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Progress Digital Documentation (Advanced)
Communication Skills-I| Electronic Spreadsheet(Advanced)
DSelf Management Skills-l Database Management System
ICT Skills-||
Maintain Health, Safety and
Entreprereurial Skills-I| Secure Working Environment
DGreen Skils-|
 Part A(Employability Skills)
Chapter I
Communication Skills-ll
The word
communication comes the Latin word
communicare meaning to [Link] Being able to
Various cOmponents or forms of non-verbal
communication are
communicate
Iife skills. effectively is one of the most important Eye contact
There are three important parts of Facial expressions
"
Transmission The sender communication.
transmits the message to
" Gestures
the receiver through a medium. Body language
"Receiver The receiver gets the message and Posture and body orientation
interprets it into meaningful information, " Space and Distance
.Feedback The feedback of this meaningful Proximity
information is conveyed back to the sender to " Humour
complete the communication cycle. " Touch
Silences
Methods of Communication Visual communication
The methods or types of "Para-linguistic (tonel pitch/
below: communication are described inflection)
Personal appearance
Verbal Communication Symbols
Verbal communication means Visual Communication
spoken oral and written [Link] through
It implies use of words
which make up a language. It is the ability to Visual communication conveys ideas and
forms that can be seen, It is also known information in
communicate using words in understandable language as graphic
ie. English, Hindi, French, Urdu etc. communication.
and
It includes graphic design,
illustration
animation, books, print,
Verbal communication are of two
types. These are media, interactive web design,magazines,
motion
screen based
graphics,
" Oral communication lt means film, visual imagery for advertising and short
through the mouth (speaking) and communication
the ears corporate identity and packaging designpromotion,
etc.
(listening). TWo individuals conversing with The Communication Cycle
other, either face-to-face or through the each
an example of oral telephone is The main steps in a communication form is
" Written
communication. communication cycle. These steps are shown and
communication This is a medium of explained below
Communication that entails the written word. Letters,
e-mails, websites, memorandums, reports,
manuals, quotations, newsletters,
forms of written
notices,
newspapers etc., are Mes ageEncoder
Sender
Channel Decoder Message
Recever

communication. Feedback
Non-Verbal Communication " The Communicator or Sender is the person or
Non-verba word. [Link]
Ma or writtencommunication it
without using any organisation originating the communication, It
decides what the message is, how it will be
relies on various
non-gns,verbal cues such as physical movements, colors,
siattitudes
expressed and sent, and who it is to be sent to.
symbol s, body language etc, to express feelings,
or information. Encodlng means to change the message into a
form suitable for sending.
S0 iSucceed Information Technology Class 10

about a qeneral overview. e.q., 1like the way you

The Message is tie actul fotion that the
sender wishes to corvr to the rrever. described your grandfather's character. It makes
too,
The Meium or Chamnel is the mens by which me feel like l know him
3, Now-SpecHic Foedback The non-specificthe
feedback, on the other hand, talks about
e t e the telerore (e.a. urQent entire think while giving a general overview, It
messAEs), while others ay be more effecthe if does not pxarticularly pinpoint is specific
sent via eletrc s such as -ail. think/feature.
" Transmission o messae descies one-way, eg.. 1ike your story. It is good.
Efective Communication
meSsAgE and rrsits it throug a charnel to a I is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions
knowledoe and data so that the message is received ond
" The Recever is the person or orgisatior to understood with clarity and purpose. When we
whom the message is sent. coNINicate effectively, both the sender and receiver
" Decoding is the process n wbich the recever feel satisfied.
inteprets and unaerstands the message.
" Feedback is the receiver's resprse to the Barriers to Effective Communication
messAgE. Reçuestìng claritication is N of a Anything that prevents or disturbs the sending or
oO feedhuck piSE of a comNication cycle. receivng of a comnication or message is considered
W t feedback, the conication cycle as a bamier to cominication, Speaking louder to drown
remains incomplete. ut the noise is a measure to overcome a bamier to
cONYNINvication.
Meaning and Importance of Feedback
Feedbeck is the fal stey à the communicat on cycle. The types of bariers toeffective communication include
* is the rrever's resvse to te message, whici Physical and Emvironment Based Barriers
ensbles the sender to evakuate the etfectieneSs of the These are evironmental factors which prevent or
message sent.
reduce the sending and receiving of commnications.
Tus, feedhack plous a very mportant role in They include physical distance, distracting noises and
cormicatin cle. f there is cbsence of feedback similar interferences.
then t wil lead to a conmnication barier.
For example, f tie recever does't nderstand the
Interpersonal Barriers
mearing of the messaoe, the serder can korcOw this bN They arise from the judgements, emotions and social
the feedbeck receed and can improve the message values of people. They cause a psychological distance
Gccordingly. between people similar to the physical distance. Thus,
For tihe feedbock to be efiecthe, t must be clear, well sometimes the message may not be understood at all.
At other tiìmes, part of the commnication is only
in time, spectie, having the night ottitude, true and understood. In other cases, the message may be
honest, imnpersonal and infomatve, It is important
becouse proper feedbock helps avoid misunderstandings. wrOngly interpreted.
Semantic Barrmiers
Types of Feedback These refer to symbols or visuals used in the message.
There are some important feedbck in commnication Tihe barier mas anse due to the sumbol we use, as i
cycle as follows may mean different things to different people.
. Deseriptive Feedbock Adescriptve feedback on For example, the `thumbs up gesture is recognised as a
the contrary, provides meaningful infomation in sign of approval or agreememt in European countries, but
a detailed, expensve manner that also contaìms it may be interpreted as an indecent gesture in rural
some aralysis or suggestio ete. areas of lndia. Symbols are of the following three types:
2. Specific Feedbock The specific feedback talks " Linguistic or Related to Language
sbout a thing or particularly without talking " Pictures " Action
Quick Study Notes 81

Intra-Personal Barriers " Don't Assume Anything Without appropriate

It refers to the elements within the individuals feedback, the sender of the message should not
personality which acts as a barrier in receiving, assume that his message has been understood. He
analysing and interpreting the information that is should only rely on suitable feedback about the
available. There are different types of intra-personal understanding of the message.
barriers in an individuals's personalits like selective " Avoid Overconfidence Have a humble attitude
perception, individual differences in communication when communicating amessage. Similarly, the
skills, emotions, preconceived ideas etc. receiver should not be egocentric, othenwise he
Factors Cousing Barriers may fail to understand some important points of
the message he has received.
There are a number of factors which may cause the
barriers to communication mentioned above. Very often "Preconceived Notions/Expectations, Perceptions
the factors are related to culture, especially if the sender and Assumptions When the receiver has a
and receiver of the communication belong to different different perception from that of the sender,
cultures. communication is affected. This can be overcome
Thus, the factors causing barriers to communication by thinkng from the speaker's point of view.
include: " Avoid Making Judgements Communication can
" Poor Planning fail if the message communicated passes some
" Mistrust
judgement against the receiver, as then the
content of the message is not understood in its
" Differences in Meaning/Ambiguity real sense. It makes the receiver defensive, thus
" Distortion creating abarrier. So, this kind of situation
" lmplied Meaning should be avoided.
" Noise " Respect the Receiver There should be mutual
Absence of Feedback
respect for each other by the sender and the
" Time and Distance
receiver for a message to be successfuly
communicated. This will motivate each of them
to take out some time for the other person.
Measures to Overcome Barriers
" Improve the Attitude The receiver should not
To ensure that barriers to communication do not arise
or can be overcome, we can take some steps related to have apathy towards the sender and vice-versa,
otherwise there will be a breakdown in
the factors causing the barriers. The steps to be taken communication.
for overcoming some of these factors are: " Information Overloadi A|tentien Span Overload
" Be Prepared before Communicating Often we
are not properly prepared for communicating a of information or giving too many details reduces
the receiver's ability to concentrate on the
message because we do not have enough important parts of the message.
information or knowledge of what we want to
cOmmunicate. Principles of a Effective Communication
Give Sufficient Time The message should not be The most basic principle for a communication to be
communicated too fast; this is particularly true effective is that the intended message of the sender
for oral messages. If it is not done at a suitable and the interpreted message of the receiver are one and
speed the receiver may miss its important points the same. Although this should be the goal in any
or may not understand it at all. communication, it is not always achieved. Thus, a set of
" Simplify the Language Both the sender and principles needs to be followed to ensure it. The most
receiver of the communication must have popular name of these basic principles is known as 7C's
of Effective Communication,
sufficient knowledge of the language in which
they are communicating. If this is not confirmed, The 7C's of Effective Communication
it is better to use simplified language with easily We communicate at home, at work, with our neighbour
understood words and simple ideas. etc. We communicate in written or oral, audio or visual,
 i SucceedInformation Technology
82

so it is important that we follow the 7C's of effective The Setence

sentence is a set of words thot is complete itself
communication.
osubject and o predicateor port. It
A
These principles of effective communication are: and which contains question,exclomation
1. Completeness The message must be complete, conveys a statement,
commond. It consists ofa main clause and sometimes
meaning that it should convey all the subordinate clauses.
one or more
infomation required by the receiver. Nothing
which may be required by the receiver should be Kinds of Sentence
left out of the message. The sender of the sentences. These are:
message must take into consideration the There are four types of
function example final
reçuirements of the receiver while making the form semtence
punctuetin
message. statement lt John likes
2. Conciseness lt means communicating what you Declarative
tells us Mary.
want to convey in the least possible words so something
that there are no unnecessary bits ot Interrogative question It Does Mory
asks us like John?
infomation in it. Aconcise communication is something
both time-saving as well as cost-soving. command It Stop! Close or
Imperative tells us to do the door.
3. Consideration The sender should have
consideration for the receiver of the message something
while making the communication to be sent. The Exclamative exclamation What a
sender should focus on 'you' instead of or It expresses funny story
surprise he told us!
we', The receiver's viewpoint, background,
mindset, culture, educational level etc.,
4. Concreteness It implies being objective and Phrases
clear, rather than vague, confused or obscure.
Phrases are agroup of words that work together to
communicate an element of speech.
Aconcrete message will have specific facts and
There are five types of phrases as
figures.
S. Clarity It implies emphasising a specific "Prepositional phrase
message in a communication instead of trying to " Appositive phrase
cover to0 many items in one conmunication, It " Participal phrase
makes understanding of the message easier by " Gerund phrase
the receiver.
" Infinitive phrase
6. Courtesy A courteous message is politely worded.
It implies that the message should use words Parts ofa Sentence
which show the sender's respect for the receiver. Asentence consists of two parts, a subject part and a
Thus, the sender of the message should be predicate part, Each part ofa sentence has a
sincerely polite and well-mannered.
particular function, though sometimes both parts may
7. CorrecC ess It implies that there are no not be written for it to be complete.
grammatical, spelling or punctuation erors in the
communication being sent. Parts of Speech
Basic Wrting Skills According to their function in a sentence, wordsinthe
English language are classified as dfferent parts of
Writing skills are an important part of communication,. speech.
Good writing skills allow you to communicate your These are disussed below:
message clearly and easily to a large audience. Noun It is a word for or idea.
we should understand some basic parts of a document a person, place, thing (the 4
parts of a Nouns are sometimes used with an article
such as kinds of sentences, phrases,
construction of a an).
sentence, parts of speech and
paragraph. Example The young boy me a very long
letter from the teacher. brought
Quick Study Notes 83

.Pronon It is a word used in place of anoun, A Example You can have either chocolate or vanilla
pronoun is usually substituted for a specific noun, ice-cream.
which is called its antecedent. " Interjection It is a word used to express emotion. It
Example Jagdish was in a hury, so he washed the is often followed by an exclamation mark.
car himself. Example Oh God! Idon't know what to do about
. Verb ln asentence, the verb expresses an action or this mess.
the state of the subject in the sentence.
Articles
Example Jagdish was in a buy, so he washed the
car himself. An article is a kind of adjective which is always used
with a noun and gives some information about it. The
" Adjectìve It is a word used to modify or describe a words 'a' and 'an' are called indefinite articles because
noun or a prooun. the noun theyqo with indefinite or general. lnstances
Example The young boy brought me a ery long of indefinite articles used in sentences are:
letter from the class teacher. "Iwillreach home within an hour.
"Adverb It describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, " It is difficult to find a one-rupee currency note
or another adverb, but never a noun, in the present day.
Example She laughed loudly. The word "the" is known as adefinite article because it
refers to a specific noun.
" Preposition It is a word placed before a noun or
pronoun to link it to another word in the sentence. Construction of a Paragraph
Example The mouse jumped off the table onto the Aparagraph is a group of sentences dealing with a
floor of the room. particular topic. Paragraphs can be of any length and
" Conjunction It joins words, phrases, or clauses and can vary from only One sentence to even more than ten
indicates the relationship between them. sentences.

Chapter 2 Self Management Skills-ll

Self-management, also referred to as self-control, is Importance of Stress Management
the ability to control one's emotions, thoughts and Stress management is critical for dealing with
behaviour effectively in different situations. This also challenges and setbacks.
includes motivating oneself, and setting goals.
To perform well at work and life in general, you must be
It helps people bounce back from failure and forge
ahead.
able to monage and improve yourself in vaious skills . For a better life Learning stress management skills
including discipline and timeliness, goal-setting, problem
solving, teamwork, professionalism, etc. and applying them to everyday life helps a person
take control of his or her life. Handling stress
Stress effectively builds a positive outlook. Asolution
Stress is identified as a condition in which a person is oriented approach helps in overcoming problems and
tensed and worried. It can affect both our body and our living a better life.
mind. The good stress is called Eustress', whereas the . To improve health Constantly being under stress
bud stress is termed as 'Distress.
affects your health. It makes you prone to various
Stress Management diseases and accelerates your aging process. Research
Stress management refers to focusing human efforts shows that stressed individuals age faster than those
who are stress free.
tor maintaining a healthy body and mind capable of
better with standing stressful situations. Stress refers To enhance performance Stress at work has become
to a physical, mental or emotional strain or tension. common in today's fast paced world. Workplace stress
Small amount of stress have a positive effect and they hampers one's ability to perform well and succeed.
help us stretch ourselves to a new level. Workplace stress may lead to emotional burmout, low
84 iSucceed Information Technology Class

local pord.
self-esteem or a feeling of worthlessness. Nature Walks It meons walking in the
It can also impact your career qrowth, Hence, believe similar such octivity. These wolks may be done more
durino
in the importance of stress management in an than once o doy for short periods of time
organisation and take necessary steps to reduce which we indulge in thought-stopping, not to
i.e.
stress. think about our doy-to-day octivities.
odeçugte
To improve communication Once you start handling " Other Technigues These include getting
When we ws
stress, everything falls in place. Stress management sleep, which is a qood stress reducer.
starts untangling your problems. Your communication refreshed after a night's sleep, we have adequate d
process improves. You open up more and try to time energy.
express your feelings. Misunderstanding are cleared.
Ability to Work Independently
Stress Management Techniques One of the abilities that we require to develop in us is
With proper planning and use of the right techniques, that of working independently. For doing this, we haie
and
stress can be reduced or managed to remain within to become a self-aware, self-motivated
tolerable limits. These techniques have been well-known self-requlating independent person.
from quite some time and involve disciplined exercising Agood way to start becoming independent is by
as wellas various relaxation techniques. They are shown carefully thinking about our own learning style. We
in the diagram below: should find out whether
Stress Monagement Techniques
" We prefer working independently or we need a more
structured environment to work efficiently.
Physical Exercise Yoga Meditation " We are self-motivated or we need regular feedback in
order to make progress in our work.
Other Techniques Nature Walks Leisure " We work best at our own pace or we need to be
prodded by others to work faster.
" Physical Exercise It is an activity done to achieve "We know what it means to be independent.
physical fitness and overall health. lt improves blood
circulation, lowers blood pressure, clears the mind of Necessary Skills for lndependent Working
worrying thoughts, improves our self-image, makes
social
From the above, we can understand that some skills are
us feel better about ourselves and increases required for developing an independent working style.
contact. These are:
combines
" Yoga Yoga is a mind-body practice that " Becoming self-aware, self-monitoring and
physical poses, controlled breathing and meditation or self-correcting.
relaxation. It will help in stress management by
" Knowing what we need to do.
relaxing the body and mind, develop a connection " Taking the initiative rather than waiting to be tola
between the mind and the body, releasing emotional what to do.
energy and helping to breathe more effectively. Doing what is asked to the best of our ability,
Meditation In meditation, we change from our normal without the need for external proddino and work1g
activities to silence. We go beyond the noisy thoughts until the job is completed.
in the mind and enter a state of restful aletness.
During meditation, although we are ina state of deep Self-awareness
rest, our mind is fully alert and awake. Self-awareness refers to our knowledqe and
with your
" Leisure This means spending holidays areas in the understanding of ourselves. It includes our emotioMS,
family and friends, travelling to other activities. beliefs, assumptions, biases, knowledge base, abilites,
country or outside and any other similar motivations, interests etc., So, we should make a
you to
Leisure ives you the benefits of enabling conscious effort to learn about ourselves, i.e. our
you a
indulge in your interests or hobbies, gives relief and abilities, beliefs, likes and dislikes. The feeling ot
provides an outlet for self-awareness enhances our self-cConfidence.
'break from stress,
also provides social contact.
Quick Study Notes 85

There are two types of self-awareness as follows " What are the outcomes that I desire from my
" Internal Self-awareness Internalself-awareness is porticipation in this project? What, if onything, do I
about focusing on your inner values. The emotions, need to do in order to achieve these outcomes?
values, goals, aspirations, everything which we possess
in our inner feelings. Behaviours, thoughts, our Goal Setting
weaknesses and strength which help us present our It is all about finding and listing your goals and then
views and feel in a certain way. These things come planning on how to achieve them. Goals allow you to
under the category of internal self-awareness. separate out what's important.
"External Self-awareness External self-awareness It helps you to focus on the end result instead of less
deals with our feelings and behaviour with others. It important work. This will make you successful in your
is the abilits to look at others. This awareness helps career and persona life.
you decide what others think about you. If you can
We can use SMART method to set qoals. SMART stands
judge whether a person is happy with you or not, then for:
you have better external self-awareness. It certainly
makes a person more effective in paying attention to " Specific Well defined, clear, and unambiguous
others. "Measurable With specific criteria that measure your
progress toward the accomplishment of the goal
Self-motivation
" Achievable Attainable and not impossible to achieve
Self-motivation refers to your ability to dentify
effective methods of making yourself move from " Realistic Within reach, realistic, and relevant to your
thinking about something to taking action about it. life purpose
Everyone is different. Timely With aclearly defined timeline, including a
Some individuals are highly self-motivated while others starting date and a target date. The purpose is to
require external deadlines or some type of reward or create urgency.
penalty in order to move from thought to action. Time Management
ldentiying9 your specific needs in this area is the first
step. Time management is the abilits to plan and control how
you spend the hours of your day well and do all that you
Self-regulation want to do.
Self-regulation focuses on your ability to influence Steps for Effective Time Management are
personal and professional improvement based on your Organize Plan your day-to-day activities and make a
self-awareness and motivation. Useful questions you timetable that you follow.
should ask yourself in an effort to self-requlate yourself " Priorities You make a to-do list that has all your
are:
activities and you rank them in the order of
" Who will directly supervise or guide in my importance. It helps you to get the nost important
project?
With what frequency (daily, weekly etc.)? task done first and also to track what is pendin9.
" What are the deadlines, if any, relevant to my " Control You have a control over your activities and
project? time.
" What are the requirements, if any, for my project? " Track You identify and note where you have spent
These might include progress reports, oral your time. This will help you analyse if you have used
presentations, afinal written report or any other your time effectively or not. It also helps you to
documents? identify time-wasting activities
 iSucceed Information Technology as
86

Chapter 3 ICT Skills-l!

Introduction to Operating System Types
Feotures

Operating System (0S) is the system software that . Tihis operoting system is the
Multi-Tosking logicol extension of
performs all the basic tasks of a computer system. it Onerating System multi-programming operoting
works like on interfoce between the user and the system.
computer harduare resources. It octually controls the . In this 0S, nore than ore
execution of oll the tasks thot ore perfomed in o processes con be executed
computer. concurrently.
It reduces CPU idle time.
"An operating system is o collection of prooroms thot
controls Gnd coordingtes all the tosks Gnd functions in o Microsoft's Windows ar Apo:
Moc 0s.
computer system. It mediaotes between applicotion
progroms Gnd hardwore components." Distributed It uses multiple central
processors to serve multiple re
Operoting System time opplications.
Types of Operoting System It manages a group of independer
Features computers and makes them cooe
Types
" In this 0S. a small amount of to o single computer.
Time Shoring time is allocoted for the Data processing jobs are
Operating System
processing simultoneously. distributed omong the processars
" It provides scheduling to eoch according to their efficiercy. e
process to be run on. e.g. Moc LOCUS etc.
Batch-Processino" Similor types of jobs are grouped
" It wos desiqned to respond to on under batch and these batches
Reol-Time Operoting System are executed without user's
Operoting System event within opredeternined
time. interruption.
" It aims to execute real timne " Jobs are processed in the order
opplicotions such as auto pilot
mechanism used in aircrofts. of submission, i.e. on First Come
First Serve (FCFS) basis. e.g.
" It hos very little user-interfoce DOS, IBM 0S/2, etc.
copobility and n0 end-user
utilities. Multi-Processing " Use of two or more CPUs within
e.g. Windows CE, QNX, RTLINUX, Operating System a single computer system.
V Works, Free RTOS, etc. " Simultaneous processing of two
Single-User " It is designed for one user to more programs by multiple
Operating System effectively use a computer at a procesSors.
time. e.g. Linux, Unix, Windows 2000,
e.g. Windows 9S/NT/2000, DOS, etc.
etc.
" It allows many users to take
Multi-User
Operating System advantage of the computers Operating Systems for Desktop and Laptop
resources simultaneously. Some commonly used operating systems for desktop
" It ensures that problem with one and laptop are as follows :
user doesn't affect the entire
community of users. e.g. Unix, UNIX
VMS, Linux, Windows 2000, etc.
It is an operating system which was first developedi
Single-Tasking . It allows only a single program
Operating System to run at a time. the 1969s. UNIX systems have a Graphical User
Windows
e.q. Palm 0s, etc. Interface (GUI) similar to different Microsoft SUpports
Multi-Programmin " It allows to run several programs which provides an easy way to use platform. It means
at a time using time sharing. which
Operating fully multi-tasking with protected memory
System " This operating system keeps multiple users can run muBtiple programs the same
several jobs in memory at a time without interfering with each crashingthe
time. other or
e.g. Linux, Unix, etc. system.
Quick Study Notes 87

UNIX was one of the first operating system to be Operating Systems for Mobile Phone and
written in a high level programming language, namely C. Tablets
This meant that it could be installed on virtually any
computer for which a C compiler existed. This natural It isan 0S that operates on smartphones, tablets and
portability combined with its low price made it apopular digital mobile devices.
choice among universities. The most common operating systems for mobile phone
and tablets are as follows:
Linux
Android
It is an open source operating system designed primarily
for the PCs and laptops. Linux was designed considering It is the most popular Linux based open source software
Unix compatibility. Its functionality list is quite similar developed by Google in September, 2008.
to that of Unix. One of the most valued advantage of
It is basically designed for touch screen mobile devices
Linux over the other platforms lies with the high like tablets, smartphones, etc. Now-a-days, it is most
security levels. It is a virus free operating system. common 0S used in mobile phones.
Mac 0S (Apple Macintosh) iOS
It is an operating system which was introduced on It is the popular mobile operating system developed by
March 24, 2001 by Apple lnc and was initially named as Apple lncorporation. iOS was introduced on June 29,
system software, which was later renamed as Mac OS. 2007 when the first iPhone was developed. This
Most recent version of OS is based on Unix because it operating system is commonly used in Apple iPhone,
has a good graphical interface. iPod Touch, iPad, Second Generation Apple TV, etc.
MS-Windows
BlackBery
It is aseries of Graphical User lnterface (GU) This is the most secure operating system used in
operating systems developed, maketed and sold by leading smartphones developed by BlackBerry company.
Microsoft. Microsoft introduced an operating BlackBerry was introduced on January l9, 1999. It also
environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as supports WAP I.2.
an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing
interest in Graphical User lnterfaces (GUIs). The most Symbian
popular versions of Windows for personal computers, It was developed on Sth June, 1997 and sold by
mobile devices and server computers are as follows :
Symbian Ltd. It is a mobile OS targeted at mobile
Windows NT, Windows 95, Windows 93, Windows 2000, phones that offer a high level of integration with
Windows ME, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, communication and Personal lnformation Management
Windows , Windows I0. (PIM) functionality.
Solaris User Interface
It is a free operating system originally developed by Sun The user interface is one of the most important parts of
Microsystems in 1993. Oracle Solaris, as it is now any operating system because it allows users to easily
known and owned by Oracle Corporation since Oracle's access the applications and the hardware. It is set of
acquisitions of Sun in Jonuary 2010. comnands or menus.
MS-DOS (Microsoft-Disk Operating System) The user can interact with the computer by using
It is an operating system that runs on PC and mainly two kinds of interfaces:
developed by IBM corporation in 1931. It was the most " Character User lnterface (CUi) This is a
commonly used member of the DOS family of operating mechanism of interacting with a computer system or
System. software by typing commands to perform specific
tasks.
lnitially, MS-DOS was targeted at lntel 8086 processors
running on computer hardware using floppy disks to " Graphical User lnterface (GUI) t is used as an
Store and access not only the operating system, but interface between program and user. This is a
Pplication software and user data as well. computer program that enables a user to
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lo heey the heybdclen, mke se

Cleanng the Comywte Components

Quick Study Notes 89

For example, a cable is damaged, but still working. It " it cannot infect computer hardware like, keyboard,
should be replaced or vepaired immediately to prevent mouse, etc.
any other damage.
The following points should be kept in mind to prevent
Let's discuss how to clean conmmon peripheral devices virus infection:
of computer
" installand use anti-virus software
Computer Monitor
" keep anti-virus software updated
Toclean the computer monitor, you can use a soft " scan all the files that you download from the Internet
lint-free cloth, like cotton and water or special cleaning
liguid. You should not spray water or cleaning liquid " do not open e-mails of an unknown person/sender
directly on the computer monitor as it may run through Preparing Computer Against Virus
the seams.
Keyboard Toprevent our computer from being infected with virus,
Dirt and dust can cause damage to the keyboard. Keys
we should installanti-virus software, run it periodically
and keep it updated, so that it can scan and remove
of the keyboard may not function properly, if dirt enters new viruses.
the keys. You should always clean the keyboard
For ananti-virus program to be effective:
periodically by holding upside down ond shaking it.
Optical Mouse " it needs to run in the backoround at all times.
You can clean the bottom of the optical mouse with a keep the anti-virus software updated, so that it can
clean lint-free cloth. Lens area can be cleaned bå recognize new viruses.
blowing air or cotton swab. "run full disk scans periodically.
CDs and DVDs Firewall
Keep CD/DVD in proper case to prevent damage. If
there is some dirt on the CD or DVD, it may not work Acomputer firewallcould be a programmable device or
a software or a network security system that monitors
at all. Finger prints and dirt can be removed by lightly
and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic
rubbing with a clean lint-free cotton cloth. based on user-defined security rules.
Protecting Computer Against Viruses Firewalls enhance the security of computers connected
Acomputer virus is a software program that attaches to anetwork, such as LAN or the lnternet. A firewall
itself to other programs and alters their behavior. A typically establishes abarrier between a trusted intemal
virus may or may not be destructive. network and untrusted external network, such as the
Some viruses erase data or corrupt programs on the Internet.
computer. VIRUS is an acronym for Vital lnformation Cookies
Resources Under Seize.
Acomputer can get infected with virus in any of the ln computing, cookies are small files which are stored
on a user's computer when you visit a website on the
following ways: Internet. These files are designed to hold data specific
" infected files to a particular client and website.
" infected pen drives When you visit a website, it sends a cookie to your
"infected CD-ROMs/DVD-ROMs computer, where it is stored in a file. Only the website
that creates a cookie can read it, Other servers cannot
" through infected file attachment of e-mails access this information.
Acomputer virus cannot do the following: These files typically contain information about your visit
" it cannot infect files on CD or DVD, if they are closed to the webpage or record your login information, This
for writing. may not always be bad.
 Information
90 iSucceed Technology Clas to
Chapter 9Entrepreneurial Skills-l!
The word 'entrepreneur is derived from the French word 2. Agricultural Entrepreneurship Agricultural
Entrepreneurship can be defined as beino
'entreprendre which means "to do something" or "to
undertake". primarily related to the marketing and production
agricultural
An entrepreneur is an individual who creates a new
of inputs and products used in
activities.
business, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most Women
of the rewards. 3. Women Entrepreneurship
referred to the
entrepreneurship is
The term entrepreneurship refers to the functions entrepreneurial activity led by women, where
perfomed by an entrepreneur. It is the process involving wOmen undertake risks, create enterprises
various actions to be undertaken by the entrepreneur in
organise factors of production, innovate with
establishing a new enterprise. products/services and generate employment
opportunities.
Entrepreneurship and Society
While the concept of entrepreneurship has a wide 4. Small Scale Etrepreneurship Small scale
entrepreneurship refers to starting industries in
meaning, t describes as starting a business using the which manufacturing, trading, providing services,
resources available to a person.
productions are done on a small scale or micro
Entreprereurship hos some positive impact on society Scale, These businesses serve as the backbone of
such as many developing countries.
" Accetuates economic qrowth
Characteristics/Qualities of Entrepreneur
" Fosters creativity For the successful enterprise, it is important to
" Stimulates innovation and eficiency understand the characteristics/qualities of successful
"Creates jobs and employment opportunities entrepreneurs and it is described below:
" Solves the problems of the society " Leadership An entrepreneur must possess the
"Encourages welfare of the society characteristics of leadership and must lead a team for
Society pays role in bocsting entrepreneurship by achievement of goals. The leader is able to clearly
articulate their ideas and has a clear vision.
" Creates needs and demands
" Risk Taking An entrepreneur with rational planning
" Provides raw materials
and firm decisions bear the risks. They have
"Enables financial support differentiated approach towards risks.
" Creates a need for education
"Innovativeness With the changing needs and
"Catalyses policy formation and reform requirements of customers production should mt
" Focilitates networking requirements with the help of innovative ideas.
" Supports infrastructure development Goal-oriented Goal-oriented entrepreneurs achieve
the maximum results from their efforts in business
Types of Entrepreneurship Activities due to the fact they work towads clear and
Some common entrepreneurship activities velated to measurable targets.
society include: Decision-Maker An entrepreneur has to take many
I. Social Entrepreneurship Social entrepreneurship decisions to put his business idea into reality. He
can be understood as creation of sustainable
chooses the best suitable and profitable alternatve.
solutions for social problems that leads to social " Motivator An entrepreneur has to createa spiritof
change by employing entrepreneurial mindset,
social team work and motivate them, So that he gets
processes and operations. ln
entrepreneurship, research is conducted to cooperation from the employees.
completely define a specific and core social " Self-confident An entrepreneur should have won'tbe
problem. confidence to achieve his goals otherwise he
able to convince his team to achieve his goals.
Quick Study Notes
91

Action-oriented An entrepreneur should have an . Helpful in Copital Formation An entrepreneur is

action oriented vision and ideology to plan things well.
helpful in copital formation as we know that increase
Dunamic Agent An entrepreneur creates new needs in the rate of capital formation is quite essential for
and new means to satisty them. He has the abilitu to the economic development of any country.
wisualise new ventures and new plans.
Increase in Employment Opportunities An
.Hioh Achiever Entrepreneurs are high achievers as entrepreneur creates maximum employment
they have a strong urge to achieve. The most opportunities in the society by way of establishing
important characteristic is his achievement new industries, developing and expanding the existing
motivation.
industries and by undertaking innovative activities.
Trust in Self An entrepreneur believes on their own
" Development of New Production Techniques An
decisions and actions as he has trust in bis
norseverance and creations. He does not believe in entrepreneur does not feel contended only with the
luck. existing techniques of production.
Visionary Leader An entrepreneur has a good vision
Functions of an Entrepreneur towards the achievement of his goals. He is able to
The various functions of an entrepreneur are as follows recognise profitable opportunities and conceptualise
" Innovation It includes introducing new products, strategies.
opening new markets, new sources of raw material " Higher Productivity Entrepreneurs have the ability
and new organisation structure. to produce more goods and services with less inputs.
. Risk-Taking An entrepreneur has to take risk by They play an important role in raising productivity.
choosing one among various alternatives. " Initiator An entrepreneur is the one who initiates the
" Organisation and Management An entrepreneur process of creating an enterprise by coming up wth
organise and manage various economic and hunman the idea for the business and planning out how to
foctors through planning, coordination, control, turn that idea into reality.
supervision and direction. e Risk Taker In an enterprise, an
" Size and Scale of Business Unit An entrepreneur, being
the owner, is the biggest risk taker.
entrepreneur has
to decide about the size of business unit as he wants
to establish one production unit or more dependent Backbone of Capitalist System Capitalist economy
is One in which there is a freedom to save and invest
upon the demand of the product.
to compete and operate any business.
Appointment of Managerial and Other Work Force " Ingredient of Modern Production System An
It is the entrepreneur who appoints the
management
staff as well as other work force as per the entrepreneur has become the 'balancing whee' of
modern global economy. They seek the unique
requirement and needs of the enterprise. product, change the technical frontiers and reshape
Factors of Production The factors of public desires.
production ie.
land, labour, capital etc., should be in appropriate
proportion and to maximise output of these factors is Importance of Entrepreneurs
the vesponsibility of the The importance of entrepreneurs are as follows
Control and DirectionHeentrepreneur.
must exercise e Free Market Evolution In a free market,
all departments and direct them on a control over entrepreneurs are able to respond to changing
timely basis.
Kole and Significance of customer preferences, prices, shifts in demand etc.
The ro'e and significance of Entrepreneurs Efficiency Improvements Entrepreneurs tend to
ollows: entrepreneurs are as adapt in an established business and increase their
Organiser of Societu's Productive Resources An own efficiency.
entrepreneur is the organiser of society's productive . New Markets Entrepreneurs can often 'redefine the
resources. rules' of an established industry.
 Information
92 i Succeed Technohgy
Importont than Industry
Taletis More industry on
"New Values Sometimes, entrepreneurs choose ethics true os the
chooses
nature of entreprener
grestly etfects the sUCCess Gnd Grontih
over profit ond offer omore ethicol product to the
world and are tronsporent obout it For example, businesS.
up's are Successful Mostly in the
Joipur rugs has multple ortisons who work towords " Most Stort countries start up' s foil as they id me
making rugs that ore sold around the world developing high profits.
monsge to eorm
Myths about Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship as o Coreer Option
Entrepreneurship is o set of octvities performed'by the Gppeor as thuch or
entrepreneur. It is the process of ident1tying Beingon entrepreneur moy youngsters. Afo,
opportunties in the market ploce. implousible profession to umerous
hoving their Very own
Gwore that
people ore not even be choice
o
It is the ottempt to creote value. Mony entrepreneurs
believe a set of myths obout entrepreneurship ond the business or independent work con
choices come
most common are as follows Onre the aworeness of the two coreer rats
how toking the
" Starting a Business is Eosy In reality, it is o very it isimportont to understand
on individual.
entrepreneurship benefits
difficult ond challenging process to stort a successful entrepreneurial shils and
business. The rate of failure of new ventures is very "Nurtures development of
high but small entrepreneurships ore comporotively copobilities
entrepreneurial mindset
easier to stort. " Enables opplicotion of on
cmbiguit
Lot of Money to Finance New Business Successtul " Develops the ability to hondle foilure and
" Enhonces criticol thining and
problem-sohing cbit,
entrepreneurs design their business with little cash
real world
also. " Provides eorty exposure to the
differently
" Start up's cannot be Financed Under the schemes " Inspires to think obout one's coreer
like MUDRA, entrepreneurs can raise loans fron " Leods to creating difference in society
banks.

Chapter S Green Skills-ll

Sustainable development is the developmet that
Problems Related to Sustainable bevelopmert
satisties the needs of the present without compromising "Poor manogement of natural resources
the capocity of future generations, guaranteeing the " Pollution exceeds
balance between economic qrowth, care for the " Soil erosion, atmo0spheric pollution
environment and social well-being.
" Effects of economic activities
The importont principles of sustainable development are:
. Observed to get worse as income rise.
" To carefully utilise all resources.
the demands . Rise in population is another problem
" To conserve resources so that they meet
and requrements of the future generations. " Rise in demand for energy
" Tominimise the depletion of natural resources.
The concept of sustainable development was popularised Short--Term Solutions resources
in 1987 by the United Nations WorldCommission on " llegal deforestation andsmuggling of forest
Environment and Development. should be stopped.
" Proper balance ought to be maintained between
Importance of Sustalnable Development deforestation and afforestation.
" Proper Use of Means and Resources " Planning and building of industrial zones to many
" Development of Positive Attitude and process are types of wastes.
" Development Based onPeople's Participation " Proper treatment system, recycling of waste
and ther
" Limitation of Development
proper disposal should be undertaken.
" Long Lasting Development
Osick Study Notes 93

Adotiar f Roinwcter Harvesting Techniqes, "Qualty edstion

drio Sorinier imigction Gnd use of aternotie saCes
" Gender eqcity
fenegy
" Roter Gnd sentstin for ail
Poluting industries shouid be relocoted cutside the " Afordsbie reaie sustaincble srd mcdern eneerg
Gties, for oWoy from the populcted oress for al
Long-Term Solutions " Sustaincbie econcmi groutr
.Govermert shauld meke policies ogainst lega " Ifestrcture, proumcte susteirctie industra scticr
octities Gnd foster irngctior
.wcreness compaigns " Reduce ineqty
.Ecolocy must be protected
" Moke cties incusie, sofe resiliert ord rdctin
" Taxes and fines " Sustaircble cosumptior crd proouctior.
.Sustainabie agricuiture must be promoted such as e Urgert octior to combet cimete cherçesnd ts
permocuiture, ogroforestry, mired farming, mutiple impocts
oppna Gng Top rototion.
" Consere Gnd sustoincbly se ocesns sess ard marine
United Notions Sustainable bevelopment Summit
(2015) sets global development goals. These goals are resources
termed cs Agendo 2030. The goals are: " Sustsircbiy manage forests, hat and reerse lard
"End poverty degradation, hat biodihersty loss
" Pescef and incusie societies
" Hunger
" Heathy " Global portnership for sustaincble develcpmert
 Specifie Skills)
Part B (Subject S
Chapter l Digital Documentation (Advanced)
Word processing, spreadsheet and presentation are most Description
Types of
common activities performed in an office. OfficeSuite Styles
software is used to perform these activities effectively. style affects the
Adocument is apaper with written contents and the Page Styles This of page. It includesformatting
maroine
and
looks
process of preparing a documnent is called headers and footers, borders ond
documetation, backgrounds.
Word processing software is used for the creation of Paragraph This stule affects the full paragraph.
text-based documents. It is a GUl based software used
Styles Jhen paragraph styles applied, t
controls all aspects of a paragraph's
in the Windows environment. Aword processor is a appearance that include text alignmet
software package that processes textual matter and
creates orqanised documents. tab stops, line spacing and borders. t
can also include character formattino.
There are many software packages available to do the This style affects the block of
job of word processing. Some examples of word Character
characters of a paragraph. Character
processing softwares are Apple)orks, Microsoft Word, Styles stules includes font, size, color or
Staroffice, TextMaker, WordPerfect, etc. boldlitalic formats.
Features of Word Processor Frame This style affects frames and grophics.
Frame style is used to format text
Word processing packages have the following features Styles
frames and qraphic. lt includes text
"Text editing " Auto formatting
wrap, borders, backgrounds and columns.
" OLE
" Formatting text List Styles This style allows you to select, format
GUI lnterface " Graphics and position numbers or bullets in lists.
" Mail merge " Language and grammar
" Security of files " Online help option, etc. Style Groups
Libre0ffice Writer There are style groups that can display in the Styles
and Formatting window
LibreOffice Writer is an extension that allows to create,
edit and view any documents. It is afree and open Style Groups Description
sOurce word processor compOnent of the
LibreOffice Hierarchical It displays the styles in hierarchical
software package you can use it to type letters, list.
newsletters, reports and other documents. It provides All Styles It displays all styles of selected style
tools for editing, formatting and printing of documents. category.
Applied Styles It displays the applied styles in
Advantages of Styles document.
Styles are used to make document more attractive and Custom Styles It displays all user-defined styles.
good. There are some advantages of styles as Automatic It displays styles that will be
" Styles are used to maintain the consistency ofa appropriate to the current contex.
document in different formatting.
Text Styles It displays styles that applied on tex.
" Style make major formatting changes easily replicable
across all the objects that have the same style. Chapter Styles It displays formatting styles used for
Categories/ Types of Styles in Writer heading.
LibreOffice supports the following types of styles
List Styles
It displays formatting styles used tor
number or bulleted list.
96 iSucceed Information Technology Class 10

pter 2 Electronie Spreadsheet (Advanced)

An electronic spreadsheet is used for analysing, sharing Using Scenaros test "what-if" questions. Each
and managing information for accounting purpose, Scenarios are a tool to
edited and formatted
performing mathematical calculations, budgeting, billing scenario is named, and can be
etc. Aspreadsheet is a matrix of rows and columns separately. When you print the spreadsheet, only the
similar to an accounting ledger. The spreadsheet content of the cunrentlyactive scenario is printed
program also provides tools for creating graphs and Using Goal Seek
inserting pictures etc., for analysing the data etc. Some finding the corect inps
examples of spreadsheet software are Lotus l-2-3, Goal seeking is the process of The function f
Quattro-Pro, MS-Excel, VisiCalc, LibreOffice Calc etc. value when only the output is known. kinds of
different
Libre0ffice Cale goal seeking can be built into LibreOffice Calc.
computer software programs like
Calc is aneasy to understand spreadsheet program that Using the Solver
appeals to novice users and professional data miners
Seek. Sover
and number crunchers alike. Solver is a more descriptive form of Goal Seekis
Goal
Calc provides a number of features not present in Excel, can deal with multiple variables as the
specifically
includingasystem which automatically defines a series used tomanipulate one variable cell. lt is
maximize the result accordino
for graphing based on the layout of the users's data. desiqned to minimize or
Calc is alsocapable of writing spreadsheets directly as to aset of rules that you define.
PDF files.
Working with Hyperlinks
Consolidating data Hyperlinks can be used in Calc to jump to a different
DataConsolidation allows you to gather together your location rom within a spreadsheet and can lead to
other parts of the cuent file, to different files or even
data from separate worksheets into amaster worksheet.
In other words, the Data Consolidation function takes to web sites.
data from a series of worksheets or workbooks and
summaries it intoa single worksheet that you can Types of Hyperlink
update easily. There are two types of hyperlinks in Calc as
SUBTOTAL is a function listed under the Mathematical " Absolute link " Relotive link
category when you use the Function Wizard An absolute link will stop working only if the target is
(lnsert - Function). Because of its usefulness, the moved. Arelative link will stop working only if the start
function has a graphical interface. It is accessible from and target locations change relative to each other.
Data menu.
Macros
What -if Analysis A macro is asaved seguence of commands or
What-if analysis is the study of how the uncertainty in keystrokes that are stored for later use. The
the output of amodel or system can be linked to [Link] (000) macro language is very flexible,
different sources of uncertainty in its inputs. Its main allowing automation of both simple and complex tasks.
of a
purpose is to test the robustness of the results Macros are especially useful to repeat a task the same
model or system in the presence of uncertainty to way over and over again.
better understand the relationship between input and
output variables in a system or model. Sorting
What-if analysis searches for errors in the model Sorting data can be automated in Open Office by
through unexpected relationship between inputs and creating a Macro in Calc. Data can be sorted on a singe
outputs. column or more than one column, Each time the Maco
LibreOffice Calc provides these tools for What-if runs the data gets sorted,. Such macros can be wrntte
Analysis: using code in Open Office.
Chapter 3 Database Management System
Dotabase Concept consist of cells at the intersection of records (rows)
A
dotobase is a collection of logically related and fields (columns).
information/data, which is available for One or more . Fields or Columns (Dota tem) It is an area within
users organised in a way, so that it can be easilu the record), reserved for aspecific piece of data. It is
accessed, managed and updated. It is actualy a place, the individual sub-component of one record. It
where related piece of information is stored and various contains set of characters.
operations can be performed on it by the user.
Records or Rows or Tuples t is the collection of data
Components of a Database items of all the fields information) pertaining to one
Adatabase consists of several components. Each entity or a complete unit of information, ie. a person,
component plays an important role in the database COmpany, transition etc.
system environment.
Queries
The major components of database are as follows:
It is an inquiry into the database using the SELECT
Data statement. These statements give you fitered data
It is row numbers, characters or facts represented by
according to your conditions and specifications
indicating the fields, records and summaries which a
value. Most of the organisations generate, store and user wants to fetch from adatabase.
process large amount of data.
Forms
Software
In adatabase, a form is a window or a screen that
It is a set of programs that lies between the stored contains numerous fields or spaces to enter data. Forms
data and the users of database. It is used to contro can be used to view and edit your data. It is an
and manage the overall computerised database. interface in user specified layout.
Hardware Reports
It is the physical aspect of computer, telecommunication When you want to print those records which are
and database, which consists of the secondary storage fetched from your database, desiqn a report. It is an
devices such as magnetic disks, optical discs etc., On effective way to present data in a printed format.
which data stored.
Users Database Server
The term database server may refer to both hardware
t is the person, who needs information from the and software used to run a database, according to the
databose to carry out its primary business context.
esponsibilities. The various types of users which can
ccess the database sustem are as follows: Database Management System (DBMS)
" Database administrator (DBA) It is a collection of programs that enables users to
" Application programmer create, maintain database and control all the access to
" End-user the database. It is a computer based record keeping
system. Some basic processes that are supported by a
Features of a Database DBMS are as follows:
eatures of a database to let you manage your data are
is follows: " Specification of data types, structures and constraints
to be considered in an application.
Tables " Storing the dataitself into persistent storage.
tis the building block of any relational " Manipulation of the database.
Vhere all the actual data is defined database model, " Querying the database toretrieve desired information.
and entered. A
latabase consists of many tables. Tables (relations) " Updating the content of the database.
98
iSucceed Information TechnologyClass t0

Data Integrity Foreign Key

Afield ofatable (relation) that references the primany
Data lntegrity ensures the accuracy, reliability and is referred to as foreign key. The
cOnsistency of the data during any operation. key of another table estoblished wib
relationship between two tables is
Each tupe of data integrits are as follows:
help of foreign key.
" Entity Integrity It defines the primary key of a
table. Entity integrity rule on a column does not allow RDBMS (Relational batabase Management
duplicate and null values. System) database. It uses a
Domain lntegrits lt defines the type, range and Arelotional database is atype of
structure that allows us to identity and access data
format of dataallowed in a column. Domain integrity in the database
states that all values in a column must be of same in relation to another piece of data organized into
type. Often, datain a relational dotabase is
tables.
" Referential lntegrity It defines the foreign key
cOncepts. Referential integrity ensures that data in
related tobles remains accurate and consistent before Data Types
type of daota
Data types are used to identify whichdatabase.
and after changes. (value), we are going to store in the
" User Defined ltegrits If there is some business Fields themselves can be of different types depending
requirements which do not fit any above data LibreOffice
inteoritå then user can create own integrity, which is on the data they contain. Datatypes in
base are broadly classified into five categories listed
called user defined integrity. below
Key Fields " Numeric types
The key is defined as the column or the set of columns " Alphanumeric types
of the database table which is used to identify each Binary types
record uniquely in arelation. Ifa table has id, name and " Date time
known
address as the column names then each one is "Other variable types
as the key for that table. The key field is a unique
identifier for each record. Manipulating bata
the
The following are the types of key fields available in ln adatabase, structure and manipulation of data are
DBMS system: done by some commands. For this, we can use SQL
commands. SQL (Structured Query Language)
Primary Key cOmmands are the instructions used to cOmmunicate
Afield or aset of fields that uniquely identify each with the database to perform specific task that work
record ina table is known as aprimary key. Each with data.
relation has atleast one column for which each row that
attribute
must have a unique value. Only one column Data Definition Language (DDL)
can be defined as a primary key for each table. DDL is used to define the structure of your tables and
Candidate Key other objects in the database. In DBMS, it is used t0
The set of all attributes which can uniquely identify specify a database schema as a set of definitions
each tuple of arelation are known as candidate keys. (expressed in DDL). In SQL, the Data Definition
Each table may have one or more candidate keys and Language allows you to create, alter and destroy
one of them will become the primary key. The database objects.
candidate key of a relation is always a minimal key. Data definition language consists of various commands
follows
that lets you to perform some specified tasks as
Alternate Key " CREATE Uses tocreate objects in the database.
From the set of candidate keys after selecting one of " ALTER Uses to alter the structure of the database
the keys as a primary key, all other remaining keys are table. This command can add up additional columns,
known as alternate keys.
 Quick Study Notes
99

drop existing columns and even change the datatype Various transaction control commands are as follows
of columns invoved in a database table. " COMMIT Used to save the work done.
.DROP Uses to delete objects from the datobose. " SAVEPOINT Used to identify a point in a
.TRUNCATE Uses to remove all records from a toble. to which you can later rollback.
transaction
. RENAME Uses to rename an object. " ROLLBACK Used to restore database to original, since
the last COMMIT.
Dato Manipulation Longuage (DML) " SET TRANSACTION It
DML provides various commands used to access and establishes properties for the
curent transactions.
manipulate doto in existing database. This manipulation
ivoves inserting doto into database tables, retrieving Data Control Language (DCL)
eristing dota, deleting dato from existing tables and DCL commands are used to assiqn security levels in
modifying existing dat.
database which involves multiple user setups. They are
Various doto manipulation language commands are as used toQrant defined role and access privileges to the
follows users. Two types of DCL cOmmands run on
. SELECT Used to retrieve dato from a database. GRANT Used to give user's access privileges to
" INSERT Used to insert dato into a table. database.
"UPDATE Used toupdate existing dato within a table. REVOKE Used to withdraw access privileges given
with the GRANT command.
" DELETE Used to delete all records from a table, the
spoce of the records remains. Introduction to Form

Transaction Control Language (TCL) Foms are used for entering, modifying and viewing
records you likely have had to fill out forms on many
TCL commands are used to manage transactions in
occasions, like when visiting a doctor's clinic, applying
dotobase. These are also used to manage the changes for ajob or registering for school.
mode bu DML statements. It allows statements to be
grouped together into logical transactions. Atransaction When you enter information in aform in Base, the data
is asingle unit of work. goes exactly where the database designer wants it to
ga in one or more related tables.

Chapter 4 Maintain Health, Safety and

Secure Working Environment
Maintain Workplace Safety Falls and Slips Safety Rules
Every organisation must follow a standard set of safety " Keep the moving area clean and clutter free.
rules and procedures. These rules must be stated and
" Workplace must be proper ventilated receive light.
displayed cleary at important areas. "Wear non-slippery footwear.
Basic safety rules to follow at workplace are Fire safety,
Falls and sips, Electrical safety, Use of first aid etc. " Floors must be clean and dry.
" Oil spills, dust must be immediately cleaned.
Basic Fire Safety Rules
Most of the time fire can be prevented using Electrical Safety Rules:
ppropriate measures. " Electrical equipment used should be approved by
" Fire escape plans must be installed at proper a recognised organisation.
"
levels " Workers should be trained to handle the electric
Conduct reqular drills. equipment safely.
" Smoke alarms must be placed at
" Keep workplace a
proper intervals. " Damaged and hazardous electrical eguipment
no-smoking zone.
" Maintenance of safety
should be immediately replaced. Al old and
care of regularly. equpment must be taken workout and frayed switches and wires should be
changed.
100 i Succeed Information Technology

inspected reqular
" Heat emanating eçuipment should be kept away This meant the wire was not wire should hau
from the electrical equipment. Otherwise. the damaged insulated
been changedond replaced witha new safe to touch
Take care that the outlets/ circuits should not be
overloaded wire
due to Fire
CASE Study 3: Hazards
" Switch off and unplug the electrical appliances the plastir
before cleaning or relocating them. Astorekeeper was in a habit oft throwing
waste and packing waste in the backdoor of his store
Use of First Aid The housekeeping staff was in a habit of smoking
First Aid is the immediate assistance provided to the cigarette during their break time.
injured to save life and minimize health loss till the One week the pile of plastic and packing garboge was
proper medical aid/ facility is provided. not cleaned. One of the housekeeping staff just threy
Some rules of First Aid are : the discarded cigarette in that garbage heap of plastics
" Assure the injured to remain calm and not to and packing material.
panic. As the day was hot and sunny, the garbage caught fire
" Keep them warm if they are under shock. Bythe time the fire was noticed, fire flames engufed
" Do not move the victim in case of back/neck the whole back area causing heavy damage to the store
and the backdoor area.
injury.
The fire could have been prevented if the storekeeper
Cccupationat Mazards of Workplace had taken appropriate garbage disposal measures,
Aworker may foce Occupational hazards at workplace. : restricting smoking in the premises.
An occupational hazard is the illness one may acquire
due to his occupation. Prevent Accidents and Emergencies
Like people working in a chemical factory may get Accident: is an unplanned event thot may happen all of
affected due topresence of certain chemicals. Some
a sudden and may lead to unwanted or unprecedented
types of occupational hazards are : Physical hazards, results/outcomes.
chemical hazords, biological hozards, , behavioural
hazords, radiological hazords, ergonomic hazards etc. Types of Accidents
Case studies of haz2ardous situation Accidents may be of following types :
Following are the exomples of hazardous situation when "Accidents at workplace : Slips and fall accidents,
fire
the safety steps are missing or are not followed
properly. " lndustrial disease/illness
CASE Study I : Hazards due to Chemicals " Road traffic accidents
From past 3 years Rahul worked in a chemical factory " Clinical Accidents
where some types of Acids are being manufactured. He " Sports related accidents
is supposed to carry a sample of chemical in a special
flask with a tight cap. Handling Aecidents:
He went to take the sample from the dispenser and did Accidents must be handled carefully. The accident
not fixed the cap properly. While carrying the chemjcal should be handled compassionately without assig1ng
back he slipped and because the cap was not fixed and blame on others.
the chemical spilled over, lower half of his face and one
hand. The worker suffered from severe burns due to "Every organisation must follow SOP (Standard
chemical burns. Operating Procedure) for accident handling
CASE Study 2 : Hazards due to Electric shocks " Safety measures must be placed to prevent
A 30year old servant was electrocuted and lost control workplace accidents.
over his limbs while doing some house chores. After "Immediately call the medical team for any imjuly
investigating, it was found that insulation of the " Stay alert.
electric wire from the night lamp was cracked and ful " Pay attention to and follow emergency drills.
220 volt curent was live on the lamp pole.
 Quick Study Notes
101

Emergency Sources of Wazards

Any unexpected situation that needs immediate The workstation should:
attention and action, " provide sufficient space for the user to alter
An emergency situation might pose a sudden risk to life, position comfortably
properts health etc. and needs intervention to prevent " provide adequate lighting
deteriorating results/ hazards.
"have windows fitted with
" An emergency situation is one that:
alter the sunlight level adjustable coverings to
" threatens the employees, customers or the public " be spacious enough when aworkstation is shared
" disrupts or shuts down the operations bå more than one person
" causes physical or environmental damage The display screen should:
An emergency must be handled immediately to prevent " display well-defined characters of
further losses and to minimize the loss. One must be adequate size
and spacing
alert tonotice any kind of emergency. There are various " have a stable
types of emergencies that may occur at home, School or " image
workplace. have easily adjustable brightness and contrast
" tilt and swivel easily to suit the user
Types of Emergency " be free from qlare and reflections
Some of the types of emergencies are as follows : " Use a separate base for the
screen or an
" Chemical spills " Extreme heat waves adjustable table
Droughts Pandemics The keyboard should:
" Terrorist attack " Fire " be able to tilt easily and should be able to
" Floods " Thunderstorms separate from the screen to allow the user to
Leakage of some hazardous gas/ chemical adopt a comfortable working position
Generally the situation of emergency occurs as a result " have space in front to provide support for
the
of some disaster. Disaster may be either natural or hands or arms of the user
caused by some human activity. " have a matt surface
Some of the types of emergencies that require evacuation " have clearly legible symbols on the keys
are
The work surface should:
" Fire " Explosion
" Floods " provide adequate space for the user
" Earthquake " have alow reflective surface
" Hurricane
" Tornado
" be of an adequate size to allow the
" Toxic material release screen,
"Civil disturbance keyboard and other peripherals to be flexibly
arranged
" Workplace violence " have a stable and adjustable document holder,
which should be at the same level as the screen
Protect Health and Safety at Work and at the same viewing distance
Hazards And Sources Of Wazerds Jorlplace Evacuation
Ahazard is
anything that is the source of any Evacuation is the process of emptying a place in case of
harm, damage or any kind of potential loss potential an emergency, disaster.
life. Hazards can be of of health or
different types depending on the Every company must ensure following points for
industry and the environment
work, The different types of in which the employees evacuation in case of any emergency:
" Physical hazards include: " An evacuation policy : Every organization must
" Chemical
Biological " Mechanical
have an evacuation policy. All the Team Leaders
are responsible for informing about the policy to
their employees about it. Proper attention must
be paid when the Team Leader is informing you
102
iSucceed Information Technology Class 10

You need to save your ife and you can be helptul

about these details. Negligence at this time may else's life too.
cost lives, in saving someone
"Organization must have a designated assembly Healthy Living
point for emergencies, Ensure that every
'Ahealthy body has ahealthy mind - a very popular
leads to a healthu
employee/ worker must know where it is. saying is true. 'Healthy Lifestyle impact on an
"A 'buddy system' for individuals with special being. Ahealthy living has a lastinghealthy environment
needs or disabilities must be desiqnated. This individual which ultimately yields a
place.
system ensures that differently-abled are at home as well as at work
to
assisted and quided out of the premises or the Ahappy and healthy worker will always perform best
impacted area properly. If you are a buddy to his ability.
someone, ensure that your buddy is safe at the
assembly point with you. Ahealthy lifestyle includes :
" Floor plans with evacuation routes in work areas. " healthy eating habits
" physical activities
Ensure that you understand these so you can use
it in time of need. " stress management
" healthy mind
" Assembly areas, where you are required to " sound sleep
assemble after evacuation, must be properly
taken care of. " goal setting
" Periodic evacuation drills should be conducted. Ahealthy lifestyle takes needs practice, commitment
Ensure that you pay attention during these drills. and sincere efforts.