Shear in Beams

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Introduction
When the beam is loaded, it resists loads primarily by means of internal moments M and shears V. The beam must be
designed for both types of forces to carry the loads safely. Flexure is usually considered first to determine the
dimension of the beam section and the reinforcement needed to provide the necessary moment resistance. The beam
is then designed for shear. Shear failure may occur if no shear reinforcement is provided. Experiments have
demonstrated that shear failure is brittle and usually occurs without any warning before failure. On the other hand,
flexural failure characterized by a gradual increase in deflection and cracking and occurs with warning before total
failure. Thus, it is important to make certain that the design for shear must ensure that shear failure does not occur
before flexural failure. The limits on the amount of flexural reinforcement as provided by NSCP 2015 ensure that the
member behaves in a ductile manner.

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NSCP 2015 Code Requirement:
The basic code requirement on shear strength is that the factored shear force 𝑉𝑢 shall be equal or less than the
design shear ∅𝑉𝑛 .
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑛
[Link] Nominal one-way shear strength at a section, 𝑉𝑛 , shall be calculated by:
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
[Link] Cross-sectional dimensions shall be selected to satisfy equation
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𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑)
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where:
∅ = 0.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟, 𝑁
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒, 𝑁
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠, 𝑁

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Shear strength provided by concrete, Vc:
[Link] For non-prestressed members without axial force, 𝑉𝑐 shall be calculated by;
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𝑉𝑐 = 𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
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unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance with Table [Link].
[Link] For non-prestressed members with axial compression, 𝑉𝑐 shall be calculated by;

1 𝑁𝑢
𝑉𝑐 = 1+ 𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6 14𝐴𝑔
unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance with Table [Link], where 𝑁𝑢 is positive for
compression.
[Link] For non-prestressed members with axial tension, 𝑉𝑐 shall be calculated by;

1 0.29𝑁𝑢
𝑉𝑐 = 1+ 𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6 𝐴𝑔
where 𝑁𝑢 is negative for tension, and 𝑉𝑐 shall not be less than zero.

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Shear strength provided by stirrups, Vs:
[Link] At each section where 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝑐 , transverse reinforcement shall be provided such that equation is
satisfied:
𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐
𝜙
[Link].3 𝑉𝑠 for shear reinforcement shall be calculated by:
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑠
where:
𝑠 = 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑣 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠, 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑡 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑝, 𝑡𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑀𝑃𝑎

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Spacing limits of shear reinforcement:
[Link].1 If required, shear reinforcement shall be provided using stirrups, hoops, or longitudinal bent bars.

[Link].2 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement shall be in accordance with Table [Link].2.

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Minimum shear reinforcement:
[Link] A minimum area of shear reinforcement, 𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 , shall be provided in all regions where 𝑉𝑢 > 0.5𝜙𝑉𝑐 except
for the case in Table [Link], where at least 𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be provided where 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝑐 .

[Link] If shear reinforcement is required and torsional effects can be neglected according to Section [Link],
𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be in accordance with Table [Link].

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Critical section for beam shear:
[Link] For beams built integrally with supports, 𝑽𝒖 at the support shall be permitted to be calculated at the face of
support.
[Link] Sections between face of support and a critical section located d from the face of support for non-
prestressed beams and h/2 from the face of support for prestressed beams shall be permitted to be designed for 𝑽𝒖
at that critical section if (a) through (c) are satisfied:
a. Support reaction, in direction of applied shear, introduces compression into the end region of the beam;
b. Loads are applied at or near the top surface of the beam;
c. No concentrated load occurs between the face of support and critical section.

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Steps in vertical stirrups design:
1. Calculate the factored shear force 𝑽𝒖 at critical sections or at any section you want the spacing to be determined.
2. Calculate the shear strength provided by concrete, 𝑽𝒄 :
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𝑉𝑐 = 𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
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if 𝑽𝒖 > 𝝓𝑽𝒄 , stirrups are necessary (proceed to step 3)
𝟏
if 𝝓𝑽𝒄 < 𝑽𝒖 < 𝝓𝑽𝒄 , minimum reinforcement only (proceed to step 5)
𝟐
𝟏
if 𝑽𝒖 < 𝟐 𝝓𝑽𝒄, beam section is capable to carry the required shear
3. Calculate the shear strength 𝑽𝒔 to be provided by the stirrup:
𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐
𝜙
𝟐
if 𝑽𝒔 ≤ 𝟑 𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅, proceed to step 4
𝟐
if 𝑽𝒔 > 𝟑 𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅, adjust the beam size
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Steps in vertical stirrups design:
4. Spacing of stirrups:

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑠=
𝑉𝑠
maximum spacing, 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝟏 𝑑
a. When 𝑽𝒔 ≤ 𝟑 𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅, 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 or 600 mm (whichever is lower)
𝟏 𝑑
b. When 𝑽𝒔 > 𝟑 𝒇′ 𝒄𝒃𝒘 𝒅, 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4 or 300 mm (whichever is lower)

5. Minimum area of stirrup:

𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑑 𝑑
= 0.062 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 ≥ 0.35𝑏𝑤
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡

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Thank you