In recent years, researchers have developed new classification schemes to categorize AM processes.
Let’s explore one such scheme based on Pham’s work:
Pham’s Classification Scheme
Pham’s classification simplifies AM systems into two categories: point-wise and channel-wise
systems. Instead of using the technical terms “1D” and “2 × 1D channels,” we’ll stick to more intuitive
terminology:
1. Point-Wise Systems: These AM processes focus on creating individual points or localized
features. Think of them as precise, fine-detail printers. Examples include laser-based systems
that cure resin layer by layer.
2. Channel-Wise Systems: These processes build continuous channels or paths. Imagine
extruding material along a path to form complex structures. Channel-wise systems are like
sculptors shaping material. Examples include FDM and SLS.
Examples:
Point-Wise: High-resolution jewelry printing, dental crowns, intricate lattice structures.
Channel-Wise: Functional prototypes, aerospace components, automotive parts.
Standards for AM
As AM adoption grows, standards play a crucial role. Various organizations have developed
guidelines to ensure quality, safety, and interoperability in AM processes.
DEVELOPMENT OF AM TECHNOLOGY
How Does Additive Manufacturing Work?
Additive Manufacturing (AM) isn’t just a single process; it’s a comprehensive workflow that impacts
product development from design to manufacturing. Here are the key steps in the AM process:
1. Design / Pre-Print Preparation:
o A 3D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) file is created, representing the design of the
object to be manufactured.
o This digital file serves as the blueprint for the AM process.
2. 3D Printing:
o The CAD file is sent to a 3D printer.
o The printer builds the object layer by layer, adding material according to the design.
o Various AM technologies fall under this umbrella, each with its unique approach (e.g.,
Fused Deposition Modeling, Stereolithography, Selective Laser Sintering).
3. Post-Processing:
o Once the print job is complete, the built object is removed from the 3D printer.
o Post-processing steps include:
Removing support material (if used during printing).
Smoothing the surface.
Additional finishing work (e.g., sintering, dyeing, assembling).
Difference Between Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing
While these terms are often used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings:
1. Technically:
o 3D printing is one part of the AM workflow (as described above).
o AM encompasses design, printing, and post-processing for end-to-end manufacturing.
2. Colloquially:
o “Additive manufacturing” refers to more industrial usage of these technologies.
o “3D printing” is commonly associated with hobbyist or desktop-scale applications.
Examples of 3D Printing Technologies:
The ISO/ASTM 52900 standard recognizes several AM processes. Here are a few examples:
1. Material Extrusion:
o Material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle or orifice.
o Example: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM).
2. Material Jetting:
o Droplets of build material are selectively deposited.
o Used for high-resolution printing.
o Example: Inkjet-based 3D printing.
3. Powder Bed Fusion:
o Layers of powder material are selectively fused using lasers or electron beams.
o Example: Selective Laser Sintering (SLS).
4. Binder Jetting:
o A liquid binder is selectively deposited onto a powder bed to create solid layers.
o Used for metal and ceramic parts.
o Example: Metal binder jetting.
