly selected individuals and asked them the primary way they received
the daily news. Their choices were via newspaper (N), television (T), radio
(R), or Internet (I). Construct a categorical frequency distribution for the
data and interpret the results. The data in this exercise will be used for
Exercise 2 in this section.

N N T T T I R R I T
I N R R I N N I T N
I R T T T T N R R I
R R I N T R T I I T
T I N T T I R N R T
Answer:
A. Frequencies
Newspaper(N):10
Television (T): 16
Radio(R):12
Internet(I): 12

B. Frequency table
NEWS SOURCE FREQUENCY (f)
Newspaper (N) 10

Television (T) 16

Radio (R) 12

Internet (I) 12

Total 50
C. Interpretation:
• Television (T) is the most common source, with 16 people relying on
it for news.

• Internet (I) and Radio (R) are equally popular, with 12 people each
using them.

• Newspapers (N) are the least used, with 10 people relying on them.

13
2. Construct a pie graph for the data in Exercise 1, and analyze the results.

3. Ball Sales A sporting goods store kept a record of sales of five items for
one randomly selected hour during a recent sale. Construct a frequency
distribution for the data (B = baseballs, G = golf balls, T = tennis balls, S
= soccer balls, F = footballs). (The data for this exercise will be used for
Exercise 4 in this section.)
F B B B G T F
G G F S G T
F T T T S T
F S S G S B
Answer:
A. Frequency of each item:
• Baseballs (B): 4
• Golf balls (G): 5
• Tennis balls(T): 6
• Soccer balls(S): 5
• Footballs (F): 5

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 B. Frequency table

ITEM FREQUENCY (f)

Baseballs (B) 4

Golf balls (G) 5

Tennis balls (T) 6

Soccer balls (S) 5

Footballs (F) 5

Total 25

C. Interpretation:
• Tennis balls(T) had the highest sales (6).
• Football sales (F) were the second highest (5).
• Baseballs (B), Golf balls (G), and Soccer balls (S) had equal sales (4
each), indicating moderate demand.

4. Draw a pie graph for the data in Exercise 3 showing the sales of each item,
and analyze the results.

15
Analysis of the Pie Chart:

1. Highest Sales: Tennis Balls account for the largest share at 24%, indicating
that they are the most popular or in-demand item among all categories.
2. Moderate Sales: Soccer Balls, Foot Balls, and Golf Balls each contribute 20%
to total sales. This suggests a balanced demand for these three types of
sports balls, indicating they are equally preferred by customers.
3. Lowest Sales: Baseballs have the smallest portion, accounting for 16% of total
sales. This could suggest lower popularity, less seasonal demand, or fewer
purchase requirements compared to the other sports balls.
4. Insights:
• The close percentage values among Soccer Balls, Foot Balls, and Golf
Balls indicate that they have steady and relatively equal sales.
• The significant lead in Tennis Balls suggests a strong customer
preference, possibly due to trends, promotions, or widespread use.
• Baseballs may need a marketing boost or promotional offers to increase
their sales.

5. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) count of 20 randomly selected patients is given
here in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl). Construct an
ungrouped frequency distribution for the data. (The data for this exercise
will be used for Exercise 6.)
17 18 13 14
12 17 11 20
13 18 19 17
14 16 17 12
16 15 19 22
Answer:
A. Ungrouped frequency distribution for BUN count:
BUN COUNT (mg/dl) FREQUENCY (f)
11 1

12 2

13 2

14 2

15 1

16 2

17 4

18 2

19 2

20 1

22 1

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Data Analysis:

• ThemostfrequentBUNcountis17mg/dl, appearing 4 times.

• The least frequent values (appearing once) are 11, 15, 20, and 22 mg/dl.

• Thedatarangesfrom11mg/dlto22mg/dl.

6. Construct a histogram, a frequency polygon, and an ogive for the data in

Exercise 5 in this section, and analyze the results.

Answer:
A. Histogram:

• The histogram provides a visual representation of the frequency

distribution of BUN counts.

• The most frequent values appear to be around 17, with multiple

occurrences.

• The distribution appears roughly normal but slightly skewed

toward higher values

B. Ogive

• The ogive shows the cumulative count of observations as BUN

levels increase.
• It helps in determining percentiles and medians.
• The graph rises steeply between 16 and 18, indicating a
concentration of values in this range.

17
 C. Frequency polygon

• This graph connects the midpoints of the frequency intervals.

• It highlights the fluctuations in frequency more clearly than

the histogram.

• The highest peak is around 17mg/dl, showing the most common BUN
level.

7. The percentage (rounded to the nearest whole percent) of persons from each
state completing 4 years or more of college is listed below. Organize the
data into a grouped frequency distribution with 5 classes.

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 4 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑒

23 25 24 34 22 24 27 37 33 24
26 23 38 24 24 17 28 23 30 25
30 22 33 24 28 36 24 19 25 31
34 31 27 24 29 28 21 25 26 15
26 22 27 21 25 28 24 21 25 26
Answer:

A. Range
• The lowest percentage: 15
• The highest percentage: 38
➢ Range = 38 – 15 = 23
B. Class Width
➢ Class width = Range/Number of Classes = 23/5 = 4.6 = 5
C. Class Intervals
CLASS INTERVAL (PERCENTAGE) TALLY FREQUENCY (f)
15 - 19 ||| 3

20 – 24 |||| |||| ||| 13

25 - 29 |||| |||| |||| 15

30 - 34 |||| |||| | 11

35 – 39 |||| |||| 8

Total 50

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8. Using the data in Exercise 7, construct a histogram, a frequency polygon, and
an ogive.
Answer:
A. Histogram

• The histogram shows the distribution shape of the data.

• If the bars are symmetrical, the data is evenly distributed.

• If the bars are skewed right or left, there is an imbalance in

the distribution.

• The highest bars indicate the most common percentage range of

college completion.

B. Frequency Polygon

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 • The frequency polygon is a smoothed version of the histogram.

• It helps to see trends—whether the data rises, peaks, or falls

gradually.

• Peaks in the graph indicate the most frequent class intervals.

C. Ogive

• The ogive helps to understand the accumulated percentage of

states.

• A steep section means many states fall within that range.

• A flat section means fewer states are in that range.

9. The ages of the Vice Presidents of the United States at the time of their
death are listed below. Use the data to construct a frequency distribution,
histogram, frequency polygon, and ogive, using relative frequencies. Use 6
classes.
90 83 80 73 70 51 68 79 70 71
72 74 67 54 81 66 62 63 68 57
66 96 78 55 60 66 57 71 60 85
76 98 77 88 78 81 64 66 77 70
Answer:
A. Frequency Distribution
➢ Range = 98 – 51 = 47
➢ Class width = Range/Number of Class = 47/6 = 7.38 = 8
➢ Class intervals: Start from 51, increasing by 8

B. Frequency table, total number of observations = 40

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C. Histogram

• The histogram shows that most Vice Presidents passed away

between 59 and 74 years old.

• The class 67-74 has the highest frequency (11 deaths),

indicating that this is the most common age range.

• The number of deaths decreases significantly after age 82.

• The lowest frequency is in the 91- 98 age range, suggesting

that very few Vice Presidents lived past 90.

D. Frequency Polygon

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• The frequency polygon forms a bell-shaped curve, indicating a normal
distribution with a peak in the 67- 74 range

• The left tail (51- 58) and right tail (91- 98) are lower, confirming
that most Vice Presidents died in their late 60s and early 70s.

• The ogives tarts slowly, meaning fewer Vice Presidents died at younger
ages.

• It steepens between 59- 74, confirming that this is where most deaths
occurred.

• The curve flattens after 83, showing that very few lived beyond this
age.

22
10. A survey of 1200 drivers showed the percentage of respondents who did the
following while driving. Construct a horizontal bar graph and a Pareto chart
for the data.

Answer:

A. Horizontal graph

B. Pareto chart

23
11. Air Quality The following data show the number of days the air quality
for Atlanta, Georgia, was below the accepted standards. Draw a time-series
graph for the data.

Answer:

A. Time-series graph

• Time-series graph shows fluctuations in air quality in Atlanta

from 2005 to 2008.

• There was a rise in poor air quality days from 5 days in 2005 to
15 days in 2007, followed by a sharp decline to 4 days in 2008

12. The net worth (in billions of dollars) of a sample of the richest people
in the United States is shown. Find the mean, median, mode, midrange, variance,
and standard deviation for the data.

Answer:

A. Mean

Mean = (59+52+28+26+19+18+17+17+19+17)/10 = 10 = 27.2

B. Median

Data in ascending order: 17, 17, 17, 18, 19, 19, 26, 28, 52, 59.

Average of the 5th and 6th values: (19+19)/2 =19

C. Mode

Most frequent value is 17

D. Midrange

(59+17)/2 = 38

24
 E. Variance

(1011.24+615.04+1.44+67.24+84.64+104.04+104.04+67.24+104.04)/10 =

215.96

F. Standard deviation

√215.96 = 14.70

13. The number of shark attacks and deaths over a recent 5-year period is
shown. Find the mean, median, mode, midrange, variance, and standard
deviation for the data. Which data set is more variable?

Answer:

A. Mean for attacks: (71+64+61+65+57)/5 = 318/5 = 63.6

Mean for deaths: (4+4+4+1+7)/5 = 20/5 = 4

B. Median for attacks: Sorted: 57, 61, 64, 71, Median = 64

Median for deaths: Sorted: 1, 4, 4, 4, 7, Median = 4

C. Mode for attacks: There is no mode(all values occur only once).

Mode for deaths: Mode = 4(it appears 3 times)

D. Midrange for attacks: (71+57)/2 = 128/2 = 64

Midrange for deaths: (1+7)/2 = 8/2 = 4

E. Variance and standard deviation:

For attacks:

25
 For deaths:

F. Which data set is More Variable?

The number of shark attacks is more variable than the number of

deaths, as shown by the higher variance and standard deviation.

14. Twelve batteries were tested to see how many hours they would last. The
frequency distribution is shown here.

Find each of these.

a. Mean

b. Modal class

c. Variance

d. Standard deviation

26
Answer:

A. Solving for mean

Mean = (2+20+40+11+14)/(1+4+5+1+1) = 87/12 = 7.25 = 7.3

B. Modal class:
• 1-3→1
• 4-6→4
• 7-9→5(highestfrequency)
• 10-12→1
• 13-15→1
Modal Class = 7-9

C. Variance

= (28.09+21.16+2.45+13.69+44.89)/12 = 110.28/12 = 9.19 =10

27
15. The mean SAT math scores for selected states are represented below. Find
the mean class, modal class, variance, and standard deviation, and comment on
the shape of the data.

Answer:

A. Mean

Mean = (1964+3108+1090+1144+1198)/ (4+6+2+2+2) = 8504/16 = 531.5

B. Modal Class

• 478-504→4 =531.5

• 505-6531→6(highestfrequency)

• 532-558→2

• 559-585→2

• 586-612→2

Modal Class = 505-531

28
 C. Variance

Variance = (26561+1093.5+364.5+3280.5+9112.5)/16 = 20412/16

= 1275.75

D. Standard Deviation

√1275.75 = 35.7

E. Comments on the shape of the data

• The modal class (505-531) is below the mean (531.5), suggesting

slight right skewness (longer tail on the right).

• The standard deviation (35.7) is relatively large, indicating a

spread-out distribution.

• The data appears somewhat symmetric but leans slightly toward

higher SAT scores.

16. Rise in Tides Shown here is a frequency distribution

for the rise in tides at 30 selected locations in the United States.

Find the mean, modal class, variance, and standard deviation.

29
 Answer:

A. For the mean

𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦(𝑓) 𝑀𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑋) 𝑋⋅𝑓

10+12
10 − 12 6 2
= 11 11 × 6 = 66
13+15
13 − 15 4 2
= 14 14 × 4 = 56
15+15
16 − 18 14 2
= 17 17 × 14 = 238
Lower Bound + Upper Bound
𝑋= 19+21
2 19 − 21 15 = 20 20 × 15 = 300
2
22+24
22 − 24 8 2
= 23 23 × 8 = 184
23+27
25 − 27 2 2
= 26 26 × 2 = 52
2×+30
28 − 30 1 = 29 29 × 1 = 29
2

𝜇 = (66 + 56 + 238 + 300 + 184 + 52 + 29)/50 = 18.5

925
𝜇= = 18.5
50
For the modal class:

19 − 21 → 15

For variance:

= (337.5+81+31.5+33.75+162+112.5+110.25) = 885/50 = 17.7

For standard deviation: = (17.7)^(1/2) = 4.2 gallons

30
17. Rise in Tides Shown here is a frequency distribution for the rise in
tides at 30 selected locations in the United States.

Find each of these: a. Mean, b. Modal class, c. Variance d. Standard

deviation

a.) Mean(µ)

(120+105+250+520+480+190)/( 6+3+5+8+6+2) = 1665/30 = 55.5

b. Modal Class

• 12.5-27.5 →6

• 27.5-42.5→3

• 42.5-57.5→5

• 57.5-72.5→8(highest frequency)

• 72.5-87.5 →6

• 87.5-102.5→2 Modal Class = 57.5-72.5 inches

31
 c. Variance

= (7561.5+1260.75+151.25+722+3601.5+3120.5) = 16417.5/30 = 547.25

d. Standard deviation = 547.25^(1/2) = 23.4 inches

e. Comment on the Shape of the Data

• The modal class(57.5-72.5) is above the mean (55.5), suggesting

slight left skewness.

• The standard deviation (23.4 inches) indicates that the data is

fairly spread out.

• Since the frequency increases to the modal class and then decreases,
the distribution is somewhat symmetrical with a slight left skew

18. The salaries (in millions of dollars) for 29 NFL teams for the 1999-2000
season are given in this frequency distribution.

a. Construct a percentile graph.

b. Find the values that correspond to the 35th, 65th, and 85th percentiles. 50,
53, 55

c. Find the percentile of values 44, 48, and 54. 10th; 26th; 78th

32
 Total Frequency (N) = 29 teams

a.) Construct a Percentile Graph (ogive)

b.) Find the values that correspond to the 35th, 65th, and 85th
percentiles.

• 35thpercentile falls between 48.8 (31.0%) and 51.8 (48.3%) — class

48.9- 51.8

• 65thpercentile falls between 51.8 (48.3%) and 54.8 (89.7%) — class

51.9- 54.8

• 85thpercentile falls between 51.9- 54.8 (89.7%), so same class

33
 35th percentile (0.35):

65th percentile (0.65):

85th percentile (0.85):

c.) Find the percentile rank of values 44,48, and 54

• 44 falls in 42.9-45.8(CF=4)

• 48 falls in 45.9-48.8(CF=9)

• 54 falls in 51.9-54.8(CF=26)

Percentilefor44:

Approximately 10th percentile.

Percentile for 48:

34
 Approximately 26th percentile.

Percentile for 54:

Approx. 78th percentile

19. Items Purchased at a Convenience Store When 30 randomly selected customers

left a convenience store, each was asked the number of items he or she purchased.
Construct an ungrouped frequency distribution for the data.

20. Successful Space Launches The number of successful space launches by the
United States and Japan for the years 1993-1997 is shown here. Construct a
compound time series graph for the data. What comparison can be made regarding
the launches?

35
 Analysis of the Graph

• The United States consistently had far more launches than Japan during this
period.

• U.S. launches fluctuated, with a low of 24 in 1995 and a high of 37 in 1997,

showing an upward trend toward the end.

• Japan's launches were minimal and inconsistent, varying between 1 and 4 with no
clear upward or downward trend.

• Overall, the gap between the U.S. and Japan remained large, emphasizing the U.S.'s
dominant role in space launches during these years

[Link] Production Meat production for veal and lamb for the years 1960-2000 is
shown here. (Data are in millions of pounds.) Construct a compound time series
graph for the data. What comparison can be made regarding meat production?

Analysis of the Graph

• Both veal and lamb production show a steady decline from 1960 to 2000.

• Veal production started higher than lamb and consistently remained higher until
after 1990, when lamb production slightly exceeded veal.

• By 2000, both meats had dropped to low production levels: veal (225 million lbs),
lamb

36
 (234 million lbs) — indicating a significant reduction in consumption or production
focus.

•Lamb production show a steep decline compared to veal, and even a small

increase around 1990, suggesting a temporary rise in lamb demand or production.

22. Murders in Selected Cities For a recent year, the number of murders in 25
selected cities is shown. Construct a frequency distribution using 9 classes, and
analyze the nature of the data in terms of shape, extreme values, etc. (The
information in this exercise will be used for Exercise 23 in this section.

a.) Data Raw Data(25 values): 248, 348, 74, 514, 597, 270, 71, 226, 41, 39, 366,
73, 241, 46, 34, 149, 68, 73, 63, 65, 109, 598, 278, 69, 27.

b.) Range and Class Width

• Minimum value: 27

• Maximum value: 598

• Range: 598-27 =571

c.) Class Intervals

d.) Tallying Frequencies

27, 34, 39, 41, 46, 63, 65, 68, 69, 71, 73, 73, 74, 109, 149, 226, 241, 248, 270,
278, 348, 366, 514, 597, 598

• 27-90:27,34,39,41,46, 63,65, 68, 69, 71, 73, 73, 74 → 13 (But we only need up to
90, so exclude 109 and above) →10

• 91-154:109,149→2

37
• 155-218:None→0

• 219-282:226,241,248,270,278 →5

• 283-346:Noneinthisexact interval → 0

• 347-410:348,366→2

• 411-474:None→0

• 475-538:514→1

• 539-602:597,598→2 Final Frequency Table

Data Analysis

• Shape: The data is positively skewed (right-skewed) because the majority of

cities have a low number of murders, but there are some extreme high values
(outliers).

• Extreme values(Outliers): Cities with murder counts above 500 (514, 597, 598)
are extreme and pull the data's distribution to the right.

• Gaps:There are several empty intervals (155-218, 283-346, etc.), suggesting

clustering in specific ranges.

• Concentration: Most cities (10 out of 25) fall into the lowest class (27-90)

23. Construct a histogram, frequency polygon, and ogive for the data in Exercise
22. Analyze the histogram.

38
 Cumulative Frequencies:

Analysis of Histogram

• The histogram will likely show right skewness (positive skew), as higher murder
counts (e.g., 598) are less common but extreme.

• Most cities fall in lower intervals (20-86), showing concentration of data on

the left.

• Presence of outliers in the upper intervals (e.g., 598).

• Data is not symmetrical and shows a long tail to the right

39
24. Recycled Trash Construct a Pareto chart and a horizontal bar graph for the
number of tons (in millions) of trash recycled per year by Americans based on an
Environmental Protection Agency study.

a.) Data for Graphs

b.) Pareto Chart

40
c.) Horizontal Bar Graph

[Link] Thefts The results of a survey of 84 people whose identities were

stolen using various methods are shown. Draw a pie chart for the information.

Data for Pie Chart

41
26. Needless Deaths of Children The New England Journal of Medicine predicted the
number of needless deaths due to childhood obesity.

[Link] Visitors The number of visitors to the Historic Museum for 25 randomly
selected hours is shown. Construct a stem and leaf plot for the data.

42
43