Network Synthesis and Analog Filters Lecture: Transient

Circuits-II

Sitangshu Bhattacharya
Electronic Structure Theory Group
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Indian Institute of Information Technology-Allahabad
Uttar Pradesh 211 015
Email: sitangshu@[Link]
Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Reference Books
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Course structure

Component Unit Topics for Coverage

Component 1 Unit 1 Passive elements, Network topology, Nodes, Paths, Loops,

Network equations, Network Theorems: Superposition,
reciprocity, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Maximum power,
Transfer, Tallegen’s theorem, Millman’s Theorem.

Unit 2 Magnetic couplings, dot conventions, Initial conditions for

networks, Differential equations, Transients in R-L, R-C, R-
L-C, Sinusoidal Steady State analysis, Laplace transform,
Circuit analysis in S-domain, Frequency response of a
network.

Component 2 Unit 3 Network functions, Poles and Zeros, Driving point and
transfer functions, circuits with active devices, Nyquist
stability, Root-Loci method.

Unit 4 Two port networks: Open circuit Impedance Parameter (z

Parameter), Admittance Parameter (y Parameter),
Transmission Parameters, Hybrid Parameters (h
parameters), Two port parameter conversion,
Interconnection of two port network.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Sequential switching and step response in

circuits
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Sequential switching

Multiple keys means multiple time constants

The circuit below shows an example of a sequential switching event. Switch 1 (SW 1) is assumed to have been closed for a long time, and then it
opens at t = 0. Switch 2 (SW 2) is assumed to have been open for a long time, and then at t = 50 [ms], it closes.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Sequential switching

Multiple keys means multiple time constants

The circuit below shows an example of a sequential switching event. Switch 1 (SW 1) is assumed to have been closed for a long time, and then it
opens at t = 0. Switch 2 (SW 2) is assumed to have been open for a long time, and then at t = 50 [ms], it closes.

Before t = 0: (t < 0)

Before t = 0: (t < 0) à Use voltage divider to obtain vc(t) = vc(t0) = 200 V. This is the initial condition for the first switching event from the
circuit at t < 0.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Sequential switching

Multiple keys means multiple time constants

The circuit below shows an example of a sequential switching event. Switch 1 (SW 1) is assumed to have been closed for a long time, and then it
opens at t = 0. Switch 2 (SW 2) is assumed to have been open for a long time, and then at t = 50 [ms], it closes.

Before t = 0: (t < 0)

Before t = 0: (t < 0) à Use voltage divider to obtain vc(t) = vc(t0) = 200 V. This is the initial condition for the first switching event from the
circuit at t < 0. This is also true at t = 0.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Sequential switching

Multiple keys means multiple time constants

The circuit below shows an example of a sequential switching event. Switch 1 (SW 1) is assumed to have been closed for a long time, and then it
opens at t = 0. Switch 2 (SW 2) is assumed to have been open for a long time, and then at t = 50 [ms], it closes.

Before t = 0: (t < 0)

Before t = 0: (t < 0) à Use voltage divider to obtain vc(t) = vc(t0) = 200 V. This is the initial condition for the first switching event from the
circuit at t < 0. This is also true at t = 0.
Between 0 < t < 50 msec:
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Sequential switching

Multiple keys means multiple time constants

The circuit below shows an example of a sequential switching event. Switch 1 (SW 1) is assumed to have been closed for a long time, and then it
opens at t = 0. Switch 2 (SW 2) is assumed to have been open for a long time, and then at t = 50 [ms], it closes.

Before t = 0: (t < 0)

Before t = 0: (t < 0) à Use voltage divider to obtain vc(t) = vc(t0) = 200 V. This is the initial condition for the first switching event from the
circuit at t < 0. This is also true at t = 0.
Between 0 < t < 50 msec:
This is a natural response problem, and the Thevenin equivalent resistance
connected to the capacitor is 50 kΩ.

Therefore, the time constant is τC = 50 kΩ x 2 μF = 0.1 sec = 100 msec.

 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Sequential switching

Multiple keys means multiple time constants

The circuit below shows an example of a sequential switching event. Switch 1 (SW 1) is assumed to have been closed for a long time, and then it
opens at t = 0. Switch 2 (SW 2) is assumed to have been open for a long time, and then at t = 50 [ms], it closes.

Before t = 0: (t < 0)

Before t = 0: (t < 0) à Use voltage divider to obtain vc(t) = vc(t0) = 200 V. This is the initial condition for the first switching event from the
circuit at t < 0. This is also true at t = 0.
Between 0 < t < 50 msec:
This is a natural response problem, and the Thevenin equivalent resistance
connected to the capacitor is 50 kΩ.

Therefore, the time constant is τC = 50 kΩ x 2 μF = 0.1 sec = 100 msec.

This is more than the 50 msec key event. This means that even before the
discharge occurs to one time constant, the 50 msec key closes.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Sequential switching

Multiple keys means multiple time constants

The circuit below shows an example of a sequential switching event. Switch 1 (SW 1) is assumed to have been closed for a long time, and then it
opens at t = 0. Switch 2 (SW 2) is assumed to have been open for a long time, and then at t = 50 [ms], it closes.

Before t = 0: (t < 0)

Before t = 0: (t < 0) à Use voltage divider to obtain vc(t) = vc(t0) = 200 V. This is the initial condition for the first switching event from the
circuit at t < 0. This is also true at t = 0.
Between 0 < t < 50 msec:
This is a natural response problem, and the Thevenin equivalent resistance
connected to the capacitor is 50 kΩ.

Therefore, the time constant is τC = 50 kΩ x 2 μF = 0.1 sec = 100 msec.

This is more than the 50 msec key event. This means that even before the
discharge occurs to one time constant, the 50 msec key closes.
But, these are memoryless circuits! Thus the final voltage on the capacitor
after a long time is 0 V.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Sequential switching

Multiple keys means multiple time constants

The circuit below shows an example of a sequential switching event. Switch 1 (SW 1) is assumed to have been closed for a long time, and then it
opens at t = 0. Switch 2 (SW 2) is assumed to have been open for a long time, and then at t = 50 [ms], it closes.

Before t = 0: (t < 0)

Before t = 0: (t < 0) à Use voltage divider to obtain vc(t) = vc(t0) = 200 V. This is the initial condition for the first switching event from the
circuit at t < 0. This is also true at t = 0.
Between 0 < t < 50 msec:
This is a natural response problem, and the Thevenin equivalent resistance
connected to the capacitor is 50 kΩ.

Therefore, the time constant is τC = 50 kΩ x 2 μF = 0.1 sec = 100 msec.

This is more than the 50 msec key event. This means that even before the
discharge occurs to one time constant, the 50 msec key closes.
But, these are memoryless circuits! Thus the final voltage on the capacitor
𝑣𝑐 𝑡 = 0 + [200 − 0]𝑒 !"/$.&'() , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 50 ms after a long time is 0 V.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Sequential switching

Multiple keys means multiple time constants

The circuit below shows an example of a sequential switching event. Switch 1 (SW 1) is assumed to have been closed for a long time, and then it
opens at t = 0. Switch 2 (SW 2) is assumed to have been open for a long time, and then at t = 50 [ms], it closes.

Before t = 0: (t < 0)

Before t = 0: (t < 0) à Use voltage divider to obtain vc(t) = vc(t0) = 200 V. This is the initial condition for the first switching event from the
circuit at t < 0. This is also true at t = 0.
After t > 50 msec:
At t = 50 msec, the capacitor voltage is: 𝑣𝑐 𝑡 = 200𝑒 !$.$*/$.& = 121.31 V
This is the initial condition for the second switching event.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Sequential switching

Multiple keys means multiple time constants

The circuit below shows an example of a sequential switching event. Switch 1 (SW 1) is assumed to have been closed for a long time, and then it
opens at t = 0. Switch 2 (SW 2) is assumed to have been open for a long time, and then at t = 50 [ms], it closes.

Before t = 0: (t < 0)

Before t = 0: (t < 0) à Use voltage divider to obtain vc(t) = vc(t0) = 200 V. This is the initial condition for the first switching event from the
circuit at t < 0. This is also true at t = 0.
After t > 50 msec:
At t = 50 msec, the capacitor voltage is: 𝑣𝑐 𝑡 = 200𝑒 !$.$*/$.& = 121.31 V
This is the initial condition for the second switching event.
The Thevenin`s resistance at this event becomes: 50 || 200 kΩ. Thus, the new
time constant is now (50 || 200) kΩ x 2 μF = 80 msec.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Sequential switching

Multiple keys means multiple time constants

The circuit below shows an example of a sequential switching event. Switch 1 (SW 1) is assumed to have been closed for a long time, and then it
opens at t = 0. Switch 2 (SW 2) is assumed to have been open for a long time, and then at t = 50 [ms], it closes.

Before t = 0: (t < 0)

Before t = 0: (t < 0) à Use voltage divider to obtain vc(t) = vc(t0) = 200 V. This is the initial condition for the first switching event from the
circuit at t < 0. This is also true at t = 0.
After t > 50 msec:
At t = 50 msec, the capacitor voltage is: 𝑣𝑐 𝑡 = 200𝑒 !$.$*/$.& = 121.31 V
This is the initial condition for the second switching event.
The Thevenin`s resistance at this event becomes: 50 || 200 kΩ. Thus, the new
time constant is now (50 || 200) kΩ x 2 μF = 80 msec.
Therefore the new voltage decay process for t ≥ 50 msec is:

"!*$ ,'()
𝑣𝑐 𝑡 = 121.31𝑒 ! -$ ,'() V This is a bounded response.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

An unbound circuit example

How much is 𝑣0 𝑡 for t ≥ 0

 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

An unbound circuit example

How much is 𝑣0 𝑡 for t ≥ 0

For t > 0, the capacitor seems to “discharge” via a circuit with a current-controlled current
source, which can be represented by a Thevenin equivalent.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

An unbound circuit example

How much is 𝑣0 𝑡 for t ≥ 0

For t > 0, the capacitor seems to “discharge” via a circuit with a current-controlled current
source, which can be represented by a Thevenin equivalent.

Since there is no independent source, VTh = 0, while RTh can be determined by the test source
method:
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

An unbound circuit example

How much is 𝑣0 𝑡 for t ≥ 0

For t > 0, the capacitor seems to “discharge” via a circuit with a current-controlled current
source, which can be represented by a Thevenin equivalent.

Since there is no independent source, VTh = 0, while RTh can be determined by the test source
method:

𝑣𝑇
𝑅𝑇ℎ = = −5 𝑘Ω
𝑖𝑇
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

An unbound circuit example

How much is 𝑣0 𝑡 for t ≥ 0

For t > 0, the capacitor seems to “discharge” via a circuit with a current-controlled current
source, which can be represented by a Thevenin equivalent.

Since there is no independent source, VTh = 0, while RTh can be determined by the test source
method:

𝑣𝑇
𝑅𝑇ℎ = = −5 𝑘Ω RTh is now a negative quantity.
𝑖𝑇
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

An unbound circuit example

How much is 𝑣0 𝑡 for t ≥ 0

For t > 0, the capacitor seems to “discharge” via a circuit with a current-controlled current
source, which can be represented by a Thevenin equivalent.

Since there is no independent source, VTh = 0, while RTh can be determined by the test source
method:

𝑣𝑇
𝑅𝑇ℎ = = −5 𝑘Ω RTh is now a negative quantity.
𝑖𝑇
𝑣0 = 𝑣0 0 + = 10 V, 𝜏 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ𝐶 = −25 msec < 0

𝑣0 𝑡 = 10𝑒 ./$" V … grow without limit.

 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

An unbound circuit example

How much is 𝑣0 𝑡 for t ≥ 0

For t > 0, the capacitor seems to “discharge” via a circuit with a current-controlled current
source, which can be represented by a Thevenin equivalent.

Since there is no independent source, VTh = 0, while RTh can be determined by the test source
method:

𝑣𝑇
𝑅𝑇ℎ = = −5 𝑘Ω RTh is now a negative quantity.
𝑖𝑇
Reasons for unbound:
Since 10 kΩ and the 20 kΩ resistors are in 𝑣0 = 𝑣0 0 + = 10 V, 𝜏 = 𝑅𝑇ℎ𝐶 = −25 msec < 0
parallel, ⇒ i10kΩ = 2i∆, the capacitor is
actually charged (not discharged) by a 𝑣0 𝑡 = 10𝑒 ./$" V … grow without limit.
current of 4i∆!
Charging effect will increase vo, which will in turn increase the charging current (i∆ = vo/20 kΩ) and vo itself. The positive feedback makes vo
soaring.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

A step response in a passive circuit

The input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source, vs(t). The output is the current of the inductor, io(t). Determine the output of this circuit
when the input is vs(t) = 4 - 8u(t) V.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

A step response in a passive circuit

The input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source, vs(t). The output is the current of the inductor, io(t). Determine the output of this circuit
when the input is vs(t) = 4 - 8u(t) V.

The solution is , for t > 0

Circuits used to calculate the steady-state

response (a) before t = 0 and (b) after t =
0.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

A step response in a passive circuit

The input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source, vs(t). The output is the current of the inductor, io(t). Determine the output of this circuit
when the input is vs(t) = 4 - 8u(t) V.

The solution is , for t > 0

Circuits used to calculate the steady-state

response (a) before t = 0 and (b) after t =
0.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

A step response in a passive circuit

The input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source, vs(t). The output is the current of the inductor, io(t). Determine the output of this circuit
when the input is vs(t) = 4 - 8u(t) V.

The solution is , for t > 0

Circuits used to calculate the steady-state

response (a) before t = 0 and (b) after t =
0.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

A step response in a passive circuit

The input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source, vs(t). The output is the current of the inductor, io(t). Determine the output of this circuit
when the input is vs(t) = 4 - 8u(t) V.

The solution is , for t > 0

At two different times, the circuit situations are and Circuits used to calculate the steady-state
response (a) before t = 0 and (b) after t =
Therefore, 0.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

A step response in a passive circuit

The input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source, vs(t). The output is the current of the inductor, io(t). Determine the output of this circuit
when the input is vs(t) = 4 - 8u(t) V.

The solution is , for t > 0

At two different times, the circuit situations are and Circuits used to calculate the steady-state
response (a) before t = 0 and (b) after t =
Therefore, 0.

The time constant:

 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

A step response in a passive circuit

The input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source, vs(t). The output is the current of the inductor, io(t). Determine the output of this circuit
when the input is vs(t) = 4 - 8u(t) V.

The solution is , for t > 0

At two different times, the circuit situations are and Circuits used to calculate the steady-state
response (a) before t = 0 and (b) after t =
Therefore, 0.

The time constant:

, for t ≤ 0
Thus, the final result is
, for t ≥ 0
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

A step response in a passive circuit

Homework: The input to the circuit is the voltage of the voltage source, vs(t). The output is the current of the inductor, io(t). Determine the output
of this circuit when the input is vs(t) = 7 - 14u(t) V.

, for t ≤ 0
The solution is
, for t ≥ 0
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source

 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source

The differential equation described by an RL or RC circuit is represented by the general form

 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source

The differential equation described by an RL or RC circuit is represented by the general form

One can use integrating factor to get the solution in terms of CF and PI:

Note: a = 1/𝜏 is the reciprocal of the time constant.

 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source

Example: Find the current i for the circuit for t > 0 when .

(a) A circuit with a nonconstant source

 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source

Example: Find the current i for the circuit for t > 0 when .

(a) A circuit with a nonconstant source

(b) the appropriate equivalent circuit after the switch

opens, and (c) the appropriate equivalent circuit before the
switch opens.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source

Example: Find the current i for the circuit for t > 0 when .

The forcing function y(t) in differential equation is 10e-2t for t ≥ 0.

(a) A circuit with a nonconstant source

The solution for y(t) = ebt in results in:

(b) the appropriate equivalent circuit after the switch

opens, and (c) the appropriate equivalent circuit before the
switch opens.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source

Example: Find the current i for the circuit for t > 0 when .

The forcing function y(t) in differential equation is 10e-2t for t ≥ 0.

(a) A circuit with a nonconstant source

The solution for y(t) = ebt in results in:

(b) the appropriate equivalent circuit after the switch

The forcing function solution in this case takes the shape: for t ≥ 0. opens, and (c) the appropriate equivalent circuit before the
switch opens.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source

Example: Find the current i for the circuit for t > 0 when .

The forcing function y(t) in differential equation is 10e-2t for t ≥ 0.

(a) A circuit with a nonconstant source

The solution for y(t) = ebt in results in:

(b) the appropriate equivalent circuit after the switch

The forcing function solution in this case takes the shape: for t ≥ 0. opens, and (c) the appropriate equivalent circuit before the
switch opens.
Therefore the general trick is to isolate the circuit as a forced part and a natural response part. Then find the Norton`s resistance from that part
which has inductor (or a capacitor). Here it is the forced response part.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source

Example: Find the current i for the circuit for t > 0 when .

The forcing function y(t) in differential equation is 10e-2t for t ≥ 0.

(a) A circuit with a nonconstant source

The solution for y(t) = ebt in results in:

(b) the appropriate equivalent circuit after the switch

The forcing function solution in this case takes the shape: for t ≥ 0. opens, and (c) the appropriate equivalent circuit before the
switch opens.
Therefore the general trick is to isolate the circuit as a forced part and a natural response part. Then find the Norton`s resistance from that part
which has inductor (or a capacitor). Here it is the forced response part.
 Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source

Example: Find the current i for the circuit for t > 0 when .

The forcing function y(t) in differential equation is 10e-2t for t ≥ 0.

(a) A circuit with a nonconstant source

The solution for y(t) = ebt in results in:

(b) the appropriate equivalent circuit after the switch

The forcing function solution in this case takes the shape: for t ≥ 0. opens, and (c) the appropriate equivalent circuit before the
switch opens.
Therefore the general trick is to isolate the circuit as a forced part and a natural response part. Then find the Norton`s resistance from that part
which has inductor (or a capacitor). Here it is the forced response part.

From the natural response: The complete response current is then:

The initial condition:

Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Summary of response

Homework
Network Synthesis and Analog Filters

Next class: Sinusoid transients