Verb (wµqv) m¤•bœ nIqvi mgq※K Tense e※j|

Tense cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi| h_v :

(i) Present Tense (eZ©gvb Kvj)
(ii) Past Tense (AZxZ Kvj)
(iii) Future Tense (fwel¨r Kvj)

Present Tense
Verb ev wµqv hLb eZ©gvb Kv※ji †Kv※bv KvR m¤•bœ K※i ZLb Zv※K Present Tense ev eZ©gvb Kvj e※j|
Present Tense †K Pvi fv※M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
(i) Present Simple Indefinite Tense
(ii) Present Continuous/ Progressive Tense
(iii) Present Perfect Tense
(iv) Present Perfect Continuous
Present Simple/ Indefinite Tense
I like this park. I think it’s very nice. My friend thinks so as well. We
come here every Saturday. We live nearby, so it doesn’t take us long to get
here.
e¨env‡ii †¶Î :
1. Permanent Situation: mvaviYZ †h KvRwU me mgq (always) nq: We live nearby.
2. Repeated Actions: gv※S gv※S (sometimes/ now and then) nq, cÖvqB (often) nq, cÖwZw`b
(everyday/ daily) nq, wbqwgZ (regularly) nq: We come here every Saturday.
Time-tabled future event eySv※Z Present Simple e¨envi Kiv nq|
His train (arrive) at 11: 46. Ans: arrives
I (start) my new job tomorrow. Ans: start
HwZnvwmK NUbvI present simple tense Øviv eY©bv Kiv hvq|
Seraj-ud-Daula is the last Nawab of independent Bangla.
If hy³ evK¨vs※ki eZ©gvb m¤¢ve¨ kZ© eySv※Z present simple e¨envi nq|
If it rains, I will not go out.
wbKU fwel¨※Z KvRwU n※e Ggb eySv※Z present simple e¨envi Kiv hvq| G※¶※Î fwel¨Z cÖKvkK
adverb/adverbial phrase (tomorrow/ in ten minutes/ next week) D※j­L _v※K|
The Prime Minister arrives on Tuesday.
Classes end next week. (AvMvgx mßv※n K¬vm †kl n※e|)
†Kv※bv †jL※Ki Dw³ DØ„Z Kivi Rb¨ present simple e¨envi Kiv nq|
Sophocles says, "Man must suffer to be wise."
Until, as soon as, when, before hy³ evK¨vsk fwel¨※Z A_© cÖKvk Ki※jI present simple
tense G †jLv hvq|
I shall wait until you come back. (Zzwg bv Avmv ch©š@ Avwg A※c¶v Kie|)
†Pbvi Dcvq :
evsjv wµqvi †k※l B, I, q, Av A_©vr LvB, LvI, Lvq, Lv BZ¨vw` _vK※e|
MVbcÖYvwj :
Sub +g–j verb Gi S Form / Base Form + evKx Ask
1. Avwg fvZ LvB I eat rice.
2. Zzwg fvZ LvI You eat rice.
3. †m fvZ Lvq He eats rice.
GB Tense G verb Gi S Form ev Base Form nq|
S Form:
subject wU 3rd person I singular number n※j g–j verb Gi mv※_ e/es †hvM Ki※Z nq|
Base Form:
Ab¨vb¨ †¶※Î base form (g–j iƒc) em※e|
We live nearby.
She lives in the city.
He doesn’t live nearby. Does she live nearby? Where do you live?
g※b ivL※e, Avwg (I), Zywg (you) Qvov me-B 3rd person.

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1. Complete the sentences using the verbs in the simple present tense. You may have to
use the negative form sometimes. First study the given examples.
Runa is very helpful. She helps everyone.
I’ve had enough biscuits. I don’t want any more.
(i) Jenny is finding it difficult to communicate; she (speak) Nepali.
(ii) I always travel by bus. I (have) a motorbike.
(iii) My shirt is very dirty. It (need) a good wash.
(iv) My school is nearby my house. I always (walk) to school. I (take) a bus.
(v) Mr Gurung has five dogs. He (love) dogs.
(vi) What’s wrong with you? You (look) sad today.
(vii) I hate TV serials. I (like) watching them.
(viii) Ruby is good at maths. She (answer) every question the teacher (ask) her.
(ix) No need to make breakfast for Grandpa. He (eat) breakfasts.
(x) That computer is useless. It (work) anymore.
2. Complete the following conversation in the simple present tense.
Shila : (you/ like) cricket, Ashish?
Ashish : I (not/ like) cricket but I (like) football a lot.
Shila : I (not/ like) football myself. In fact it (not/ make) sense to me.
Ashish : (you/ like) cricket, then?
Shila : It’s a wonderful game. Who (not/ like) it?
Ashish : I (not/ like) it. I (not/ understand) how it (interest)people.
Shila : (it/ bore) you?
Ashish: Yes, it (bore) me. I (find) it a complete waste of time.
3. Write a few paragraphs about your favourite game. Explain the rules used in the
game.
4. Write a paragraph about your hobby.
5. Write a conversation on a topic of your choice. Use the simple present tense.

Present Continuous/ Progressive Tense

Policeman: What are you doing here at this time of the night?
Man: I’m waiting for a friend.
e¨env‡ii †¶Î:
KvRwU GB gyn–※Z© NU※Q Ggb eySv※Z Present Continuous Tense nq| G※¶※Î mvaviYZ Now,
at present, at this moment, gradually, day by day, Look!, Listen!, Stop!, Hush! BZ¨vw` D※j­L
_v※K|
GLb GUv m¤^※Ü Avwg †Zvgv※K wjLwQ-I am writing to you about it now.
GLb AÜKvi n※”Q-It is getting dark now.
eZ©gv※b †m we※`※k KvR Ki※Q-At present she is working abroad.
Dchy©³ wbq※gi †¶※Î Verb wU hw` non-continuous nq Z※e Zv Present Continuous Tense bv
n※q Present Simple Tense n※e| Non-continuous verb My※jv n※”Q :
Know (Rvbv), Believe (wek¦vm Kiv), hear
(†kvbv), see (†`Lv), smell (we※kl NÖvY _vKv),
wish (Avkv Kiv), understand (eySv), hate
(N„Yv Kiv), love (fv※jvevmv), like (cQ›`
Kiv), want (PvIqv), sound (kã Kiv),
have (_vKv/ Av※Q), need (cÖ※qvRb nIqv),
appear (g※b nIqv), seem (g※b nIqv),
taste (we※kl ¯^v` _vKv), own (AwaKvix
nIqv), be, become
Avwg GLb myLx-I am happy now.
Avwg GLb Zv※K AcQ›` Kwi|-I dislike him now.
Avwg AviI AviI UvKv PvB|-I want more and more money.
Ae¯‟vi cwieZ©b n※”Q Ggb eySv※j ev †Kv※bv cwigv※Yi ev msL¨vi n«vm ev e„ w× NU※Q Ggb eySv※j
Present continuous e¨eüZ nq| G※¶※Î mvaviYZ Gradually, day by day, rapidly G RvZxq kã
_vK※Z cv※i| D`vniY¯^iƒc-
Our population (increase) — day by day. Ans : is increasing
The weather (get) — better. Ans : is getting
The world (get) — warmer. Ans : is getting
wbKU fwel¨※Z KvRwU n※e Ggb eySv※Z present continuous tense e¨envi Kiv hvq| G※¶※Î
fwel¨Z cÖKvkK adverb/ adverbal phrase D※j­L _v※K|
The Prime Minister is arriving on Tuesday.
Classess are ending next week.
†Pbvi Dcvq :
evsjv wµqvi †k※l †ZQ, †ZwQ, †Z※Q, †Z※Qb, A_©vr KiwQ, KiwQm, Ki※Q BZ¨vw` _vK※e|
MVbcÖYvwj :
Subject + am, is,are + verb g–j form Gi mv※_ ing + evKx Ask
1. Avwg fvZ LvB‡ZwQ/Lvw”Q I am eating rice.
2. Zzwg fvZ LvB‡ZQ/Lv”Q You are eating rice.
3. †m fvZ LvB‡Z‡Q/Lv※”Q He is eating rice.
Note to remember :
 GKR※bi †¶※Î is
 GKvwa※Ki †¶※Î are
 I Gi †¶※Î am

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6. Look at each picture and write what is happening.
7. Complete the conversation.
Sam: What/ you/ do/, Susie? Susie: I write/ a letter/ to John. Sam: Where is John these
days? What/ he/ do?
Susie: He is in Japan. He/
study/ there.
Sam: I/ watch/a nice film on TV. I came to call you during the commercial break. Would
you like to join me?
Susie: No, I / prepare/ for tomorrow’s test.
8. Use the following words and phrases in sensible sentences of your own. Use the
present continuous tense.
changing rapidly
growing at an alarming rate
depleting
making rapid progress
constructing
developing
reading a new novel
making plans
writing
thinking about
9. Look around you. Write about ten sentences to describe what is happening.
10. Write a letter to a friend saying what you are doing these days.
11. Write a paragraph about the changes happening in your society.
Present Perfect Tense
Jyoti : Hi, Joy.
Joy : Hi, Jyoti. I’ve just arrived. Has the party begun yet?
Jyoti : I guess it has already begun. I’ve not been inside yet. Let’s go
e¨env‡ii †¶Î :
†h KvR Kiv n※q※Q †m※¶※Î just, just now, already, in the meantime, yet, never, ever, lately,
recently _vK※j Present Perfect Tense nq|
GLbI Avwg KvRwU †kl Kwiwb|-I have not finished the work yet.
†m B※Zvg※a¨ Zvi Awd※m P※j †M※Q| -He has already gone to his office.
Avwg GBgvÎ Avgvi Lvevi †L※qwQ|-I have had my meal just now.
eZ©gvb mgq cÖKvk kã (today, this week, this year) hw` AZx※Zi Kv※R D※j­L _v※K|
G mßv※n Avwg Rb※K †`wLwb|- I have not seen John this week. [GLv※b this week Øviv eySv hvq, mgq
GLbI eZ©gvb Av※Q]
AvR Avwg †Zvgvi wPwV †c※qwQ| - I have received your letter today.
†h KvR Kiv n※q※Q, wKš„ mgq D※j­L bvB; †m※¶※Î hw` KvRwUi djvdj eZ©gvb _v※K Z※e Present
Perfect Tense n※e|
I (break) my leg, and so I cannot go on holiday. Ans: have broken [ GLv※b break-Gi djvdj
nj: My leg is broken now.] A_©vr Avgvi cvwU GLb fv½v Av※Q|
I (travel) in Africa a lot. Ans: have travelled [GLv※b travel-Gi djvdj nj : I know Africa.]
AZx※Z ïi“ n※q GLbI Pj※Q Ggb KvR cÖKvk Ki※Z present perfect tense e¨envi Kiv hvq|
G※¶※Î for/since + time D※j­L _v※K|
We have lived in Bangladesh for 10 years. (Avgiv `k eQi a※i evsjv※`※k evm K※iwQ|)
†Pbvi Dcvq :
evsjv wµqvi †k※l qvQ, qvwQ, qv※Q, qv※”Qb, †qQ, †q※Q, †qwQ, †q※Qb, BZ¨vw` _v※K|
MVbcÖYvwj :
Subject+have/has+ g–j verb Gi past participle + evKx Ask|
1. Avwg fvZ LvBqvwQ/ †L※qwQ| I have eaten rice.
2. Zzwg fvZ LvBqv‡Qv/ †L※qQ| You have eaten rice.
3. †m fvZ LvBqv‡Q/ †L※q※Q| He has eaten rice.
Note to remember:
 GKR※bi †¶※Î has
 GKvwa※Ki †¶※Î have
 I Gi †¶※Î have

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12. Complete the sentences in the present perfect tense.

(i) We know each other now. We (become) friends.
(ii) My friends are here at last. They (arrive).
(iii) I don’t want to see that film again. I (see) it.
(iv) His watch is working now. He (repair) it.
(v) I feel exhausted. I (walk) ten miles.
13. Look at the pictures and say what has happened.

14. Complete the conversations using the present perfect tense.

Muna : I see you’re still writing. you (not finish) the essay? Biku : I (not do) much. I
(write) only the introduction. Muna : I (finish) mine and I (show) it to the teacher.
Biku : the teacher (mark) it? How you (do)?
Muna: Yes. I (make) a few mistakes. The teacher (give)
me 8 out of 10.
Biku : You (do) well!
15. Complete the sentences using the present perfect form of the verb and just or
already.
(i) Is Rina making tea? ~ It’s ready. She (make) it.
(ii) Have you told Mahesh about the party? ~ Yes, I (phone) him.
(iii) The children’s room looks tidy. They (clean) it.
(iv) Where are the boys? ~ They (leave).
(v) Wait a minute! I (remember) something.
16. Complete the conversation using the present perfect with just, already and yet.
Rina: You (not prepare) for tomorrow’s test, I suppose.
George: No, I haven’t. In fact, I (not think) about it.
Rina: I (meet) Muna, and she says she (start) her preparation.
George: Well, she always works hard. What about you?
Rina: I (begin), but I (not do) everything.
George: You (revise) English?
Rina: I (not touch)
17. For each of the following make a Yes/ No question with yet and write an answer to
the question with just or already as in the example.
Maria/ go/ school.
Has Maria gone to school yet? Yes, she has just left.
(i) You/ buy/ the newspaper.
(ii) The players/ enter/ the field.
(iii) Sohan/ show/ his work to the teacher.
(iv) They/ tell/ you what to do.
(v) You/ make/ all the preparations for grammar section.
18. Make a sentence in the present perfect tense using each of the following verbs.
go run be think
eat hide have climb
paint die
19. Ask two questions for each of the following situations as in the example.
a) A wh- question beginning in the wh- word
b) A Yes/ No question
You hear a girl begin to weep. (Why)
a) Why has she begun to weep?
b) Has she heard some bad news?
(i) You don’t see your friend Deepa around. (Where)
(ii) You see a man lying dead on the road. (How)
(iii) You hear your friends laugh uncontrollably. (What)
(iv) Your best friend is absent from school today. (Why)
(v) You can’t find your English book. (Who)
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
†Pbvi Dcvq:

You’re here at
last! Why are
your clothes
soaked?

I’ve been waiting

I’ve been walking
for two hours. through rain.

evsjv wµqvi †k※l †ZQ, †ZwQ, †Z※Q, †Z※Qb BZ¨vw` †hvM _v※K Ges n※Z/ †_※K/ hver/e¨vwcqv †hv※M GKwU mg※qi
D※j­L _v※K|
MVbcÖYvwj :
Subject+have been/has been+ g–j verb Gi mv※_ ing +.......+ since/for + time.
1. Avwg `yB NÈv hver cwo‡ZwQ I have been reading for two hours.
2. Zzwg `yB NÈv hver cwo‡ZQ You have been reading for two hours.
3. †m `yB NÈv hver cwo‡Z‡Q He has been reading for two hours.
Note to remember :
 GKR※bi †¶※Î has been
 GKvwa※Ki †¶※Î have been
 I Ges You Gi †¶※Î have been
 KvRwU KLb n※Z/ †_※K ïi“ n※jv eySv※Z since
 KZ¶Y a※i/hver/e¨vwcqv KvRwU n※q※Q eySv※Z for
Present Perfect Continuous Tense Gi cwie‡Z© Present Perfect Tense?
Non-progressive verb My※jvi †¶※Î Present Perfect Continuous Tense Gi cwie※Z© Present
Perfect Tense e¨envi Kiv nq| j¶ Ki :
(i) Correct : John has been ill all week.
Incorrect : John has been being ill all week.
(ii) Correct : She has had a cold since Monday.
Incorrect : She has been having a cold since Monday.
(iii) Correct : I have only known her for two days.
Incorrect : I have only been knowing her for two days.
(iv) Correct : Jerry had been at the orphanage since he was four.
Incorrect : Jerry had been being at the orphanage since he was four.
mvaviYZ shorter ev temporary KvR ev Ae¯‟v eySv※bvi Rb¨ Perfect Continuous Tense
e¨envi Kiv nq| c¶vš@※i longer lasting ev permanent situation eySv※Z Perfect Tense e¨envi Kiv
nq| j¶ Ki :
That man has been standing on the corner all day.
My parents have lived in Bristol all their lives.
He has not worked for ten years.
For 900 years the castle has stood on the hill above the village.
†h KvR †Kv※bv mgq †_※K ev `xN© mgq a※i evi evi n※”Q Zv †evSv※bvi Rb¨ Perfect Tense e¨envi
Kiv nq; c¶vš@※i †h KvR †Kv※bv mgq †_※K ev wKQy mgq a※i GK bvMv` n※”Q Zv †evSv※bvi Rb¨ Perfect
Continuous Tense e¨envi Kiv nq | j¶ Ki :
I have written six letters since lunch time. (GLv※b mvaviYZ Kv※Ri msL¨v D※j­L _v※K|)
It has been raining since lunch time.

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20. Look at the pictures and say what has been happening.

21. Rewrite the situation in a single sentence as in the given example.

The rain started three hours ago. It is still raining.
It has been raining for three hours.
(i) We started waiting for the bus at 7 a.m. We are still waiting now.
(ii) Years ago you started using this computer. You still use it.
(iii) Bina started work in that company in Baisakh. She still works there.
(iv) Bhumi rang Madhu twenty minutes ago, and they’re still on the phone.
(v) You started looking for a job three months ago, and you’ve still not found one.
22. Make sentences using each of the following time expressions with since or
for in the present perfect continuous tense.
1. 1998 2. this morning 3. last Friday 4 ages 5. many months 6. 5:30 7. half an hour
8. a couple of hours 9. January 10. half past two
Past Tense
AZxZ Kv※j msNwUZ †Kv※bv KvR※K wb※`©k Ki※Z Past Tense e¨eüZ nq| Past Tense Pvi cÖKvi| h_v :
(i) Past Indefinite/ Simple Tense
(ii) Past Continuous/ Progressive Tense
(iii) Past Perfect Tense
(iv) Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Simple/ Indefinite
William Shakespeare was the greatest English dramatist and poet.
He lived from 1564 to 1616. He wrote 38 plays, 154 sonnets and
many other poems. He was a master of poetic language and drama.
He was only 52 years old when he died.
e¨env‡ii †¶Î:
AZx※Z m¤•vw`Z KvRwUi †¶※Î finished time-word [yesterday, last year, then, ago, once,
in — etc] D※j­L _vK※j past simple tense nq|
1971 mv※j Avgiv ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K※iwQjvg| -We gained independence in 1971. [GLv※b †`Lv hv※”Q
1971 mvj GKwU AZxZ mgq|]
MZKvj †Zvgvi wPwV †c※qwQjvg| -I received your letter yesterday.
†h KvR Kiv n※q※Q, wKš„ mgq D※j­L bvB; †m※¶※Î hw` KvRwUi djvdj eZ©gvb bv _v※K Z※e past
indefinite tense n※e|
I (wash) my room, but my kid has already made it dirty. Ans: washed [wash-Gi djvdj nj
i“gwU cwi¯‹vi _vK※e wKš„ i“gwU GLb †bvsiv A_©vr djvdj eZ©gvb †bB| ZvB past simple n※q※Q|
Shakespeare (learn) Italian. Ans: learnt (†kLvi djvdj eZ©gv※bi mv※_ mswk­ó bq KviY †k‼wcqi
GLb g„Z|)
BUT : My sister (learn) French. Ans: has learnt (GB ev※K¨ †kLvi djvdj eZ©gvb| A_©vr Avgvi
†evb GLb divmx fvlv ej※Z cv※i|)
It is time/ it is high time/ wish Gi c※ii evK¨vsk past tense n※e|
It is high time we left the place.
AZxZ Kv※ji wbqwgZ Af¨vm eySv※Z used to + verb Gi g–j form nq|
He used to get up early in the morning.
Z※e AwbqwgZ Af¨vm eySv※Z would + verb Gi g–j form e※m|
He would bathe in the river.
As if/ as though/since hy³ ev※K¨ cÖ_g Ask present n※j wØZxq Ask past n※e|
It is many years since he died.
He talks as if he knew everything.
Avevi cÖ_g Ask past n※j c※ii Ask past perfect n※e|
It was five years since I had seen her last.
She went on as though I had not seen her.
†Pbvi Dcvq :
evsjv wµqvi †k※l j, †j, jvg, Z, †Z, Zvg BZ¨vw` †hvM _v※K|
MVbcÖYvwj :
Subject+ g–j verb Gi past form + evKx Ask
1. Avwg fvZ †L※qwQjvg/ †Ljvg I ate rice.
2. Zzwg fvZ †L※qwQ‡j/ †L※j You ate rice.
3. †m fvZ †L※qwQj/ †Lj He ate rice.
Note to remember:
(i) Negative Ki※Z n※j ev※K¨ auxiliary verb (was/ were) _vK※j Zvi mv※_ not †hvM Ki※Z n※e|
Avi auxiliary _vK※j didn't wjL※Z n※e Ges g–j verb Gi base (g–j) form n※e|
(ii) Interrogative Ki※Z n※j ev※K¨ auxiliary verb (was/ were) cÖ_※g Avm※e| Avi auxiliary bv
_vK※j did cÖ_※g em※e Ges g–j verb wU base (g–j) form G n※e|

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23. Read what Binita says about her daily routine.
I usually get up at 6 am. I have a bath, and go to the temple for prayers. I come back from
the temple, and have breakfast. Then, I get ready for school. I walk to school, which takes
me about 20 minutes. School starts at 10. We have lunch break at 1. I never have lunch.
School is over at 4, and I return home at 5:30. I’m always tired when I get home. I usually
revise my lessons in the evenings. I don’t usually go out. I have my dinner at nine. I go to
bed at 10:30. I always sleep well.
Now, write what happened yesterday.
Jenny got up at 6 am yesterday. he……………………
24. A friend has just come back from a holiday. You ask him about it. Write your
questions as given in the example below.
Where/ go/ for your holiday?
Where did you go for your holiday?
(i) Go/ alone? ------------------------------------------
(ii) Where/ stay? ---------------------------------------
(iii) Do/ any boating? ----------------------------------
(iv) See/ Mahendra caves? ----------------------------
(v) How/ the weather? ---------------------------------
(vi) How long/ stay/ there? ----------------------------
(vii) How/ travel? ---------------------------------------
(viii) What/ like/ about Pokhara? ---------------------
(ix) Meet/ anybody/ interesting? ----------------------
(x) When/return? ---------------------------------------
25. Complete the sentences. Put the verbs into the correct form, positive or
negative.
It was cold, so I — off my coat. (take)
It was cold so I didn’t take off my coat.
(i) I couldn’t lift the box. It — too heavy. (be)
(ii) We were very tired, so we — to bed early. (go)
(iii) He told us a funny joke, but nobody —. (laugh)
(iv) I went to see Bunu, but she — at home. (be)
(v) The film was boring. I — it. (like)
(vi) He was thirsty. He — asking for water. (keep)
(vii) I thought you were busy, so I — you. (disturb)
(viii) The door was ajar and a monkey — into the house. (get)
(ix) The food was cheap. It — much. (cost)
(x) Muna was quite hungry, so she — without a fuss. (eat)
26 Complete this newspaper story about a road accident.
Five people (lose) their lives when a Jeep carrying ten passengers (plunge) into the
Bagmati river yesterday. The accident (occur) when the driver (not manage) to clear a
turning. The jeep (overturn) and (roll) down thirty feet below the road into the Bagmati.
Some passersby (notice) the accident and (rush) to help. Police (arrive) at the scene
immediately. They (call) an ambulance and (send) the injured to the hospital. The driver
(escape) unhurt.
27 Write a few paragraphs about a famous person of your own choice. The
person you’ve chosen shouldn’t be a living one.
Past Continuous/ Progressive Tense

I was
I called
having a
you 10:30
bath at
too.
10:30.
e¨env‡ii †¶Î :
`y※Uv AZx※Zi KvR ÔhLbÕ cÖKvkK Conjunction (When ev while) w`※q †hvM Kiv _vK※j †h KvRwU
mvaviYZ wKQy mgq a※i m¤•vw`Z nq †mwU Past Continuous Tense Ges †h KvRwU instantly N※U Zv Past
Indifinite Tense nq|
MZKvj hLb †m G※mwQj Avwg ZLb †Uwjwfkb †`LwQjvg| -When he came to me last night, I was
watching T.V. (GLv※b Ô†`LvÕ KvRwU mgq wb※q N※U|)
hLb Zviv cowQj Avwg ZLb jvBU eÜ K※i w`jvg| - When they were reading, I switched the light
off.
GgbI n※Z cv※i `y※Uv KvRB wKQy mgq a※i Pj※Q, G※¶※Î When e¨envi bv K※i While e¨envi †kÖq
Ges `ywU verb-B Past Continuous Tense n※e|
Example :
hLb †iRv cwÎKv cowQj ZLb Avwg Mvb Mvw”Qjvg| - While Reza was reading newspaper, I was
singing a song.
gvK© hLb eB cowQj gv_©v ZLb wUwf †`LwQj| -While Mark was reading a book, Martha was
watching TV./ Martha was watching TV while Mark was reading a book.
AZxZKv※j †Kv※bv Pjgvb ev cwieZ©bkxj Ae¯‟vi eY©bv Ki※Z| †hgb :
AvenvIqv fv※jv nw”Qj|
The weather was getting better.
cvwLiv wKwPiwgwPi KiwQj|
-The birds were chirping.
g„`y evZvm eBwQj| - Mild wind was blowing
†Pbvi Dcvq :
evsjv wµqvi †k※l †ZwQj/†ZwQjvg/†ZwQ※jb _v※K|
MVbcÖYvwj :
Subject+ was/ were + g–j verb Gi ing +..............
1. Avwg fvZ LvB※ZwQjvg/Lvw”Qjvg I was eating rice.
2. Zzwg fvZ LvB※ZwQ‡j/ Lvw”Q※j You were eating rice.
3. †m fvZ LvB※ZwQj/ Lvw”Qj He was eating rice.

..........................................................
28. Complete these sentences using the verbs correctly, simple past and past
continuous.
(i) I (see) Junu at the market yesterday but she (not see) me. I (wave) my hand, but
she (not notice) me. She (took) the other way.
(ii) I (meet) Sarala and Binod at the bus park last week. They (go) to Pokhara and I
(go) to Nepalgunj. We (talk) for sometime while we (wait) for our buses.
(iii) I (walk) in a hurry when I (slip) and (fall). My back (hurt) badly and I (not
manage) to get back on my feet. Some people (see) me while I (lie) there. They (come)
and (help) me to my feet. They (call) an ambulance and (rush) me to hospital.
Past Perfect Tense
Mother : Back so soon?
Boy : I was late. They had gone without me.
Mother : But they had phoned here and I had told them you’d
be a little late.
†Pbvi Dcvq :
evsjv wµqvi †k※l †qwQjvg/†qwQj/†qwQ※jb _v※K|
MVbcÖYvwj:
Subject + had + verb Gi past participle + evwK Ask
1. Avwg fvZ LvBqvwQjvg/ †L※qwQjvg I had eaten rice.
2. Zzwg fvZ LvBqvwQ‡j/ †L※qwQ※j You had eaten rice.
3. †m fvZ LvBqvwQj/ †L※qwQj He had eaten rice.
e¨env‡ii †¶Î :
AZx※Z m¤•bœ nIqv `y※Uv KvR※K c–※e© (before) ev c※i (after) cÖKvkK
Conjunction w`※q hy³ Ki※j †h KvR cÖ_g m¤•bœ n※q※Q †mwU Past Perfect Tense; Ges Ab¨ KvRwU Past
Simple Tense nq|
That w`※q AZxZ Kv※ji `y※Uv KvR hy³ n※j That-Gi cieZ©x verb past perfect n※e| (A_©vr cÖ_g
m¤•bœ KvRwU past perfect)
Jack told us yesterday that he had visited England in 1995.
c※i m¤•bœ cÖ_g m¤•bœ
No sooner ....... than, scarcely ....... when, hardly ....... when hy³ _vK※j
cÖ_g Ask past perfect Ges 2q Ask past simple nq|
No sooner I (reach) — the station than the train left.
Ans. had I reached
`ywU AZx※Zi KvR till, until, as soon as w`※q hy³ _vK※j †ewk AZxZ eySv※bvi Rb¨
GB conjunction hy³ Ask past perfect n※e|
He refused to help me until he had known me well.
Note to remember:
 after A_© c※i A_©vr  before A_© c–※e©
after Gi c※i cÖ_g A_©vr before Gi
m¤•bœ KvRwU em※e c–※e© cÖ_g m¤•bœ
 Aci Ask cÖ_※g em※e KvRwU em※e
  Aci Ask c※i
em※e
GLb wb※Pi k–b¨¯‟vbMy※jv c–iY Ki| cÖ_gwU K※i †`Iqv nj|
1. †Ljv †`Lvi ci Zviv evwo wdi※jv
= They returned home after they had watched the game.
2. ¯‹zj Avi¤¢ nevi c–※e© †Q※jiv wµ※KU †L※jwQj
= The boys — cricket before the school —.
3. Avgiv ¯‹z※j †cuŠQvi ci e„wó Avi¤¢ nj
= The rain — after we— reached school.
4. Avgiv ¯‹z※j †cuŠQvi c–※e© e„wó Avi¤¢ nj
= The rain — before we — reached school.
5. Avwg evwo †cuŠQvi c–※e© evev gviv †M※jb
= My father — before I — home.
Ans : (2) played, had started (3) started, had (4) started, had (5) had died, reached

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29. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense, simple past or past perfect.
(i) It (be) time to go. I (phone) Lisa, and her mother (answer) the phone. She (say)
Lisa (leave) home early in the morning. I (think) she (forget) about our plan.
(ii) I (begin) to look through all the gifts my friends (give) me on my birthday.
Mona (give) a nice teddy bear. I (like) it very much. I (open) the gift Rita (give), and it
(be) a nice table clock. It (stop) working though. I (check) if she (forget) to put the
batteries. The batteries (be) there but she (place) them wrongly.
30. Rewrite the following as a paragraph. Begin with the underlined sentence.
The sentences are in the order in which they happened. Look at the example below.
1. I kept all my money in a bag.
2. I didn’t open the bag for many days.
3. I opened the bag to get some money for shopping.
4. I found the bag empty.
5. I was shocked.
I opened my bag to get some money for shopping and found it empty. I had kept all my
money in the bag. I hadn’t opened it for many days. I was shocked.
(a)
1. Somebody broke into the office during the night.
2. They stole some important documents.
3. We arrived at work in the morning.
4. We called the police.
(b)
1. He visited Pokhara and Lumbini.
2. I met the tourist at a hotel.
3. We talked about his travels.
4. He wanted to visit Ilam.
(c)
1. The van and the truck came from opposite directions.
2. Both drivers were drunk.
3. The van and the truck crashed into each other.
4. Three people in the van lost their lives.
5. Police took both drivers into custody.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
I met Muna and Deepa outside the cinema yesterday. They had been
watching a film.
†Pbvi Dcvq :
hver/ e¨wcqv/ a※i/ n※Z/ †_※K Ges wµqvi †k※l †ZwQj/ †ZwQjvg/ †ZwQ※jb _vK※e|
MVbcÖYvwj :
Subject + had been + g–j verb Gi mv※_ ing +..............
1. Avwg `yB NÈv hver cwo‡ZwQjvg/ cowQjvg I had been reading for two hours.
2. Zzwg `yB NÈv hver cwo‡ZwQ‡j/cowQ※j You had been reading for two hours.
3. †m `yB NÈv hver cwo‡ZwQj/cowQj He had been reading for two hours.
e¨env‡ii †¶Î :
AZx※Z GKwU Kv※Ri c–※e© Av※iKwU KvR wKQy¶Y a※i PjwQj eySv※Z GB Tense e¨eüZ nq| Gme
†¶※Î mvaviYZ time expression (since + time/ for + time/ how long) Ges before-hy³ GKwU Ask
D※j­L _v※K|
(i) gviv hvevi c–※e© Avey XvKvq `k eQi a※i evm KiwQ※jv|
Abu had been living in Dhaka for ten years before he died.
(ii) Uwb †cŠuQvi c–※e© Zviv cªvq GK NÈv a※i K_v ejwQ※jv|
They had been talking for about an hour before Tony arrived.
(iii) †m †hvM`vb Kivi c–※e© †m H †Kv¤•vbx※Z wZb eQi a※i KvR KiwQ※jv|
She had been working at that company for three years before you came.
..........................................................
31. Read the situations, and rewrite the sentences as in the given example.
We played cricket yesterday. Half an hour after we began, it started to rain.
We had been playing cricket for half an hour when it started to rain.
(i) I began to drive the car. Two hours later, the brakes failed.
(ii) We started to type the documents. The computer stopped functioning after sometime.
(iii) Susan got a job in a factory. Two months later the factory burnt down.
(iv) I arrived at the restaurant and waited for Rita. After 15 minutes, I realized that it was
the wrong restaurant.
(v) He joined the army. Four years later, he died in a terrorist attack.
Future Tense
fwel¨※Z ev cieZ©x※Z †Kv※bv KvR Kiv n※e eySv※Z Future Tense e¨envi Kiv nq| Future Tense Pvi
cÖKvi| h_v:
(i) Future Indefinite/ Simple Tense
(ii) Future Continuous/ Progressive Tense
(iii) Future Perfect Tense
(iv) Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Future Indefinite/ Simple Tense
Mother: Have you passed the exam?
Angelina: I don’t know. We will know it tomorrow.
Mother: Do you think you will pass?
Angelina: Don’t worry, mom. I’m sure I will pass.
e¨env‡ii †¶Î :
fwel¨※Z †h KvR m¤•v`b n※e †mB KvR Future Simple Tense n※e| G※¶※Î mvaviYZ next,
tomorrow, in future-G ai※bi kã _vK※Z cv※i|
I will come tomorrow.
fwel¨※Z m¤•wK©Z gZvgZ, aviYv, Abygvb cÖKvk Ki※Z| G※¶※Î mvaviYZ hope, expect, possibly,
probably D※j­L _vK※Z cv※i|
I hope he will come round soon.
fwel¨※Z m¤•wK©Z gZvgZ, aviYv, Abygvb cÖKvk Ki※Z| G※¶※Î mvaviYZ hope, expect, possibly,
probably D※j­L _vK※Z cv※i|
I hope he will come round soon.
fwel¨※Z cwiKíbv I c–e©vfvm cÖKvk Ki※Z| Aek¨ G※¶※Î am/ is/ are + going to e¨envi Kiv
hvq|
The Prime Minister will inaugurate the function.
The Prime Minister is going to inaugurate the function.
If hy³ evK¨vsk present n※j Aci Ask future tense G †jLv nq| Aek¨ general truth Gi †¶※Î
present simple tense e¨envi nq|
If he comes, I will go.
†Pbvi Dcvq :
evsjv wµqvi †k※l †e, e, ev, †eb, G※`i †h †Kv※bv GKwU hy³ _v※K|
MVbcÖYvwj :
Subject+ shall/will+ verb Gi g–j form + evKx Ask
1. Avwg fvZ Lv‡ev I shall eat rice.
2. Zzwg fvZ Lv‡e You will eat rice.
3. †m fvZ Lv‡e He will eat rice.
Note to remember :
 I, we, Gi c※i shall e※m
 Ab¨ me person Gi c※i will e※m
 Z※e promise cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ will e※m

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32. What would you decide to do and not to do in the following situations?
(i) You are hungry.
(ii) You are shopping for books and you like one.
(iii) There’s a new film on. You’ve heard it’s not nice.
(iv) You are short of money.
(v) You see a gang attacking one of your friends.
33. Read the situations and complete the sentences using I think/ I don’t think
I’ll…
(i) It’s a bit cold inside. (close/ windows)
(ii) I’m extremely tired. (watch TV/ go to bed early)
(iii) I wanted to go swimming, and it’s begun to rain. (go/swimming – go/ tomorrow
instead)
(iv) I’m not hungry. (eat/ lunch)
(v) That jacket seems nice. (try/ it)
34. Complete the sentences with I’ll + a suitable verb of your own.
(i) It’s very hot. I think ——
(ii) It’s already late. I don’t think _______
(iii) We haven’t got any milk.______
(iv) ‘Would you like tea or coffee?’ ‘____’
(v) That boy looks new to the class. _____
✍ Production.......................................
Write paragraph about your aim in life using future simple
Future Continuous Tense
†Pbvi Dcvq :
evsjv wµqvi †k※l †Z _vKe/ †Z _vK※e/ †Z _vKev _v※K|
MVbcÖYvwj :
Subject + shall/ will be + verb-Gi ing + evKx Ask
1. Avwg eBwU cwo※Z _vwKe I shall be reading the book.
2. Zzwg eBwU cwo※Z _vwK‡e You will be reading the book.
3. †m eBwU cwo※Z _vwK‡e He will be reading the book.
e¨env‡ii †¶Î :
fwel¨r Kv※j †Kv※bv KvR Pj※Z _vK※e eySv※Z Future Continuous Tense nq|
35. Complete the following sentences using future continuous tense. One is done for
you.
I'll be waiting there, untill you arrive
(i) —, when her plane arrives.
(ii) From 10 pm tonight, —.
(iii) We — in ten minutes.
(iv) — for you at the gate.
(v) After buying this book, she —.
36. Complete the following passage using Future Continuous Tense.
At the function tomorrow, Riti — (sing) and Sara — (danc). I — (work) hard next week
while you — (relax) in the sea beach.
Future Perfect Tense
†Pbvi Dcvq :
evsjv wµqvi †k※l †q _vKe/ †q _vK※e / †q _vKev _v※K|
MVbcÖYvwj :
Subject + shall/ will + have + verb-Gi past participle + evwK Ask
1. Avwg weKvj PviUvi g※a¨ eBwU cwoqv _vK‡ev I shall have finished reading the book by 4
pm.
2. Zzwg weKvj PviUvi g※a¨ eBwU cwoqv _vKev You will have finished reading the book by 4
pm.
3. †m weKvj PviUvi g※a¨ eBwU cwoqv _vK‡e He will have finished reading the book by 4
pm.
e¨env‡ii †¶Î :
fwel¨r Kv※j †Kv※bv KvR D※j­wLZ mg※qi Av※M mgvß n※e eySv※Z Future Perfect Tense e¨envi Kiv nq|
37. Transform the following sentences into future perfect tense.
(i) The snow fall stopped by the April.
(ii) By tomorrow, their life changes completely.
(iii) By next month, you are going to receive your promotion.
(iv) We reach home by five o'clock.
(v) By the time Lisa graduates, she completed her five years of study.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
†Pbvi Dcvq :
evsjv wµqvi †k※l hver/ e¨vwcqv .. .. .. .. .. †q _vKe/ †q _vK※e / †q _vKev _v※K|
MVb cÖYvwj :
Subject + shall/ will + have + been + verb-Gi ing +..
1. Avwg 2020 mvj †_※K GLv※b evm Ki※Z _vKe I shall have been living here since 2020.
2. †m AvMvgx eQi †_※K ¯‹z※j co※Z _vK※e She will have been reading in school since next
year.
3. Zviv 2018 mvj †_※K e¨emv Ki※Z _vK※e They will have been doing business since
2018.
e¨env‡ii †¶Î :
fwel¨※Z †Kv※bv KvR ïi“ n※q GKwU wbw`©ó mgq a※i Pj※e eySv※Z Future Perfect Continuous Tense
e¨envi Kiv nq|

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38. Compare the future tense with other tense forms.
EVERYDAY
Saru goes to office at 9:00. She reaches her offices at 9:30. She begins work immediately.
She has a lunch break at 12:00. She finishes her lunch at 12:30.
TODAY
It’s 8:30 now. She hasn’t left for office yet. It’s 9:15 now. She is going to office.
It’s 11:30 now. She has been working at the office.
YESTERDAY
at 8:30 – She hadn’t gone to office yet. She was at home.
at 9:20 –She was going to office yet.
at 12:15 – She had gone to the office canteen. She
had been having lunch.
TOMORROW
at 8 –She will be at home. She won’t have left home yet.
at 9:18 –She will be walking to work.
at 9:35 –She will have reached her office.
at 10:45 – She’ll have been working in the office.
39. Read about Mr Sharma. Tick (3) the sentences that are true. In each group of
sentences, at least one is true.
Mr Sharma opens his shop every day. He leaves home at 7 o’clock as soon as he has
breakfast and arrives at the shop at about 7:30. He opens the shop immediately and starts
running it. He continues until 12:00 when he has lunch (it takes about half and hour to
have lunch). He starts work again and continues till 5:00 when he closes shop. Everyday
he follows the same routine.
Tomorrow at 6:45
a. He’ll have left home.
b. He’ll be at home.
c. He’ll have reached his shop.
d. He’ll have been eating breakfast.
Tomorrow at 7:15
a. He will be eating breakfast.
b. He will have had his breakfast.
c. He will be walking to work.
d. He won’t have left home.
Tomorrow at 11:30
a. He will have been sitting at his shop.
b. He will be eating lunch.
c. He will be sitting at his shop.
d. He will have eaten his lunch.
Tomorrow at 1:45
a. He will be having his lunch.
b. He will have had his lunch.
c. He will have been having his lunch.
d. He will be sitting at his shop.
Tomorrow at 5:15
a. He will be walking home.
b. He will be sitting at his shop.
c. He will have closed his shop.
d. He will be closing his shop.
40. On the basis of your everyday routine write your activities for tomorrow.
Include all future tense forms.

✍ Production (All Tenses)....

A.
1. Indicate the tense of the verbs in the following setences. (wb※Pi evK¨My※jv※Z verb
My※jvi tense wb※`©k Ki|)
(a) The sun gives us light.
(b) A student learns his lessons regularly.
(c) Children will play tomorrow.
(d) They could not play yesterday.
(e) Birds fly in the sky.
(f) The school will reopen on next Sunday.
(g) We shall help the poor.
(h) We'll be promoted on December, 31.
(i) The police arrested the criminals.
(j) The sun rises in the east.
2. Write the correct form of verbs. (Verb Gi mwVK iƒc wjL|)
 always, every, often, normally, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, first, then _vK※j
Present Simple Ki:
 at the moment, at this moment, today, now, right now, Listen!, Look! _vK※j Present
Continuous Ki:
(a) Look! He (leave) the house.
(b) Quiet please! I (write) a test.
(c) She usually (walk) to school.
(d) But look! Today she (go) by bike.
(e) Every Sunday we (go) to see my grandparents.
(f) He often (go) to the cinema.
(g) We (play) Monopoly at the moment.
(h) The child seldom (cry).
(i) I (not / do) anything at the moment.
(j) Apan (leave) Dhaka for Japan today.
3. Put the verbs into the correct tense. (mwVK tense Abyhvqx verb emvI|
♦ yesterday, ... ago, in 1990, the other day, last ... _vK※j Past Simple Ki :
 just, already, up to now, until now / till now, ever, (not) yet, so far, lately / recently
_vK※j Present Perfect Ki :
(a) I (just / finish) my homework.
(b) Mary (already / write) five letters.
(c) Tom (move) to this town in 1994.
(d) My friend (be) in Canada two years ago.
(e) I never (be) to Canada.
(f) But I (already / travel) to London a couple of times.
(g) Last week, Mary and Paul (go) to the cinema.
(h) I can't take any pictures because I (not / buy) a new film yet.
(i) They (spend) their holiday in New Zealand last summer
(j) Pratik and Disha (leave) the house just now.
B.
[Link] the following passage and re-write it in future tense.
Internet is of great importance in our life. It renders great service to human beings. It
works like magic. It has made our life comfortable. Internet is a source of great income.
[Link] the following passage and rewrite it in present tense.
We had a cow. It was called 'Lali'. She was red in colour. Lali gave us milk. My
grandmother milked her.
[Link] the following passage and re-write it in past tense.
Md Hemayet Uddin, headmaster of our school teaches us English. He has a strong, clear
and pleasant voice. He can make any grammatical problem easy. He knows well how to
increase the curiosity of the students. He speaks English with a foreign accent.
[Link] the following passage and rewrite it in the future tense.
I was busy all day long for my fifteenth birthday ceremony. I decorated the house nicely.
My father bought a fine new dress for me and my brother ordered a big cake. I welcomed
the guests cordially.
[Link] the passage and rewrite it in the present tense :-
I had a dog. It was called Tom. It was white in colour. It always followed me. It loved me
very much.