Chapter No.

1
INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.0 General
Concrete, the single most widely used building material around the globe. is a
heterogeneous composite that consists of combination of readily available basic building
materials including cement, water, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and in some cases,
admixtures or other additives, according to the need. When these ingredients are mixed
together, they form a fluid mass that is easily moulded into any shape. Over time, when it is
cured sufficiently, the cement forms a hard matrix which binds the rest of the ingredients
together into a durable stone-like material, called concrete.
The reason behind the enormous use of concrete in the construction sector lies in its
versatile, reliable and sustainable nature, because of its strength, rigidity, durability,
mouldability, efficiency and economy. The fine aggregate and coarse aggregates generally
occupy 60% to 75% of the concrete volume and therefore, strongly influence the concrete’s
freshly mixed and hardened properties, mixture proportions, and economy. Crushed stone and
gravel are most commonly used as a coarse aggregate in concrete, while natural sand or river
sand as a fine aggregate in concrete.
Sand mining is an activity referring to the process of removal of sand from the
foreshore including rivers, streams and lakes. Sand is also mined from beaches and inland
dunes and dredged from large scale removal of riverbed materials and dredging below the
streambed alters the channel form and shape, that, in turn, has several consequences such as
erosion of the riverbed and banks, increase in channel bed slope and changes in channel
morphology. Removed sand is a direct loss to the river system.
The main objective is to provide more information about the effects of various
proportion of dust content as partial replacement of crushed stone fine aggregate on
workability, air content, compressive strength, tensile strength, water absorption, percentage
of concrete Experiments have been made to check some
1.1 Alternatives for Natural Sand
As the supplies of suitable natural sand near the point of consumption are becoming
exhausted, the cost of this sand is increasing, which is ultimately increasing the cost of the
construction. The demand of sustainable growth of infrastructure in modern times is to find
an alternative material that should not only satisfy the technical specification of fine
aggregate,
but it should also be abundantly available. A lot of research has been done in the past to find
alternate source of fine aggregate. Now a day, with ongoing research and development in this
field, fine aggregate with the desired properties are manufactured by stone crushing.
Manufactured sand can be defined as a purpose made crushed fine aggregate produced from a
suitable source material. Its production generally involves crushing, screening and possibly
washing, separation into discrete fractions, recombining and blending may be necessary.
Manufactured sand is proving to be very beneficial in the areas, where natural sand is not
available, or where there is a scarcity in the supply of natural sand. The introduction of better
crushers tends to give better shaped crushed fine aggregate.
Use of industrial by-products granulated blast-furnace slag (GBS) and coal bottom
ash in concrete has drawn a serious attention of researchers and investigators in recent years.
There are many waste materials of some industries that have been successfully used as a
partial as well as full replacement of natural fine aggregate.
1.2 GGBS: In the present scenario, as a result of continuous growth in population, rapid
industrialization and the accompanying technologies involving waste disposal, the rate of
discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere, GGBS is few of the industrial by-products which
comes out from blast furnace during metal extraction process. In many countries The Ground
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag is a by-product of iron manufacturing industry. Iron ore, coke
and limestone are fed into the furnace and molten slag floats above the molten iron at a
temperature of about 15000C to 16000C as a resultant. The composition of molten slag about
30% to 40% SiO2 and about 40% CaO , Al 2O3(8-24%),and MgO(1-18%),which is almost
equal to the chemical composition of Portland cement. The molten slag, is water-quenched
rapidly, after the molten iron is trapped off which results in the formation of a glassy
granulate. The molten slag consists of mainly siliceous and aluminous residue. This glassy
granulate is dried and ground to the required size, which is known as Ground Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)., there is a scarcity of natural aggregate that is suitable for
construction, whereas in other countries the consumption of aggregate has increased in recent
years, due to increases in the construction Industry. In order to reduce depletion of natural
aggregate due to construction, artificially manufactured aggregate and some industrial waste
materials can be used as alternatives. As a result for the search of alternatives,GGBSis
considered best options available.
 Fig. 1.1: Schematic Diagram Showing the Production of GGBS

Fig. 1.1 gives the schematic representation of different processes involved at

aGGBSand GGBS, which lead to the production of GGBS. It should be noted that different
crusher types are used at primary, secondary and tertiary crushing stages. As a result, the by-
products produced at the end of each stage may show different properties.
1.2.1 Applications of GGBS:

GGBS AND GGBS has a lot of applications in construction and infrastructure sector:
replacement of material in concrete mix. Optimal dosage range of GGBS is chosen based on
 1. concrete mix studies .The ultimate focus of this work is to ascertain the performance
of concrete mix containing
2. GGBS and Compare it with the controlled concrete mix. This is expected to provide:-
3. partially replace sand with GGBS in concrete as it directly influences economy in
construction.
4. design and proportion the concrete mix for M25 grade concrete, As per the
recommendation of IS:10262:2009.
5. find the Volume proportions of the concrete mixes by partially replacing Sand with
GGBS in one phase.
6. check the variation of Compressive Strength partial replacing the sand 0% to 25 %
with GGBS compared

1.3 COAL BOTTOM ASH:

The ash is by-product of coal consumed in the thermal power plant. The effect of
bottom ash on the properties of concrete such as workability, compressive strength, flexural
strength, are discussed elaborately. The coal ash content depends upon the non-combustible
matter present in coal. Rock detritus filled in the fissures of coal becomes separated from the
coal during pulverization. In the furnace, carbon and other combustible matter burn, whereas
the noncombustible matter results in coal ash. Swirling air carries ash particles out of hot
zone where it cools down. CBA displaced from under the furnace accounts for nearly 20%
which is directed to suspension ponds that take over several acres of countryside land. The
particle size distribution and appearance of CBA is comparable to that of river sand. CBA is
comprised of mostly silica, iron and alumina, trace amount of sulphate, magnesium, and
calcium, etc. These chemical constituents in and grading of CBA make it more feasible for
the production of concrete. It has been substantiated by previous researchers who came up
with quite reassuring results when CBA was used partially or totally replacing sand in
concrete because of its fine aggregate quality. The flue gases carry away the finer and lighter
ash particles. In the electrostatic precipitators installed prior to the stack, the ash particles are
extracted from the flue gases. The coal ash obtained from the electrostatic precipitators is
termed as CFA. It is used in construction industry worldwide.

NEED FOR THE USE OF COAL ASH IN CONSTRUCTION Energy is the main backbone
of modern civilization of the world over, and the electric power from thermal power stations
is a dominant source of energy, in the order of electricity. In India, over 70% of electricity
generated is by combustion of fossil fuels, out of which approximately 61% is contrived by
coal-fired plants. This results in the origination of around 100 ton of ash. Most of the ash has
to be disposed of either dry, or wet to an open area serviceable near the plant or by grounding
both the fly ash and bottom ash and mixing it with suitable amount of water and pumping
into artificial lagoon or dumping yards this brings out the pollution in water bodies and ruin
of productive land. The untiring slackening of natural resources and the environmental
imperils posed by the disposal of coal ash has approached appalling proportion such that the
use of coal ash in manufacturing of concrete is imperative than a desire.

Fig1.2:- Manufacturing Process of CBA

1.4 Objectives of the Thesis

1. To apply in broad range. The work reported in this study, coal bottom ash
&GGBSare used as a sand partial replacement of material in concrete mix. Optimal
dosage range of this coal bottom ash &GGBS are chosen based on concrete mix
studies.
2. The ultimate focus of this work is to ascertain the performance of concrete mix
containing Coal bottom ash &GGBS and compare it with the controlled concrete
mix.

3. This is expected to provide:- To partially replace sand with Coal bottom ash and
GGBS in concrete as it directly influences economy in construction.

4. To design and proportion the concrete mix for M25 grade concrete, As per the
recommendation of IS:10262:2009.

5. To find the strength of the concrete mixes by partially replacing Sand with Coal
bottom ash and GGBS in different percent.

6. To reduce the cost of construction but also helps to reduce the impact on
environment by consuming the material generally considered as waste product.
 Chapter No.2
LITERATURE REVIEW
 CHAPTER 2
CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
This chapter presents the literature reviewed on the effect of using GGBS, coal bottom
ash in place of partially replace of sand in the preparation of concrete. Some of the
experimental investigation on the strength and durability behavior of concrete on the use of
GGBS in the place natural sand. The demand for natural sand is quite high in developing
countries since the available sand cannot meet the requirement of construction sector. Under
these circumstances, GGBS, a byproduct from the steel industry which is available
abundantly from rock quarries at low cost in many areas, can be an economical alternative to
the river sand. CBA which performs well in terms of strength and durability, It is larger
partical of fly ash which is mostly used in cement.
2.1.1 Significance of coal bottom ash
Energy is the main backbone of modern civilization of the world over, and the electric power
from thermal power stations is a dominant source of energy, in the order of electricity. In
India, over 70% of electricity generated is by combustion of fossil fuels, out of which
approximately 61% is contrived by coal-fired plants. This results in the origination of around
100 ton of ash. Most of the ash has to be disposed of either dry, or wet to an open area
serviceable near the plant or by grounding both the fly ash and bottom ash and mixing it with
suitable amount of water and pumping into artificial lagoon or dumping yards this brings out
the pollution in water bodies and ruin of productive land. The untiring slackening of natural
resources and the environmental imperils posed by the disposal of coal ash has approached
appalling proportion such that the use of coal ash in manufacturing of concrete is imperative
than a desire.
2.1.2 Significance of GGBS
Sustainability As GGBS is a by-product of iron manufacturing industry, it is reported that the
production of one tone of GGBS would consume only about 1300 MJ of energy which is
lesser than the 5000MJ of energy which is required for the manufacture of one tone of
Portland cement. Manufacturing of Portland cement would require approximately 1.5 tones of
mineral extractions and would generate 0.95 ton of CO2 equivalent. On The other hand
GGBS would generate only about 0.07 ton of CO2 equivalent. Colour Ground granulated
blast furnace slag is off-white in colour. If the replacement is greater than 50% this whiter
colour is also seen in concrete made with GGBS, The more aesthetically pleasing appearance
of GGBS concrete can help soften the visual impact of large structures such as bridges and
retaining walls. For colored
T. Vijayagowri, P. Sravana, P. Srinivasa Rao (2014).
‘Studies on strength behaviour of high volumes of slag in concrete‘ Investigated
the effects on compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of
concrete at 28, 90, 180 and 360 days by partial replacement of cement with GGBFS
on. He used 50% GGBFS as replacement material of cement an also used various
water/binder ratios are 0.55, 0.50, 0.45, 0.40, 0.36, 0.32, 0.30 and 0.27. He observed
that the strength gain by replacement of slag is inversely proportional to the water/
binder ratio and slag concrete gains appreciable amount of strength at later ages (90
days onwards). He found out that the strength of high volume of slag concrete is more
at later ages because rate of hydration of slag with Ca(OH)2 and water is slow. He
concluded that on replacement of cement by 50% GGBFS helps to reduce the cement
content of concrete, thereby reducing the cost of concrete and also protecting the
environment from pollution.

Reshma Rughooputh and Jaylina Rana (2014)

‘Partial replacement of cement by ground granulated blast furnace slag in
concrete ‘Studied the effects on various properties of concrete including compressive
strength, tensile strength, splitting strength, flexure strength, modulus of elasticity,
drying shrinkage and initial surface absorption by partial replacement of OPC by
GGBFS on. The tests were conducted with replacement ranging from 30 % to 50% at
7and 28 days. It was found that compressive strength is lower at the early age but
increase after the later age time. Flexural strength of test specimens increased by 22%
and 24%, tensile strength increased by 12% and 17% for 30% and 50% replacement
respectively. Drying shrinkage increased by 3% and 4%. 3 Static modulus of elasticity
increases by 5% and 13%. Based on the results the optimum mix was the one with 50%
GGBFS.
Mohammed Shariq, Janaka prasad, A.K. Ahuja (2008)
‘Strength development of cement mortar and concrete incorporating GGBFS’ Studied the
effect of curing procedure on the cement mortar and concrete incorporating ground granulated
blast furnace slag compressive strength development. The compressive strength development
of cement mortar is calculated by the 20, 40 and 60 percent replacement of GGBFS for
different types of sand. Similarly the strength development of concrete is investigated with 20,
40 and 60 percent replacement of GGBFS on two grades of concrete. Tests results show that
the incorporating 20% and 40% GGBFS is highly significant to increase the compressive
strength of mortar after 28 days and 150 days, respectively.

Santosh Kumar karri, G.V. Rama Rao, P. Markandeya Raju (2015)

‘Partial replacement of cement with GGBS in concrete’ researched by using 30%, 40% and
50% as cement replacement levels and cured the specimens of M20 and M40 grade of
concrete for 28 and 90 days. He tested various properties of concrete and found that the
compressive strength and tensile strength of mortar mixes with slag when determined at the
ages of 7, 14, 28 and days decreases at early ages of curing (3 and 7 days). The specimens
showed increase in compressive strength when tested at 7 and 28 days, for 20% replacement of
cement. Concrete cubes were also exposed to H2SO4 and HCl of 1% and 5% concentration
and were tested for compressive strength at 90 days and 28 days respectively.

C. Sabeer Alavi, I. Bhaskar, R. Venkata Subramani (2013).

‘Strength and durability characteristics of GGBFS based SSC’ Studied the effects of
partial replacement of cement with 10 - 50% of GGBFS and found that 30% GGBFS
replacement is good as beyond that the compressive strength starts decreasing. He also
concluded that the split tensile strength and flexural strength conducted at 7 and 28 days
increases with increase in GGBFS content. It was also found that the workability increases
with the increase 4 in percentage of GGBFS.
 Magandeep , Ravikanth Pareek and Varinder Singh (2015).
‘Utilization of ground granulated blast furnace slag to improve properties of concrete’ In
there paper observed that when replacement of GGBFS increases from 10 to 40 %, the slump
values of various mix proportions of GGBFS concretes increased. Compressive strength and
flexural strength decrease with increase in percentage of GGBFS at the age of 7 and 28 days
but it increases with the increase in percentage of GGBFS at the age of 56 days. He also
observed that the split tensile strength of the mix with 20% and 30% cement replacement
better performed than at age of 56 days where as the mix with 40% cement replacement
showed a decrease in strength at 56 days. The sulphate resistance and chloride resistance
increased in the specimens with 30% GGBFS content than the specimens without GGBFS.
This is because of the strength gain which takes longer time for the GGBS concrete because
the pozzolanic reaction is slow and depends on the calcium hydroxide availability.

Yogendra O. Patil, Prof P.N. Patil, Dr, Arun Kumar Dwivedi (2013).
‘GGBS as partial replacement of OPC in cement concrete’ Researched on the effects on
compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete when cement is partially replaced with
various percentages of GGBS. The tests were conducted with replacement ranging from 10 %
to 40 % at 7, 28 and 90 days. It was observed that the strength of concrete is inversely
proportional to the percentage of replacement of cement with GGBS. The result shows the
marginal reduction of 4 – 6 % in compressive and flexural strength for 90 days curing with
replacement of OPC by GGBS up to 20% and beyond that of more that 15%. He concluded
that, the cost of concrete reduces at the current market rate by 14% by 20% replacement of
OPC with GGBS.

Khairunisa Muthusamy, Mohamad Hafizuddin Rasid, Gul Ahmed Jokhio (2020).

‘Coal bottom ash as sand replacement in concrete’ The growing population all over the world and
the continued improvement in general living conditions of the humanity present an ever increasing
production of concrete. The concrete manufacturing, however, affects the environment negatively as
its ingredients are derived from natural resources such as sand and rocks, which has caused a
depletion of these resources, especially river sand. Therefore, researchers and practitioners in the
concrete industry have emphasized the need to incorporate
 Siti Nabihah Sadon*, Salmia Beddu, Sivakumar Naganathan (2017).
‘Coal Bottom Ash as Sustainable Material in Concrete’ researched on the existing literature on
the use of bottom ash in various applications. The conclusion is as given below: 1. CBA was
significantly a well-graded material with variations size of particle distribution. 2. The specific
gravity of CBA ranges between 1.39-2.98 and its depends on the chemical composition which
controlled by the source of coal and combustion temperature. 3. CBA were found thermally stable
within the temperature range considered and loss of ignition (LOI) was to be recorded up to 2% to
8% due to the evaporation of water and it has gradual weight loss and it was the effect of
evaporation of physio-chemically bonded water molecules with the CBA particles.

Adek Ainie Mat Dom , Norwati Jamaluddin , Noor Azlina Abdul

Hamid and Chew Siok Hoon (2021).
‘GGBS as a Cement Replacement in Concrete’ researched on the During the early phases of
hydration, compressive strength decreases in a systematic manner as the GGBS concentration
increases. All mixes drop below the strength of the control mixture which was ranging from 15MPa
to 20MPa only. The addition of GGBS is significantly advantageous at 40% and 60% substitution
with a strength above the control after 28 days and up to at least 90 days resulted the highest
strength which was 60 MPa . In conclusion, concrete consisting of GGBS ranges from 30% to 60%
as a cement replacement resulted in higher strength at the later age of curing. At 70% and above
replacement level, there is a notable loss of strength. The fineness and particle size distribution of
the GBFS impact its reactivity and the strength development of cement. The area 20–0 µm was
noteworthy in the majority of instances. GGBS improves the structure of concrete as its percentage
increases.
2.2 Critical Literature Review:-

In above reviews we have found that the authors have made various test such as compression
test, split tensile test, on concrete blocks with different grade of concrete by partial replacing
of sand by GBS and coal bottom ash in various percentage of 10%, 20% upto 60%. From
above papers we have studied that the compressive strength of concrete of grade M20 and
M25 got increased by replacing the sand, cement by 40% to 60% . By studying the above
papers we have found that the strength got increased by 20% by the replacement of sand by
GGBS as compared to strength of standard concrete.
In our work we have experimented the compression test on M25 grade of concrete blocks
with partial replacement of sand with GBS and CBA by 10% upto 50% which has been cured
for 7, 14, 28 days . We have added 5% GBS and 5% of CBA to the concrete so as to study the
increase in compressive strength of concrete. In the experiment we have studied that the
compressive strength of concrete with 25% replacement of sand with GBS and 25%
replacement of sand with CBA gives the maximum compressive strength as compared to
standard concrete and further decreases with different percentage in replacement.
 Chapter No.3
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
 CHAPTER NO.3
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMS

3.1 General
In this chapter we are discuss in methodology introduction of material. Experiment
setup and the overall project details. This chapter, procedures adopted for physical testing of
constituent materials, i.e., cement, coarse aggregate, natural sand and GGBS,CBA used for
making concrete are described. This chapter also includes procedure adopted for mix design
of concrete, details of test specimens to carry out different tests, procedure of casting as well
as the test procedures adopted, age of specimen at testing, are also discussed in this chapter.
Flow chart showing a general overview of the experimental program is given in Fig. 3.1.

3.2 Test of Constitute Material

3.2.1 Cement Testing:

Portland Pozzolona Cement of Grade 53 (PPC 53), manufactured by Ambuja Cement
Limited, was used in all concrete mixes. Physical properties of cement, i.e., fineness, standard
consistency, initial and final setting time, specific gravity, are evaluated by the procedures
given in Bureau of Indian Standard specifications. Fineness of cement was tested as per
procedure given in BIS 4031(Part 1):1996, by sieving through 90 micron sieve. Standard
consistency and initial and final setting time are tested as per IS 4031(Part 4):1988 and BIS
4031(Part 5):1988, respectively, by Vicat apparatus. Specific gravity of cement was tested as
per the procedure of BIS 4031(Part 11):1988, using density bottle method.

Fig.3.1:-cement
Fig.3.2:-Flow chart of experimental program
3.2.2 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS):GGBSis obtained by quenching
molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel making) from a blast furnace in water or
steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine
[Link] is used to make durable concrete structures in combination with ordinary port
land cement and/or other pozzolanic [Link] has been widely used in Europe, and
increasingly in the United States and in Asia (particularly in Japan and Singapore) for its
superiority in concrete durability, extending the lifespan of buildings from fifty years to a
hundred years. Use of GGBS significantly reduces the risk of damages caused by alkali-silica
reaction, higher resistance to chloride, and provides higher resistance to attacks by sulfate
and other [Link] is procured from vizag steel plant (VSP). The fineness modulus
of GGBS using blaine’s fineness is 320 m2 /kg Depending on the composition of the raw
materials in the iron production process, the chemical composition of a slag varies
considerably. Silicate and aluminates impurities from the ore and coke are combined in the
blast furnace with a flux which lowers the viscosity of the slag. In the case of pig iron
production the flux consists mostly of a mixture of limestone and forsterite or in some cases
dolomite. In the blast furnace the slag floats on top of the iron and is decanted for separation.

3.2.3 Coal bottom ash (CBA): In this research, CBA was sieved through 4.75 mm sieve
before use as replacement of sand. The chemical properties of CBA are presented in Table .
The chemical analysis shows that CBA is mostly comprised of Silica, Iron and Alumina with
small quantities of Sulphate, Magnesium and Calcium etc. Summation of the percentage of
SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 present in CBA was 83.24%. Loss on Ignition (LOI) of CBA was
less than 0.1%.

Fig. 3.4: GGBS

3.1 Chemical composition of GGBS

COMPONENT GGBS(%)
Silicon dioxide 35.47%
Calcium oxide 33.25%
Aluminum oxide 19.36%
 ferric oxide 0.8%
Magnesium oxide 8.69%
Other 3.25%

3.2 chemical composition of coal bottom ash

COMPONENT Class F ash (%)
Silica dioxide 54.4
Aluminum oxide 26.5
Ferric oxide 4.8
Calcium oxide 3.5
Magnesium oxide 2.5
Potassium oxide 0.6
Sodium oxide 0.4
Sulfur trioxide 1.7

3.2.4 Aggregate
A combination of 20mm nominal size aggregate and 10mm nominal size aggregate is
used as coarse aggregate in this experimental program. Both types of coarse aggregate were
locally procured. Physical properties of both types of coarse aggregate, i.e., sieve analysis,
specific gravity, water absorption and bulk density, are evaluated by the procedures given in
Bureau of Indian Standard specifications. Aggregates were sieved through a set of sieves to
obtain sieve analysis as per the procedure given in BIS 2386(Part 1):1988 and compared with
the requirements given in BIS 383:1970. Specific gravity, water absorption and bulk density
of coarse aggregate were tested as per the procedure given in BIS 2386(Part 3):1963. For
calculation of specific gravity of both type of coarse aggregate, water basket method was
used. Maximum size of aggregate affects the workability and strength of concrete. It also
influences the water demand for getting a certain workability and fine aggregate content
required for achieving a cohesive mix. In this study the natural coarse aggregates are used,
which was bought from the nearby quarry. Aggregates were chosen for the experiment which
is clean and free from deleterious materials.
 Fig. 3.5: Aggregate

3.2.5 Natural Sand

Locally procured natural sand was used as fine aggregate in concrete. Physical
properties of natural sand, i.e., sieve analysis, specific gravity, water absorption and bulk
density, are evaluated by the procedures given in Bureau of Indian Standard specifications.
Natural sand was sieved through a set of sieves to obtain sieve analysis as per the procedure
given in BIS 2386(Part 1):1988 and compared with the requirements given in BIS 383:1970.
As per the requirements of BIS 383:1970, zone of the sand was determined and fineness
modulus was calculated. Specific gravity, water absorption and bulk density of natural sand
was tested as per the procedure given in BIS 2386(Part 3):1963. Specific gravity of natural
sand was calculated by pyconometer method. Sand is a non-renewable resource and
nowadays due to heavy construction works the demand of sand is increasing. For this
Experiment sand of size 0.075 mm to 2.36 mm is used.

Fig. 3.6 : Sand

3.2.6 Water
The water used for the study was free of acids, organic matter, suspended solids, alkalis and
impurities which when present may have adverse effect on the strength of concrete.
3.2.7 Mix Proportioning
The grade of concrete is used M25 with proportion [Link]. The comparison of compressive
strength in this project we are going to partially replace the sand with GGBS and also added
the CBA in the concrete to increase compressive strength of concrete and reduce the steel
quantity in construction. We are casting approximate 96 cubes sample for testing the
compressive strength. Also the comparison of compressive strength between the standard
cubes
and CBA cubes.
3.3 Mix Designation
Sr
Mix designation Remark
No.
1 GGBS0 0% replacement of sand
2 GGBS10 10% replace of sand with GGBS
3 GGBS15 15% replace of sand with GGBS
4 GGBS20 20% replace of sand with GGBS
5 GGBS25 25% replace of sand with GGBS
6 GGBS0+CBA0 0% replace of sand withGGBS& added CBA
7 GGBS10+CBA10 10% replace of sand withGGBS& added CBA
8 GGBS20+CBA15 15% replace of sand withGGBS& added CBA
9 GGBS30+CBA20 20% replace of sand withGGBS& added CBA
10 GGBS40+CBA25 25% replace of sand withGGBS& added CBA
11 CBA0 0% replace of sand withGGBS& added CBA
12 CBA10 10% replace of sand withGGBS& added CBA
13 CBA15 15% replace of sand withGGBS& added CBA
14 CBA20 20% replace of sand withGGBS& added CBA
15 CBA25 25% replace of sand withGGBS& added CBA

3.4 Mix Proportioning in Replacement of sand GGBS

REPLACEM AGGR
MIX
SR. NO. ENT OF CEMENT SAND GGBS EGAT
DESIGNATION
SAND E

1. 0% GGBS0 1 1 - 2

2. 10% GGBS10 1 0.9 0.1 2

3. 15% GGBS15 1 0.8 0.2 2

4. 20% GGBS25 1 0.7 0.3 2

5. 25% GGBS25 1 0.6 0.4 2

 3.5 Mix Proportioning in Replacement of sand GGBS+CBA
REPLACEM AGGR
MIX CEMEN
SR. NO. ENT OF SAND GGBS EGAT
DESIGNATION T
SAND E

1. 0% GGBS0+CBA0 1 1 - 2

2. 10% GGBS10+CBA10 1 0.9 0.1 2

3. 15% GGBS15+CBA15 1 0.8 0.2 2

4. 20% GGBS20+CBA20 1 0.7 0.3 2

5. 25% GGBS25+CBA25 1 0.6 0.4 2

3.6 Mix Proportioning in Replacement of sand CBA

REPLACEM AGGR
MIX CEMEN
SR. NO. ENT OF SAND GGBS EGAT
DESIGNATION T
SAND E

1. 0% CBA0 1 1 - 2

2. 10% CBA10 1 0.9 0.1 2

3. 15% CBA15 1 0.8 0.2 2

4. 20% CBA20 1 0.7 0.3 2

5. 25% CBA25 1 0.6 0.4 2

 Chapter No.4
LABORATORY INVESTIGATION
 CHAPTER NO.4
LABORATORY INVESTIGATION

4.1 General
In this section we are mentioning the entire test which we had performed. Like fineness
modulus, specific gravity, consistency of cement, initial and final setting time, water
absorption, workability of concrete and compressive strength test.
4.2 Test Procedure
The following tests were conducted on site for the quality control purpose:
4.2.1 Sieve Analysis
The Particle size analysis is done by following the procedure given in IS 2386 (Part III)-1963,
the gradation is used to determine the fineness modulus of the plastic material that is used for
casting of the cubes. In the first step the IS sieves are arranged in order. take about 1kgs of
fine aggregate and place them on the top most sieve and start sieving them for fifteen minutes
and then note down the weight retained on each IS sieve and the values of fineness modulus
is calculated. The same method is used for determine the fineness modulus of GGBS.

Fig 4.1 Sieve Analysis Mechanism

4.2.2 Fineness Test of Cement
As per IS: 4031 (Part 1) – 1996. The cement of good quality should have less than 10% of
weight of cement particles larger than 90 µm. (micron) 100g of cement (test sample),
Weighing balance which can weight with an accuracy of 1mg, Standard Sieve of size 90 µm,
Sieve pan with lid, Sieve Shaking Machine(optional). Procedure for finding
Fineness test of
cement:-
1. Take a sample of cement and rub the cement with your hands. The test sample should
be free of lumps.
2. Now Take 100g of cement and note it as W1.
3. Pour 100g of cement in 90 µm sieve and close it with the lid.
4. Now place the sieve in Sieve shaking machine. also shake the sieve with your hands
by agitating the sieve in planetary and linear movements for 15 minutes.
5. Nextly, weight the residue retained on the 90 µm sieve as W2.
6. Then calculate the percentage of Wt of cement-retained on Sieve.
7. Repeat the above experiment with three different samples of cement and average the
values for accurate results.

The fineness of Cement Formula:-

W2
% of cement retained in sieve = W1 X 100

4.2.3 Consistency Test

This test is done to estimate the required water quantity to form a normal consistency
cement paste. It is defined as the percentage of water required for the cement paste. The
cement paste of standard consistency as the specified by the IS: (4031) part 4 -1988. The
principal is that standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which
will permit the Vicat plunger of 10 mm diameter to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the
bottom of the Vicat mould. The gauging is counted from the time of adding water to the dry
cement until commencing to fill the mould.
Apparatus – Vicat apparatus conforming to IS : 5513 – 1976, balance, whose permissible
variation at load of 1000g should be +1.0g, gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086-1982.
 Fig. 4.2 Consistency Of Cement

4.2.4 Initial and Final Setting Time

We need to calculate the initial and final setting time as per IS: 4031 (part 5) - 1988. To do so
we need vicat apparatus conforming to IS : 5513 – 1976, balance, whose permissible
variation at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g, gauging trowel conforming to IS : 10086 –
1982.
Initial Setting Time
In these test 300gram of cement is thoroughly mixed with 0.85 times the water for
standard consistency and Vacat mould is completely filled and top surface is leveled. 1 mm
square needle is fixed to the rod and gently placed over the paste. Then it is freely allowed to
penetrate. In the beginning the needle penetrates the paste completely. As time lapses the
paste start losing its plasticity and offers resistance to penetration. When needle can penetrate
up to 5 to 7 mm above bottom of the paste experiment is stopped and time elapsed between
the addition of water and end if the experiment is noted as initial setting time.

Final Setting Time

The square needle is replaced with annular collar. Experiment is continued by
allowing this needle to freely move after gently touching the surface of the paste. Time lapsed
between the addition of water and the mark of needle but not of annular ring is found on the
paste. This time is noted as final setting time.

Fig.4.3 Initial and Final Setting Time

 4.2.5 Determination of Specific Gravity
Specific gravity “G” is defined as the ratio of the weight of an equal volume of distilled
waters at that temperature both weights taken in air. The Specific gravity of the sand and that
are used is tested by following the Indian Standards specification by following IS 2386 (Part
III) –1963. The same method is used for determining the specific gravity of the GGBS.
Apparatus Required
I. Density bottle of 50 ml with stopper having capillary hole.
II. Balance to weigh the materials (accuracy 10 gm).
III. Wash bottle with distilled water.
IV. Alcohol and ether.
Procedure
1) Clean and dry the density bottle.
a) Wash the bottle with water and allow it to drain.
b) Wash it with alcohol and drain it to remove water.
c) Wash it with ether, to remove alcohol and drain ether.
2) Weight the empty bottle with stopper ( W1 ).
3) Take about 10 to 20 gm of oven soil sample which is cooled in desiccators. Transfer it
to the bottle. Find the weight of the bottle and soil ( W2 ).
4) Put 10ml of distilled water in the bottle to allow the soli to soak completely leave it
for about 2 hours.
5) Take the bottle outside and wipe it clean and dry note. Now determine the weight of
the bottle and the contents (W3).
6) Now empty the bottle and thoroughly clean it. Fill the bottle with only distilled water
and weight it. Let it be W4 at temperature ( TX0C )
7) Repeat the same process for 2 to 3 times, to take the average reading of it.

Formula for specific gravity:

Density of water
Specific gravity of soil -
Wt. of water of equal volume

( W2-W1)
Specific gravity of soil -
( W2-W1) - ( W3-W4)
 Fig. 4.4 Specific Gravity Test

4.2.6 Water Absorption

This test helps to determine the water absorption of coarse aggregates as per
IS: 2386 (Part III) – 1963. For this test a sample not less than 2000g should be used. Wire
basket – perforated, electroplated or plastic coated with wire hangers for suspending it from
the balance, Water-tight container for suspending the basket, Dry soft absorbent cloth – 75cm
x 45cm (2 nos.), Shallow tray of minimum 650 [Link] area, Air-tight container of a capacity
similar to the basket and Oven.

Procedure

i. The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust, drained
and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature
between 22 and 32oC.
ii. After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by lifting the basket and
allowing it to drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket and sample should remain
immersed for a period of 24 + ½ hrs afterwards.
iii. The basket and sand and GGBS and coal bottom ash should then be removed from
the water, allowed to drain for a few minutes, after which the materials should be
gently emptied from the basket on to one of the dry clothes and gently surface-dried
with the cloth, transferring it to a second dry cloth when the first would remove no
further moisture. The sand should be spread on the second cloth and exposed to the
atmosphere
 away from direct sunlight till it appears to be completely surface-dry. The sand should be
weighed (Weight ‘A’).
iv. The sand and GGBS and coal bottom ash should then be placed in an oven at a
temperature of 100 to 110oC for 24hrs. It should then be removed from the oven,
cooled and weighed (Weight ‘B’)

Formula used is Water absorption = [(A – B)/B] x 100%.

Fig.4.5 Water Absorption Test

4.2.7 Slump Cone Test

This is a site test to determine the workability of the ready mixed concrete
just before visually find that the green concrete becomes dry or the placement of concrete has
been interrupted, a re-test on the remaining concrete should be conducted in particular of the
pour for congested reinforcement area. The procedure of test in brief in as follows:
1) Ensure that the standard slump cone and associated equipment are cleaned before
test and free from hardened concrete.
2) Wet the slump cone and drain away the superfluous water.
3) Request the mixer or concrete truck to well mix the concrete for additional 5
minutes.
4) Place the slump cone on one side i.e. not in middle of the plate on leveled ground
and stand with feet on the foot – pieces of cone.
5) Using a scoop and fill the cone with sampled concrete in 3 equal layers, each of
about 100mm thick.
6) Compact each layer of concrete in turn exactly 25 times with a slump rod,
allowing the rod just passes into the underlying layer.
7) While tamping the top layer, top up the cone with a slight surcharge of concrete
after the tamping operation.
8) Level the top by a “sawing and rolling” motion of the slump rod across the cone
9) With feet are still firmly on the foot-pieces, wipe the cone and base plate clean
and remove any leaked concrete from bottom edge of the slump cone.
10) Leave the foot- pieces and lift the cone carefully in a vertical up motion in a few
seconds time.
11) Invert the cone on other side and next to the mound of concrete.
12) Lay the slump rod across the inverted cone such that it passes above the slumped
concrete at its highest point. It’s placing to final position inside the formwork,
and is always conducted by the supervisor on site. However in mid of concreting
process, should the site supervisor measure the distance between the underside of
rod and the highest point of concrete to the nearest 5mm.
13) This reading is the amount that the sampled concrete has slumped.
14) If the concrete does not show the acceptable slump, repeat the test with another
sample.
15) If the repeated test still does not show an acceptable slump, record this fact in
the report, or reject that load of concrete.

Fig. 4.6 Slump Cone Test

4.3 Mix Proportioning
Mix Proportioning by weight was used and the cement: sand: dried total aggregates ratio was
[Link]GGBSand coal bottom ash was used to replace sand at 10%, 15%,20% and 25% . The
mix proportions were calculated and presented in table 1,2,3.
Table No. 1 Mix Design for replace sand with GGBS
Mixed Cement W/C Water Sand GGBS Aggregate Slum
designation (kg) Ratio content(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) value
GGBS (0) 18.3 0.45 8.235 18.3 0 36.45 90
GGBS(10) 18.3 0.46 8.418 16.47 1.83 36.45 98
GGBS(15) 18.3 0.47 8.601 15.55 2.745 36.45 110
GGBS(25) 18.3 0.48 8.784 13.725 4.575 36.45 100

Table No. 2 Mix Design for replace sand withGGBSand CBA

Mixed designation Cement W/c Water Sand GGBS CBA Aggregate Slum
(kg) ratio content(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) value
GGBS+CBA 18.3 0.45 8.235 18.3 0 0 36.45 120
GGBS(10)+CBA(10) 18.3 0.47 8.601 14.64 1.83 1.83 36.45 105
GGBS(15)+CBA(15) 18.3 0.48 8.784 10.98 3.66 3.66 36.45 100
GGBS(25)+CBA(25) 18.3 0.49 8.967 9.15 4.575 4.575 36.45 110

Table No. 3 Mix Design for replace sand by CBA

Mix Cement W/C Water Sand CBA aggregate Slum

designation (kg) ratio content(kg) (kg) (kg) value
CBA(0) 18.3 0.45 8.235 18.3 0 36.45 120
CBA(10) 18.3 0.46 8.418 16.47 1.83 36.45 115
CBA(20) 18.3 0.47 8.601 15.55 2.75 36.45 105
CBA(25) 18.3 0.48 8.784 13.25 4.58 36.45 95
4.4 Preparation of Specimens
In this study, a total number of 96 cubes for the control and sand replacement levels of
10% to 25% were produced respectively. For the compressive strength, 150mm x 150mm x
150mm cubes mould were used to cast the cubes and 3 specimens were tested for each age in
a particular mix (i.e. the cubes were crushed at 7 ,14 and 28 days). All freshly cast specimens
were left in the moulds for 24 hours before being de-moulded and then submerged in water
for curing until the time of testing. Manual mixing procedure was adopted in the project
work.

Fig4.7 mixing of material

4.5 Placing
It is absolutely essential to adhere to good concrete placement practices to achieve a
high level of concrete performance. Before placing concrete, the contractor should be
prepared. Adequate manpower, backup equipment generally, with GGBS, coal bottom ash
concrete , the placing, finishing, and curing procedures should all be performed in a
continuous operation.

Fig4.8 Placing of Concrete

4.6 Curing
To obtain the full benefits of GGBS and coal bottom ash concrete, proper curing
procedures must be followed. Because of the typically low water content and low w/cm,
concrete requires additional attention to curing compared with ordinary concrete. This extra
emphasis on curing helps to retain the water needed for development of the desired properties
of the concrete.
 Fig4.9 Curing

4.7 Compression Test

The compression test is a laboratory test to determine the characteristics
strength of the concrete but making of test cubes is sometimes carried out by supervisor
of site. This cube test result is very important to the acceptance of In-situ concrete work
since it demonstrates the strength of the design mix. The procedure of making the test
cubes is as follow:
1) 150mm standard cube mold is to be used for concrete mix.
2) Arrange adequate numbers of required cube molds to site in respect with the
sampling sequence for the proposed pour.
3) Make sure the apparatus and associated are clean before test and free from
hardened concrete and superfluous water.
4) Assemble the cube mold correctly and ensure all nuts are tightened.
5) Apply a light coat of proprietary mould oil on the internal faces of the mould.
6) Place the mould on level firm ground and fill the sampled concrete to a layer of
about 50mm thick.
7) Compact the layer of concrete thoroughly by tamping the whole surface area
with the standard tamping bar.
8) Repeat steps 5 and 6 until the mould is all filled.
9) Remove the surplus concrete after the mould is fully filled and trowel the top
surface flush with the mould.
10) Mark the cube surface with the identification number with a nail or matchstick
and record these numbers in respect with the concrete truck and location of pour
where the sampled concrete is obtained.
11) Cover the cube surface with a piece free from vibration for about 24 hours to
allow initial set.
12) Strip off the mould pieces in about 24 hours after the respective pour is cast.
Press the concrete surface with thumb to see any denting to ensure the concrete
is sufficiently hardened, or otherwise de-molding has to be delayed for one more
day and this occurrence should be stated clearly in the report.
13) Mark the test cube a reference number with waterproof felt en on the molded
side, in respect with the previous identification number.
14) Place the cube and submerge in a clean water bath or preferably
thermostatically controlled curing tank until it is delivered to the accredited
laboratory for testing.

Fig. 4.10 Compression Test Machine

 Chapter No.5
RESULT AND DISSCUSION
CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 General:
In this chapter, results of the various experimental investigations are reported and
discussed. In first section, results of physical testing of cement, coarse aggregate, natural sand
and GGBS are given. For cement, physical testing included determination of fineness,
standard consistency, soundness, initial and final setting time, for coarse aggregates, sieve
analysis, bulk density, specific gravity and water absorption of both 20mm and 10mm
nominal size of aggregate were determined. For fine aggregate, different tests conducted were
sieve analysis, bulk density, specific gravity and water absorption. For sandstone GGBS,
along with other physical testing, sieve analysis, next section, mix design of M25 grade of
concrete is given and mix proportioning of different concrete mixes is fixed. All-in aggregate
grading of combined aggregate is also given. The natural sand was partially replaced at rate
of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% 50% and 60% with sandstone GGBS and Addition of CBA in 0.5%
and 1% test conducted to evaluate the effect of replacement of natural sand with sandstone
GGBS compressive strength of M25 grade of concrete. The comparison compressive strength
between the different concrete mix proportion GGBSs replace with sand (10 to 60%) and also
added the CBA in same above mix proportion 0.5% & 0.1% in concrete.

5.2 Properties of Raw Materials:

5.2.1 Cement:
Portland pozzolana Cement of Grade 53 (PPC 3), manufactured by Ambuja Cement
Limited, was used for making all concrete mixes. The cement was free from any hard lumps
and uniform in color. The cement will be used in concrete well dated not expire date cement
is used. Physical properties of cement are given in Table 4.1.

TABLE 5.1: Physical Properties of Portland Pozzolana Cement of 53 Grade

 Specification as per
Physical Requirement Test Result
IS 8112:1989

Fineness (% retained on 90 micron sieve) 1.6 10.0 Max.

Standard Consistency (%) 34%

Initial Setting Time (minutes) 82 30 Min.

Final Setting Time (minutes) 260 600 Max.

Specific Gravity 3.17

5.2.2 Coarse Aggregate:

A combination of 20mm nominal size aggregate and 10mm nominal size aggregate
is used as coarse aggregate concrete. Both types of coarse aggregate were locally procured
and conformed to Indian Standard Specifications given in BIS 383:1970. Different
physical properties of both types of coarse aggregate are given in Table 4.2 Sieve analysis
results of 20mm nominal size coarse aggregate and 10mm nominal size coarse aggregate
are given in Table 4.3 and Table 4.4, respectively.

TABLE 5.2: Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregate

Test Result

Physical Property
20mm Nominal Size Coarse 10mm Nominal Size Coarse

Aggregate Aggregate

Specific Gravity 2.66 2.64

Water Absorption (%) 0.53 0.64

Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1640 1590

Moisture Content Nil Nil

 TABLE 5.3: Sieve Analysis of 20mm Coarse Aggregate

Total Weight of Sample = 10kg

Weight Cumulative
Sieve Size % % Limits as per
Retained %

(mm) Retained Passing BIS 383:1970

(gm) Retained

40 0 0 0 100 100

20 208 2.08 2.08 97.92

10 8904 89.04 91.12 8.88 0 -20

4.75 820 8.2 99.32 0.68 0 -5

TABLE 5.4: Sieve Analysis of 10mm Coarse Aggregate

Total Weight of Sample = 5kg

Weight Cumulative
Sieve Size % % Limits as per
Retained %

(mm) Retained Passing BIS 383:1970

(gm) Retained

12.5 0 0 0 100 100

10 264 5.28 5.28 94.72

4.75 3893 77.86 83.14 16.86 0 -20

2.36 657 13.14 96.28 3.72 0 -5

.
5.2.3 Fine Aggregate:
Locally procured natural sand was used in the experimental program and it was
conformed to Indian Standard Specifications given in BIS 383:1970. SandstoneGGBSwas
collected form a local crushing plant situated in district Mansa, Punjab. Different physical
properties of natural sand and sandstoneGGBSare given in Table 4.5 Table 4.6 and Table
4.7 give sieve analysis results of natural sand and sandstone GGBS, respectively.
 TABE 5.5: Physical Properties of Fine Aggregate

Test result
Physical Property.
Natural Sand GGBS

Specific Gravity 2.6 2.9

Water Absorption (%) 1.01 1.41

Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1460 1790

Fineness Modulus 2.62 2.55

Grading Zone Zone II Zone II

Moisture Content Nil Nil

Table No 5.6: Sieve Analysis of Natural Sand

Weight Cumulative Limits for

Cumulative %

Sieve Size Retained Weight % Zone II as per

Retained Passing
(gm) Retained BIS 383:1970

10mm 0 0 0 100 100

4.75mm 2.52 2.52 0.25 99.75 85

2.36mm 12.8 15.32 1.53 98.47 75

1.18mm 135.5 150.82 15.08 84.92 55 -90

600 micron 340.7 491.52 49.16 50.84 35-59

300 micron 479.7 971.22 97.14 2.86 8 -30

150 micron 26.55 997.77 99.79 0.21 0-10

Pan 2.14 999.91 100 100 0

TABLE 5.7: Sieve Analysis of GGBS
 Weight Cumulative Cumulative Limits for

Weight %

Sieve Size Retained % Zone II as per

Retained Passing
(gm) Retained BIS 383:1970

10mm 0 0 0 100 100

4.75mm 5.6 5.6 0.56 99.44 85

2.36mm 44.9 50.5 5.05 94.95 75

1.18mm 344.9 395.4 39.57 60.43 55 -90

600 micron 153.2 548.6 54.9 45.1 35-59

300 micron 179.9 728.5 72.9 27.1 8 -30

150 micron 94.8 823.3 82.39 17.7 0 -20

Pan 175.9 999.2 100 0 0

Comparing the properties of sandstoneGGBSwith natural sand, it can be observed

that although specific gravity of sandstone GGBS is slightly higher than that of sand, but it
has much higher micro-fine content and water absorption as compared to natural sand.
Both, natural sand and sandstone GGBS confirm to Zone II specifications given in Indian
Standard BIS 383:1970. Table 5.5 shows the comparison between the particle size
distribution of natural sand and sandstone GGBS.

5.2.4 Compressive Strength:

Compressive strength of different concrete mixes was evaluated at age of 7 days, 14 days and
28 days to study the effect of partial substitution of natural sand with sand stone GGBS and
different observations are given in Table 4.8, 4.9, 4.9.1 and refer annexure.
 TABLE 5.8: Compressive Strength Test replace of sand with GGBS

MIX COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa)

DESIGNATION 7 DAY 14 DAY 28 DAY
GGBS0 19.93 25.91 27.39
GGBS10 19.99 28.01 26.57
GGBS15 23.26 26.85 35.36
GGBS20 24.64 27.35 39.62
GGBS25 25.10 27.89 41.45

Fig5.1 Bar Chart ofGGBSat 7, 14 & 28 days

Fig5.5 Line graph ofGGBSat 7, 14 & 28 days

TABLE 5.9: Compressive Strength test replace of sand with GGBS and CBA

MIX COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa)

DESIGNATION 7 DAY 14 DAY 28 DAY
GGBS+CBA0 21.93 24.59 27.97
GGBS+CBA10 22.99 26.12 33.02
GGBS+CBA15 21.82 26.93 35.45
GGBS+CBA20 19.81 25.41 39.76
GGBS+CBA25 23.71 28.3 42.04

Fig5.9 Bar graph of GGBS+CBA at 7, 14, 28 day

Fig5.10 Line graph of GGBS+CBA at 7, 14, 28 day

TABLE 5.10: Compressive Strength test replace of sand with CBA

MIX COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa)

DESIGNATION 7 DAY 14 DAY 28 DAY
CBA0 21.63 25.34 28.61
CBA10 22.72 25.67 34.36
CBA15 23.12 26.58 36.35
CBA20 23.48 26.75 40.66
CBA25 25.27 28.89 43.10

Fig5.14 Bar graph of CBA

Fig5.15 Line graph of CBA at 7, 14, 28 days

 Chapter No.6
CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS

6.1 General
The present experimental investigation was conducted to study the suitability of
sandstone GGBS as a partial replacement of natural sand in concrete. Workability,
compressive strength of concrete was tested by replacing natural sand with GGBS at different
varying percentages in concrete. Test results indicate that sandstone GGBS, an industrial by-
product, is a suitable substitute of natural sand in concrete.

6.2 Conclusions:
1) Workability of concrete was decreased as the percentage replacement of natural sand
with GGBS was increased. The increase in specific surface area of fine aggregate due
to the micro-fines present in GGBS and the angular shape of GGBS particles
increased the water demand of concrete and consequently resulted in decrease in
workability. However, workability of all concrete mixes up to 40% sand replacement
was suitable in structural uses.
2) As the replacement of the sand with GGBS increases the workability of the concrete
is decreasing due to the absorption of the water by the GGBS.
3) By replacing natural river sand with stone dust (10% - 40%) increased compressive
strength (7.5% - 33.46%) can be achieved.
4) Optimum replacement level of natural river sand with stone dust is 40%. However,
strength of concrete made using stone dust get increased up to 40% replacement of
sand and thus the strength get decreased in further replacement by 50% and 60% of
sand with GGBS.
5) Stone dust can be used as an opposite substitute for fine aggregate in the case of non-
availability of natural river sand at reasonable cost.
6) On addition of CBA up to 0.5% with 40% replacement of sand with GGBS gives the
higher strength as compare to standard concrete.
7) For big projects like highways, establishing a plant leads to economy as they require
large amount of fine aggregate.
8) River beds can be safeguarded by reducing the excavations for natural sand.
 9) CBA is an alternative raw material for ash forming because of its relatively
homogeneous chemical structure, its large availability throughout the world and
Maharashtra and its freedom from impurities.
10) CBA have new range of material in building Construction, Road Construction,
Concrete industry and agriculture Field. They have Potential to high performance and
cost effectively replace of fiberglass, steel and carbon fiber product in many
application.

6.3 FUTURE SCOPE OF PROJECT WORK:

1 Replacing natural sand with different % of manufactured sand so that clear variation
of strength can be plotted as well as optimum amount can also be determined.
2 Suitability of manufactured sand must be ascertained for plastering.
3 The utilization of GGBS as a partial replacement of sand in concrete can reduce the
cost of construction.
4 By replacement of GGBS, the require of land fill area can be reduced and also solve
the problem of natural sand scarcity.
5 Low cost, high performance fiber offers the potential to solve the largest problem in
cement and concrete industry, cracking and structure failure of concrete.
6 Because of the higher performance (strength, temperature range and durability and
lower potential cost predicted for CBA.
REFERENCES
 REFERENCES
1. Naidu et al. (2003a) report on experimental study on concrete with partial
replacement of fine aggregate with QD ISSN: 2348–8352
[Link]. Page 60

2. Biswaprakash Das “Study on performance ofGGBSas fine aggregate in concrete”

International Conference on (ACMS-2018) IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India,
March 7-8, 2018.

3. Balamurugan G., [Link] P.“Use ofGGBSto Replace Sand in Concrete –An

Experimental Study”, Page Number: 1 to 4, Engineering Science And Technology:
An International Journal, ISSN: 2250-3498, Volume-3, Issue6, December2013.

4. [Link] and [Link] “An Experimental study On Usage ofGGBSas Partial

replacement for sand in Concrete and Mortar”, Australian Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences, 7(8): 955 –967, 2013.

5. G. Balamurugan, [Link] (2013) “Use ofGGBSto replace sand in concrete –An

experimental study”, IJSRP, volume 3, issue 12, pp 1-4.

6. Chandana Sukesh et al “Partial Replacement of Sand withGGBSin Concrete”

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-2, Issue-6, May 2013

7. [Link] Prakash and [Link] Rao “Study On Compressive OfGGBSAs Fine

Aggregate In Concrete Volume 2016, Article ID 1742769,Pages 5

8. Yajurved Reddy M “study on properties of concrete with manufactured sand as

replacement to natural sand” Volume 6, Issue 8, Aug 2015, pp. 29-42,

9. Shalinee Kishore, Rahul Rathore “Partial replacement of sand byGGBSin

construction of box culvert” IRJETVolume: 04 Issue: 05 | May -2017

10. Parvez Imraan, Rajiv Chandak 2015, ‘Strength Of Concrete Containing CBA’,
Journal of Engineering Research And Applications, ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5,
ISSUE4, (Part- 6)April 2015, p p.13-17

11. MR. Gore Ketan R, PROF. Suhasini M. Kulkarni: “The Performances of CBA in
High Strength Concrete” ISSN 0975-6744|NOV 12 TO13|Volume 2, Issue 2

12. Fathima Irine I .A: “Strength Aspects of CBA Reinforced Concrete (IJIRAE)” ISSN:
2349-2163 Volume 1 Issue 8 (September2014).

13. Nayan Rathod, Mukund Gonbare, Mallikarjun Pujari “CBA Reinforced Concrete”
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-
7064Volume 4 Issue 5, May 2015 [Link]
 14. Sumit L. Chauhan, Raju [Link] et al. (2015), „Partial Replacement of Sand
byGGBSin Concrete‟,Volume 5,Issue 7, July 2015.

15. S. N. Raman “Influence ofGGBSand Fly Ash on the Concrete Compressive Strength
Development.

IS CODES
1. BIS 4031(PART ) :1996

2. IS 4031 (PART 4) : 1988

3. BIS 4031 (PART 5) : 1988

4. BIS 2386 (PART 3) : 1963

5. BIS 2386 (PART 1) : 1981

6. IS 2386 (PART 3) : 1963

7. IS 4031 (PART 1) : 1996

8. IS 4031 (PART 4) : 1988

9. IS 4031 (PART 5) : 1988

10. IS 2386 (PART 3) : 1963

11. IS 2386 (PART 3) : 1963

Book:-
Concrete Technology (M.S. SHETTY)
ANNEXTURE
 ANNEXTURE

Table no.1: Compressive Strength Test replace of sand with GGBS

Compressive Strength (MPa)

Mix
Designation 7 days 14 days 28 days

Individual Average Individual Average Individual Average

17.48 22.73 32.84

GGBS(0) 20.18 19.93 29.91 25.91 22.11 27.39
22.24 25.17 27.22
15.88 29.24 31.22
GGBS (10) 23.06 19.99 28.37 28.01 22.27 26.57
21.04 26.42 26.24
23.62 28.64 38.71
GGBS (15) 21.80 23.26 25.40 26.85 29.91 35.36
24.37 26.88 37.48
23.66 26.37 35.68
GGBS (25) 26.35 24.64 28.13 27.35 42.35 39.62
23.91 27.55 40.84
 Table no.2: Compressive Strength Test replace of sand with GGBS and CBA

Compressive Strength (MPa)

Mix
7 days 14 days 28 days
Designation
Individual Average Individual Average Individual Average

20.60 23.85 33.06

GGBS+CBA 22.09 21.93 25.63 24.59 24.55 27.97
23.10 24.3 26.30
25.48 27.18 33.61
GGBS+CBA (10) 21.11 22.99 26.30 26.12 28.89 33.02
22.40 24.90 36.56
18.19 26.15 36.14
GGBS+CBA (15) 23.19 21.82 25.32 26.93 35.90 35.45
24.10 29.32 34.33
22.06 26.93 38.98
GGBS+CBA (20) 17.68 19.81 24.13 25.41 40.45 39.76
19.70 21.94 39.87
22.11 30.15 43.88
GGBS+CBA (25) 24.96 23.71 25.96 28.3 41.36 42.04
24.08 28.8 40.88
 Table no.3: Compressive Strength Test replace of sand with CBA

Compressive Strength
(MPa)

Mix
7 days 14 days 28 days
Designation
Individual Average Individual Average Individual Average

21.62 23.74 28.55

CBA (0) 21.02 21.63 27.85 25.34 27.11 28.61
22.25 24.45 30.17
24.68 25.64 32.69
CBA (10) 22.36 22.72 24.97 25.67 36.45 34.36
21.14 26.42 33.94
22.62 27.99 38.22
CBA (15) 21.98 23.12 26.40 26.58 31.16 36.35
24.76 25.38 35.66
25.75 26.47 39.68
CBA (20) 21.77 23.48 25.93 26.75 41.93 40.66
22.94 27.85 40.37
25.12 29.50 41.20
CBA (25) 25.83 25.27 27.11 28.89 42.73 43.10
24.86 29.65 45.88
 Bar chart of CBA at 7 day Bar chart ofGGBS+ CBA at 7 day

Bar chart of CBA +GGBSat 7 day Bar chart of CBA at 14 day

Bar chart of CBA at 14 day Bar chart of CBA +GGBSat 7 day

Bar chart of CBA at 28 day Bar chart of quarry CBA+GGBS at 28 day

Bar chart of CBA+GGBS at 14 day
 PHOTOGRAPHS

Fig. Sieve analysis

Fig. Water Absorption

Fig. Water absorption [Link] of cement

[Link] [Link]
 Fig. Mixing Fig. slump cone test

Fig. Curing

Fig. Vibrating

[Link] cube

Fig. Testing on cube

[Link] on machine

[Link] on machine
 BIODATA

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70