THE 2020/2021 STUDENTS WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME (SWEP) I

REPORT

BY

NAME: ABDURRAUF MUHAMMED NABEEL

ID NO: 191204029

DEPT: EEE

FACULTY: ENGINEERING

COURSE: GET 299 : SWEP 1

LEVEL: 200

SUBMITTED TO

Engr. NATHANIEL, N. U.
THE COORDINATOR IN CHARGE

STUDENTS WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME (SWEP) DEPARTMENT

OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING NILE
UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

ABUJA.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE … … … … … … … … … I

TABLE OF CONTENTS... … … … … … … 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
ORIENTATION … … … … … 3

INTRODUCING SWEP … … … … … … … 3

PURPOSE OF THE SWEP … … … … … … 4

RULES GUIDING SWEP … … … … … … … 5

ATTENDANCE … … … … … … … … … 6

CHAPTER 2
THEORY OF ACTIVITIES … ….. ….. …… …. 7
CARPENTRY LECTURE … ….. ….. …… …. 7
WELDING LECTURE … ….. ….. …… …. 13
PROGRAMMING LECTURE … ….. ….. …… …. 18
WATER WORKS … ….. ….. …… …. 20
BUILDING WORKS … ….. ….. …… …. 24
ELECRTICAL AND ELECTRONICS LECTURE ….. ….. …… …. 29
NETWORKING ….. ….. …… …. 35
METAL WORKS ….. ….. …… …. 40

CHAPTER 3
PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES ….. ….. …… …. 42
CARPENTRY PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ….. ….. …… …. 42

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METAL WORKS PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ….. ….. …… …. 42
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ….. …… …. 43
WELDING PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ….. ….. …… …. 43
BUILDING PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ….. ….. …… …. 44
NETWORKING PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ….. ….. …… …. 44
PROGRAMMING PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ….. ….. …… …. 46

CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION/GENERAL APPRAISAL ….. ….. …… …. 48
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED ….. ….. …… …. 48
ADVICE TO FUTURE PARTICIPANTS ….. ….. …… …. 48
RECOMMENDATIONS ….. ….. …… …. 48
REFERENCE ….. ….. …… …. 48

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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCING SWEP

SWEP (Students Work Experience Program) is a module that is common to all Engineering
programs. It is structured to cover a broad area of all engineering activities. The contact hours for
SWEP were chosen to be the normal working hours of typical Engineering companies in Nigeria.
SWEP, as a course is 1 credit unit for GET 299 (SWEP I) & 3 credit units for GET 399 (SWEP
II). Its grading is thus:

I. Attendance and participation—10%

II. II. Performances on the job—60%
III. III. Log booking entries—15% and
IV. IV. Written report—15%.

NOTE: missing any I-IV above amounts to incomplete result & subsequent failure.

Normal grading of A, B, C, D, E & F are used as in other courses. All practical works were done
in two parts - theory and practical. Theory was done online and practicals were done in the
respective work areas by groups. Familiarization to activity areas were done during that
particular activity period. Instructors & technicians were there to help participants to develop
essential job skills.

SWEP Coordinators & Supervisors generally oversee that participants having an enriching and
meaningful experience & that best & safe practices are followed in all activities.

SWEP Coordinators are:

 Prof. Steve Adeshina (Dean, Faculty of Engineering)

 Asoc. Prof. Abdulhameed D. Mambo (HOD Civil Engineering)
 Engr. Dr. Petrus Nzarem (HOD Petroleum & Gas Engineering)
 Dr. Omotayo Oshiga (HOD Electrical Electronics Engineering)
 Asoc. Prof. Sadiq Thomas (HOD Computer Engineering)
 Engr. Nathaniel, N. U. (SWEP Coordinator)

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SWEP Instructors are:

1. Engr. Abubakar Dayyabu CVE

2. Engr. Ahmed Galadima EEE
3. Engr. Tahir Aja Zama EEE
4. Mss. Alonge Oluwaseun PGE
5. Engr. Tech. Paul Okpe Michael EEE
6. Engr. Tech. Adeleke Waliyi GET
7. Engr. Tech. Shuaibu Usman GET
8. Mr. Jafa Sanusi EEE
9. Mss. Oiza Salau CPE
10. Mr. Ibrahim CVE
11. Mr. Ajiri Otedheke PGE
12. Engr. Sanusi Ganiyu CVE
13. Engr. Tech. Mohammed Ado CVE
14. Engr. Precious Akah CPE
15. Engr. Nathaniel, N. U. CPE

PURPOSE OF SWEP

The purpose of SWEP include (but not limited to) the following;

 SWEP provide the participating Engineering students the practical skills of general
workshop and safety practices in the use of tools and equipments, as they are obtainable
in the real world of Engineering practices.
 SWEP helps in making the students practice what they learned in theories.
 SWEP directs the students to know the various techniques of practices in their various
fields.
 SWEP Expose the students to all aspects of engineering practice.
 SWEP let students know what makes a system work .
 SWEP exposes the students to equipments and facilities they will be using as
professionals.

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  SWEP develops the students’ innovative and creative abilities and skills relevant to their
field.
 SWEP Engaging the students in manual labour so that they can appreciate the dignity of
labour and also make them engineers and professionals of excellence in the future.
 SWEP develops in the students a logical mode of thinking and reasoning that promotes a
practical application of acquired theoretical, knowledge in overcoming technical and
professional challenges.
 SWEP trains the students on how to acknowledge and appreciate the numerous
professional challenges of their immediate environment and the society at large and offer
solutions, which their knowledge empowerment avails them, etc.

SWEP RULES

By signing-in for SWEP, you have agreed to the COVID-19 & Industrial Safety rules presented
to you in the 2019/2020 SWEP ANOUNCEMENT document given to you.

Participation -Full participation in all activities is expected of every student; orientation

lectures, other lectures, practical activities, etc. -All students must take part in all the activities;
no division of labour. -Forward any excuses to the coordinator, with evidence.

Attendance List -Every student is expected to sign in & out of every activity: supervisor will
tick the attendance at the beginning & give scores at the end of every activity.

Behavioral

1. To abide by existing COVID-19 & Industrial Safety rules; a MUST.

2. No safety kits, no practical activity for you.
3. Cue up for collection, submission, operation, etc.
4. No “horseplay”, no fighting during working hours.
5. Adhere to all safety rules guiding the operations you are to perform.
6. Be punctual to activities; lateness & absenteeism are highly prohibited
7. Report injuries, misbehaviors, irregularities, etc. to the supervisor in-charge.
8. Students must adhere to safety rules as given in Industrial safety lectures, etc.

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Submissions

 Students sign to collect materials, tools, etc. for practicals & sign to return same.
 Students are to submit their practical works to the supervisor in-charge, for scoring &
keeping. Non submission means no marks for that activity.
 Students are to submit their completed logbook, Hard & Soft copy Technical report on
the appointed day & time. Non submission means F.
 Be attentive to documentation guides given: as there will be no special guide on log
booking & report writing. You are to use the recommended formatting in logbook &
report, to earn the scores.

Penalty for nonparticipation

 You will carry-over SWEP.

 If SWEP I, you will do it in your 300L & spill over SWEP II to after 2nd semester of
your 500L.
 If SWEP II, you will still do it after 2nd semester of your 500L. Because no student will
be allowed to perform SWEP I & II simultaneously, as activities will always clash;
 2nd semester of 400L is for the 6 months SIWES; you will not finish before the SWEP.

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CHAPTER TWO

THEORY OF ACTIVITIES

CARPENTRY LECTURE

Carpentry is defined as every activity involving the usage and the processes of the conversion of
mostly wood or timber to desired shaped products that are used in our day to day activities.
There are various activities involved in wood work or carpentry namely;

 Measuring activity
 Cutting activity
 Shaping activity
 Smoothening activity
 Joining activity
 Furnishing/Polishing activity, etc

Measuring activity: This involves the use of measuring materials like try squares and measuring
tapes to measure a section of a wood plank that is needed for a particular function in wood work.

Cutting activity: This involves the use of cutting equipments like saws to cut and already marked
and measured section of a wood needed for wood work.

Shaping activity: This involves the use of shaping tools to shape the wood into desired forms
needed in a wood work.

Smoothening activity: This involves the use of smoothening tools like jack planes to smoothen
out wood surfaces when working in a wood work.

Joining activity: This activity entails the creation of various joints in a wood work project, and
the choice of joints depends on the function and load of the joint.

Furnishing/Polishing activity: This activity entails using wood furnishes and polishes to beautify
a wood project and give it a glamorous look.

CARPENTRY EQUIPMENTS

These tools are classified into two groups;

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  Simple equipments/tools
 Heavy machines

SIMPLE EQUIPMENTS/TOOLS

1. Hand Saw: This is a tool used for cutting wood sections into different sizes and
shapes
2. Hammer: This tool is used for driving nails to join different wood sections
3. Mallet: This is a hammer-form tools with a rubber head used both for driving or
gently bonding different materials together
4. Vertical Hand Saw: This type of saw is also used to cut timber or wood pieces and is
electrical and so helps to ease the cutting process
5. Chisel: This is a tool with wooden handle and metal end used to making indentations
on different parts of the wood work.
6. Try Square: This is a tool used for making marks on a wood section to help indicate
where and what section to be cut off in a wood work.
7. Screwdriver: This is a tool used to drive in or out screws out of a piece work for the
sake of joining wood sections.
8. Measuring tape: This is usually a steel or fibre material which is used to measure
wood sections when a wood work is going on.
9. Jack plane: This is a tool used to smoothen a section of a rough wood work to allow
for a leveled surface.

HEAVY MACHINES

1. Power saw: This is a saw machine used to cut sections of a wood but its difference with
its simple counterpart is that it is a machine and as such easier to use.
2. Milling machine: This is a machine similar to the power saw a little in that it has a
moving blade and is mainly used for cutting wood sections into desired shapes.
3. Drilling machine: This is a machines used to drill holes in wood section or for driving
screw into a wood section.

Some pictures of tools and machines are displayed:

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SOME BASIC CARPENTRY TOOLS

MILLING MACHINE

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 POWER SAW

In wood work or carpentry, some materials are mostly common used and some are not. Some of
the most commonly used materials are;

1. Wood: This is a material used in all wood work as it is the heart of any wood work. A
wood is a complex composition of organic structures and is usually gotten from trees.
There are different types of wood namely;
 Hard wood: This is a natural type of wood gotten from trees with broad leaves.
These trees are characteristic of shedding their leaves completely before growing
again and have a naturally and neatly designed pattern and some examples of
these trees are Mahogany, Oak, Cherry, Walnut tree, Teak, Ebony tree, etc.
 Soft wood: This is also a naturally gotten whose but is gotten from trees with the
characteristics of not shedding their leaves completely and having needle-shaped

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 leaves. Some examples of these trees are Pine tree, Cadar tree, Redwood tree,
Spruce, Fir, etc.
 Manufactured wood: These types of woods are manufactured through the
combination of mostly waste of other tree, e.g the Medium Density Fibre (MDF)
which is gotten from saw dust and particles. Some other examples are the High
Density Fibre (HDF), particle board and plywood.
2. Nails and Screws: These materials are used to join two or more wood sections together
with nails requiring a hammer to be driven and screws requiring a screw driver to be
driven.
3. Glue: This is a sticky material used to join parts of a wood or a wood with other materials
without making or causing any indentation in the wood fabric.
4. Hinges: This is usually a metal material used with the nails and screws to join different
wood sections together.
5. Edge-tape: This is a material used to cover exposed wood parts to allow for beautification
and neatness.

Some other used materials are angle iron, furnishes and polishes etc.

In a wood work, the different wood sections with the aid of some materials are joined together
and this joint might differ depending on the function of what is created and other parameters.
There are different types of joints of which the most common are;

 Butt joint: This joint is formed when separate wood pieces come together to form an
angle 90 degrees each becoming the adjacent of the other.
 Lap joint: This joint is formed by the overlapping of two wood pieces, a section of one
crossing over to the section space of the other.
 Dovetail joint: This joint is formed when interlocking fan-shaped cutouts from two
different wood sections get fastened together.
 Mortise and tenon joint: This joint is formed when a protruding part of a wood section is
made to enter an indentation or hole in another wood section to hold both wood sections
together.

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 Butt joint

Mortise and tenon joint

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 Dovetail joint

WELDING LECTURE

Welding is a metal joining process that involves the melting of the two metal pieces in
conjunction with a filler material – whose job is to strengthen the weld – to create a molten pool
of the three material which when dried will form a strong junction. It should be noted that in
contrast to brazing and soldering, the melting of the work pieces is key in the welding process.

GENERAL WELDING TERMINOLOGIES

1. Weld: This is the molten mixture of the metal pieces to be joined and the filler material.
2. Filler material: This is the extra material that is used in a welding process to strengthen
the weld and cover the little gap left between the two metal pieces to be joined together
through the welding. It is commonly either welding rods or welding electrodes.
3. Flux: This is a material used to dissolve oxides and release trapped impurities from the
metal piece to be worked on so that a faulty weld does not occur and the filler metal get
fused to the metal piece right.
4. Work piece: This is the metal piece to be worked on.

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 5. Welding point: This is the junction where the welding is actually taking place and this
includes the point on the two metal pieces and the electrode.

TYPES OF WELDING

 Arc welding: This is a welding type that involves creating and maintaining an electric arc
by a power supply – AC or DC - between an electrode and the work piece to melt metals
at the welding point. There are various forms of Arc welding which includes;
 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
 Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW)
 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
 Electroslag Welding(ESW)
 Electrogas Welding (EGW)
 Plasma Arc Welding (PAW)
 Arc Stud Welding (ASW)

The first four are the most common forms of arc welding with relatively easier and

efficient set-ups.

 Gas welding: This welding type uses gases mostly acetylene to generate a high
temperature flame generated to melt the work pieces and filler material together. The
most common type of gas welding is Oxy-fuel welding.
 Resistance welding: This welding type involves heat generation by passing a high current
(1000-100000A) through the combined resistance caused by the contact between the
work pieces and filler material which then in turn causes a weld form. The most common
forms of this welding type are Spot welding and Seam welding where the latter uses
wheel shaped electrodes and the former uses pointed welding.
 Energy Beam welding: This welding type involves the usage of a high energy laser or
electron beam to melt the metals thereby causing them to create a weld.

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  Solid-State welding: This welding type is distinctive in that it does not involve the
melting of the metal pieces to be joined.

It should be noted that the advantages of arc welding over the other welding types are;

1. Inexpensiveness of work requirements.

2. Portability of work station.
3. Relatively easier set-up of work station.
4. Versatility of work equipments.
5. And from the aforementioned, higher efficiency for relatively simpler welding
works.

SHIELD METAL ARC WELDING

This is type of arc welding otherwise called stick welding uses a covered metal electrode to carry
the electric current which forms an arc that jumps the gap from the end of the electrode to the
work piece and this electric arc creates enough heat to melt both the filler material (electrode)
and metal pieces to be joined.

SHIELD METAL ARC WELDING SET-UP

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GAS METAL ARC WELDING

This form of arc welding is relatively faster and has its arc formed between a continuous wire
consumable electrode and the metal pieces. In this method and under the right conditions, the
wire is fed at a constant rate to the arc matching the rate at which the arc melts it. It should also
be noted that the used power supply in this type is DC.

GAS METAL ARC WELDING

WELD JOINT

This is where two or more metal parts are joined together to form a weld. The most popular
examples in welding are;

 Butt joint: This type of joint is used to join two members aligned on the same plane.
 Corner and Tee joint: This joint type is used to join two members at right angles.
 Lap joint: This joint type is formed when one member laps over the other.

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WELD

A weld has been defined as the mixture of the metal pieces to be joined and the filler material.
There are different types of weld depending on the function to be used for;

 Bead weld: This is a weld deposit made by a single pass and can either be a stringer
bead where there isn’t much weaving motion or a weave bead which is characterized by
side-to-side oscillation.
 Surfacing weld: This weld is formed when several bead weld are formed side by side to
each other.
 Fillet weld: This is a weld that has a triangular shape and is used in specific weld joint
e.g, Lap joint to form a Lap fillet.
 Plug and Slot welds: This weld is usually formed to join a metal pieces to another
through and exposed part of either which has a hole.

PARTS OF A WELD

 The face: The exposed face of a weld from the side from which the weld was formed.
 The toes: The junction between the face of the weld and metal pieces.
 The root: This is where the weld’s back intersects the metal pieces.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHILE WELDING

 Avoid placing inflammable materials around the welding area and avoid causing fires due
to sparks.
 Protect your body by wearing the right safety kit – dark goggles, gloves, helmet, boots
and overall.
 Work in a ventilated surrounding and wear appropriate masks for works that might
involve abnormal smoke or fumes.
 Do not weld near a container under pressure.
 Avoid leaving bare wires lying around in the welding area.
 Ear muffs should be worn in welding projects that produce noise.
 All surroundings and equipments of and at the welding area should be kept clean always.

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PROGRAMMING LECTURE

Programming is the act of writing programs which themselves are set of commands that tell a
computer what to do and how to carry out a particular function. Therefore, programming is
simply the process of telling a computer what to do. Programming in the information age is an
important aspect of our lives as almost everything we see around us has been programmed to
work a particular way, e.g, An average phone has an operating system which in itself is a
complex layer of commands, An app on the phone is another program that runs on the phone
running program (operating system), the appliances we own have been programmed to work a
particular way under some particular conditions, electric cars, ATMs are just but a few of what
we see around us that makes use of different concepts of programming. To write a program or
tell the computer to do a particular thing, a programming language is need. This is what helps us
to communicate with the computer. Due to the variations of programming languages either due
to the time they were created or when they were created or who created them, we have languages
with varying difficulty or simplicity. Now adays, the most popular programming languages like
Javascript, Python, PHP and others are considered simple as they have human-like syntax
making it easy for a human to learn, and at the same time the orientation of the programming
makes it easier to write simpler reusable codes. Javascript and PHP is mostly used for web and
app development while Python is mostly use for machine and deep learning. Some older but still
used programming languages include C++, Java and C. C++ and Java still actively used in some
application and program development but are getting left behind because of their relative
difficulty for humans to learn. C programming language is arguably the most difficult
programming language still actively used. Although it is not used the way it used to be used, it
still finds its way in very complex algorithm work as it itself is the basis for the latter
programming languages.

GENERAL PROGRAMMING TERMS

1. Program: These are sets of instructions given to the computer to do a particular task.

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 2. Code: This is another name given to the instructions to be pushed to the computer to do.
It can be a single line code or a multi line code.
3. Variable: This is a form of placeholder for a value
4. Value: This is the definition of a variable and it can be of any data type.
5. Data type: This is a class of a group of values and is of various types depending on the
programming language.
6. Number: This is a data type that depicts real life numbers and can be in variant forms like
int for integers and float for decimal numbers.
7. String: This is a data type that depicts texts.
8. Bugs: These are mistakes or problems in code that hampers it from running the way it
was intended to.
9. Debug: This is the act of checking for and eliminating parts of a code that hampers its
functionality.

MATLAB

Matlab is a programming language designed specially and used mostly by engineers and
scientists. This programming language is also very strong and its installation comes with a lot of

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built in libraries – files that consist of built in programs – which reflects its rigidity as compared
to languages like Javascript and Python which are managed by their user community. Matlab
which stands for Matrices Laboratory is a programming language built mainly on the concept of
matrices and their operation and as such depends much on the knowledge of matrix operations. It
is used by scientists and engineers to build graphs both two and three dimensional graph, run
simulations of very complex scenarios and do very complex calculations.

On its home screen it consists mainly of the command window which runs the program that is
being written, the command history which displays a log of called and used variable and an
option for opening an independent file which can be used to write a full program which can then
be debugged and ran on the command window.

WATER WORKS

Water works which is an aspect of plumbing is the process of extracting water from a source,
purifying it and pumping it to reservoirs where they can then be used for either personal and
business purposes. The act of putting in place the appropriate systems to do all these is in itself
water works. Water works is an ancient art as it has been recorded to have being practiced in
Greece and Rome some more that 2000 years ago where water is made to flow through
aqueducts to underground clay pipes which then carried the water to various neighborhoods. In
modern times however more sophisticated means are used which involves boreholes, pumps,
plastic pipes and large reservoir containers.

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PICTURE OF AQUEDUCT

PICTURE OF BOREHOLE TANK

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TECHNICAL TERMS IN WATER WORKS

 Water: This is a chemical compound which is comprised of hydrogen and oxygen and is
considered the most essential aspect of life.
 Well: This is a mad-made excavation constructed mainly for drawing water from it.
 Groundwater: This is basically water that is below the ground.
 Pipes: These are plastic material constructed to carry water from one location to another.
 Pumps: These are electrical machines whose function is to draw water from a lower level
of the Earth to its surface.
 Borehole: This is a specific type of well bored to gain access to the ground water system
and is usually 6 inches in diameter.
 Aquifer: This is a geological deposit which is permeable enough to allow development
for water supply.

STEPS IN INSTALLING A BOREHOLE

 Establish the most suitable drilling site: An initial idea of whether the water bearing
aquifer will yield the quantity of water required will be established.
 The rig will come to site and the borehole drilled, the depth may vary depending on
the actual level at which the water is found. The drillers will also line the borehole
with a slotted liner at lower levels to allow water to percolate (pass through filter) and
a solid liner near the surface to prevent migration of surface water into the well.
 The borehole is pumped over a period of time to assess both the volume of water it
will produce and the speed at which the surrounding rocks will release the water.
 This will give you a breakdown of the chemical and bacterial parameters within the
water, from this any additional water treatment equipment can be recommended.
 Design a complete system based on the information provided along with the yield and
water test results.

 Depending upon the speed at which the water is released from the rock there are two
options. If the water is released quickly then the bore hole itself can be used as the

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 storage reservoir and a high output pump installed. If the rock releases water slowly
then we can install a portable water storage tank on the surface to store the water
above ground and a lower output pump will be used in the borehole with an
additional transfer pump in the tank. The water storage tank can be on the surface,
partially buried or below ground depending on your location and requirements.
 The quality of water and minerals supplied by boreholes sometimes may require
treatment, typically for bacteria or sediment but sometime for other chemical
parameters.
 Once installed, a borehole system should provide many years of trouble free service,
if maintained properly. As a minimum, annual checks should be made to the pumping
equipment, pipe work and any treatment equipment

Treatment plant

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BUILDING WORKS
Building works is defines as the process of assembling and bringing together different materials
such as; sands, cement, granite, aluminum, iron, timbers etc to form a structure to be created for
a particular reason. A building is a structure with a roof and walls e.g houses or factories. It
could either be permanent or temporary enclosed within exterior wall, roof and all attached
apparatus, equipment and fixtures that cannot be removed without cutting into ceiling, floors or
walls.
Advantage of building includes;
 Shelter for human being and animals
 Job opportunity
 Promotion of country development and economy.

Building works cuts across many professions such as, Surveyor, Architect, Civil Engineer,
Mechanical Engineer, Electrical Engineer, Horticultural, skill and unskilled labors etc.

Types of Building:
i. Residential Buildings: These include any building in which sleeping accommodation is
provided for normal residential purposes, with or without cooking or dining or both facilities e.g
Hotels, Hostels, Estate buildings, etc.

ii. Educational Buildings: These types of buildings are used for school, college or day-care
purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation.

iii. Institutional Buildings: These types of buildings are used for purposes, such as medical or
other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, disease, care of
infants,. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the occupants.
Institutional building could be; Hospitals and sanatoria, Custodial institutions, Penal and mental
institutions.
iv. Assembly Buildings: These types of buildings are used for the congregation or gathering of
people for amusement, recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil and travelling activities, e.g,

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theaters, motion picture houses, assembly halls, auditoria, exhibition halls, museums, skating
rinks, gymnasiums, restaurants, places of worship, dance halls, etc.
v. Business Buildings: : These types of buildings are used for business transaction, keeping of
accounts or records, professional establishments, service facilities, etc e.g banks, professional
establishments, Laboratories, research establishments and test houses, City halls, town halls,
court houses and libraries, etc.
vi. Mercantile Buildings: These types of buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display
and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail.
vii. Industrial Buildings: These types of buildings are used as where products or materials of
all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled, manufactured or processed, for example,
assembly plants, laboratories, dry cleaning plants, power plants, pumping stations, smoke
houses, laundries, gas plants, refineries: dairies and saw-mills.
viii. Storage Buildings: These types of buildings are used primarily for the storage (including
servicing, processing or repairs incidental to storage) of goods, wares or merchandise (except
those that involve highly combustible or explosive products or materials), vehicles or animals,
for example, warehouses, cold storage, freight depots, hangars , transit sheds, storehouses, truck
and marine terminals, garages, etc.
ix. Hazardous Buildings: These types of buildings are used for the storage, handling,
manufacturing or processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or products which are
liable to burn

TECHNICAL TERMS IN BUILDING WORKS

 Foundation: This is a structural part or segment of the building that carries the cumulative
load to the soil and is built at the lowest layer of the building on a stable soil.
 Roof: This building part serves as a covering for the building and its contents from rain,
sunlight, etc.
 Beam: This is a rigid structural member which might be supported at one or both ends
depending on the type and is usually subjected to bending stresses and is used a lot to
support the roof.
 Column: This is a vertical member that transfers load from the beam to the foundation .

25
 Wall: This is a vertical structural member that is used for partitioning a building into
different segments.
 Course: This is a term applied to the row of block laid between bed or homogeneous
joint.
 .Horizontal Joint: These are mortar joint normal to the pressure. Horizontal joint is the
joining of block laid in a horizontal direction also for joining of the upper and lower
course of the block together with the use of cement mortarVertical Joint: Is the joining
of laid block in a vertical direction. That is joining of sides of blocks to one another.
 Stretcher: Is the laying of block with their length parallel to the ground surface. A
course in which the block is stretcher is known as stretcher course.
 Header: Is the laying of block with their breath parallel to the ground surface. A course
in which the block is header is known as header course.
 Bond: This is defined as systematic arrangement of blocks. The main types are;

1. Header bond: In header bonds, all bricks/blocks in each course are placed as
headers on the faces of the walls. While Stretcher bond is used for the
construction of walls of half brick thickness whereas header bond is used for the
construction of walls with full brick thickness. In header bonds, the overlap is
kept equal to half width of the brick. To achieve this, three quarter brick bats are
used in alternate courses as quoins.
2. Stretcher bond: Longer narrow face of the brick is called as stretcher as shown in
the elevation of figure below. Stretcher bond, also called a running bond, is
created when bricks are laid with only their stretchers showing, overlapping
midway with the courses of bricks below and above.
3. English bond: English bond in block/brick laying has one course of stretcher only
and a course of header above it, i.e. it has two alternating courses of stretchers and
headers. Headers are laid centered on the stretchers in course below and each
alternate row is vertically aligned. To break the continuity of vertical joints, quoin
closer is used in the beginning and end of a wall after first header. A quoin close

26
 is a brick cut lengthwise into two halves and used at corners in brick walls. It is
regard as most strong bonding.
4. Flemish bond: Flemish bond, also known as Dutch bond, is created by laying
alternate headers and stretchers in a single course. The next course of brick/block
is laid such that header lies in the middle of the stretcher in the course below, i.e.
the alternate headers of each course are centered on the stretcher of course below.
Every alternate course of Flemish bond starts with header at the corner. Flemish
bonds may be further classified as Double Flemish Bond and Single Flemish
Bond. In case of Double Flemish bond, both faces of the wall have Flemish look,
i.e. each course consist of alternate header and stretcher, whereas single Flemish
bond outer faces of walls have Flemish look whereas inner faces have look of
English bond.

Stretcher bond

27
Header bond

English Bond

28
 Flemish bond

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS LECTURE

Electrical hazard
Hazard is defined as an existing or potential condition that alone or interacting with other factors
can cause harm. Electrical hazard is therefore a pending electrical threat lying in wait to harm
others. Generally the extent of the effect of an electric hazard depends on the human body which
is discussed.
The electrical properties of biological tissues and cell suspensions determine the pathways of
current flow through the body and, thus, are very important in the analysis of injuries by electric
current and a wide range of biomedical applications such as functional electrical stimulation and
the diagnosis and treatment of various physiological conditions with weak electric currents,
radio-frequency hyperthermia, electrocardiography, and body composition.

ELECTROLYTES

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Human body consists of up to 60% of the water. The total amount of water in a man of average
weight (70 kilograms) is approximately 40 litres. The body water is broken down into the
following compartments:

 Intracellular fluid (2/3 of body water)

 Extracellular fluid (1/3 of body water)

Intracellular as well as extracellular fluids are electrolytes full of biochemical ions, therefore well
conductive. The cell membranes are isolants. If the voltage that is not changing is applied (DC)
the direct current can flow through the extracellular fluids. DC cannot pass through the cell
membranes, so it cannot flow intracellularly (contrary to AC).

BODY RESISTANCE AND HEAT EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

Body resistance (measured in ohms/cm2) is concentrated primarily in the skin and varies directly
with the skin's condition.

 The resistance of dry well-keratinized intact skin is 20-30 kΩ /cm2.

 The resistance of moist thin skin is about 0,5 kΩ/cm2.
 The resistance of punctured skin may be as low as 0,2-0,3 kΩ/cm2
 The same resistance is in case of current applied to moist mucous membranes (e.g.,
mouth, rectum, and vagina).

If skin resistance is low, few, if any, burns occur, although cardiac arrest may occur if the current
reaches the heart. If skin resistance is high, much energy may be dissipated at the surface as
current passes through the skin, and large surface burns can result at the entry and exit points.

Internal tissues are burned depending on their resistance; nerves, blood vessels, and muscles
conduct electricity more readily than denser tissues (e.g., fat, tendon, bone) and are preferentially
damaged.

The higher the resistance is the higher production of the heat is i.e If there is an element with
high resistance in the circuit, it is usually hot, depending on the value of electric current
(amperage) in the circuit and the resistance of the element.

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ELECTRIC SHOCK

Electric shock occurs upon contact of a (human) body part with any source of electricity that
causes a sufficient current through the skin, muscles, or hair. Typically, the expression is used to
describe an injurious exposure to electricity.

The minimum current a human can feel depends on the current type (AC or DC) and frequency.
A person can feel at least 1 mA of AC at 50-60 Hz, while at least 5 mA for DC. The current may,
if it is high enough, cause tissue damage or fibrillation which leads to cardiac arrest. Current of
60 mA of AC or 300–500 mA of DC can cause fibrillation.

A sustained electric shock from AC at 120 V, 60 Hz is an especially dangerous source of

ventricular fibrillation because it usually exceeds the let-go threshold, while not delivering
enough initial energy to propel the person away from the source. However, the potential
seriousness of the shock depends on paths through the body that the currents take. Death caused
by an electric shock is called electrocution.

Three primary factors affect the severity of the shock a person receives when he or she is a part
of an electrical circuit:

 Amount of current flowing through the body (measured in amperes)

 Path of the current through the body
 Length of time the body is in the circuit

Other factors that may affect the severity of the shock are:

 The voltage of the current

 The presence of moisture in the environment
 The phase of the heart cycle when the shock occurs
 The general health of the person prior to the shock
 How quickly the person is treated.

Effects can range from a barely perceptible tingle to severe burns and immediate cardiac arrest.
Although it is not known the exact injuries that result from any given amperage, the following
demonstrates this general relationship for a 60 Hz, hand-to-foot shock of 1 second's duration:

31
  1 mA = Perception level. Slight tingling sensation. Still dangerous under certain
conditions.
 5 mA = Slight shock felt; not painful but disturbing. Average individual can let go.
However, strong involuntary reactions to shocks in this range may lead to injuries.
 6 - 16 mA = Painful shock, begin to lose muscular control. Commonly referred to as the
freezing current or "let-go" range.
 17 – 99 mA = Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, severe muscular contractions. Individual
cannot let go. Death is possible.
 100 – 2000 mA = Ventricular fibrillation (uneven, uncoordinated pumping of the heart.)
Muscular contraction and nerve damage begins to occur. Death is likely.

Wet conditions are common during low-voltage electrocutions. Under dry conditions, human
skin is very resistant. Wet skin dramatically drops the body's resistance.

 Dry Conditions: Current = Volts/Ohms = 120/100,000 = 1mA = a barely perceptible level

of current.
 Wet conditions: Current = Volts/Ohms = 120/1,000 = 120mA = sufficient current to
cause ventricular fibrillation

If the extensor muscles are excited by the shock, the person may be thrown away from the
circuit. Often, this can result in a fall from elevation that kills a victim even when electrocution
does not. When muscular contraction caused by stimulation does not allow the victim to free
himself from the circuit, even relatively low voltages can be extremely dangerous, because the
degree of injury increases with the length of time the body is in the circuit.

LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT IMPLY LOW HAZARD!

100mA for 3 seconds = 900mA for .03 seconds … causing fibrillation Note that a difference of
less than 100 milliamperes exists between a current that is barely perceptible and one that can
kill. High voltage electrical energy greatly reduces the body's resistance by quickly breaking
down human skin. Once the skin is punctured, the lowered resistance results in massive current
flow. Ohm's law is used to demonstrate the action. At 1,000 volts, Current = Volts/Ohms =
1,000/500 = 2 A which can cause cardiac arrest and serious damage to internal organs.
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BURNS AND OTHER INJURIES

Shock-related injuries include burns, internal injuries, and injuries due to involuntary muscle
contractions.

BURNS

The most common shock-related injury is a burn. Burns suffered in electrical incidents may be
one or more of the following three types: Electrical burns cause tissue damage, and are the result
of heat generated by the flow of electric current through the body. Electrical burns are one of the
most serious injuries you can receive and should be given immediate attention.

High temperatures near the body produced by an electric arc or explosion cause arc or flash
burns. They should also be attended to promptly. Thermal contact burns occur when skin comes
in contact with overheated electric equipment, or when clothing is ignited in an electrical
incident.

INTERNAL INJURIES

Excessive electricity flowing through the human body can cause serious damage to internal
organs. Resulting medical problems include haemorrhage (or internal bleeding), tissue
destruction, and nerve or muscle damage. These internal injuries may not be immediately
apparent to the victim or observers; however, left untreated, they can result in death.

INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Normal muscle contraction is caused by very small amounts of electricity that are created within
our bodies. Muscles violently contract when stimulated by excessive amounts of electricity.
These involuntary contractions can damage muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and may even
cause broken bones. If the victim is holding an electrocuting object, hand muscles may contract,
making it impossible to drop the object and prolonging contact with the current. Also, injury or
death may result when violent muscle contractions cause workers to fall from ladders and
scaffolds or inadvertently strike other objects.

FIRST AID

33
One should call emergency immediately if any of these signs or symptoms occur:

 Cardiac arrest
 Heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias)
 Respiratory failure
 Muscle pain and contractions
 Burns
 Seizures
 Numbness and tingling
 Unconsciousness

While waiting for medical help, some steps should be followed:

 Look first. Don't touch. The person may still be in contact with the electrical source.
Touching the person may pass the current through you.
 Turn off the source of electricity, if possible. If not, move the source away from you and
the person, using a dry, non-conducting object made of cardboard, plastic or wood.
 Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement). If absent, begin
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately.
 Prevent shock. Lay the person down and, if possible, position the head slightly lower than
the trunk with the legs elevated.
 After coming into contact with electricity, the person should see a doctor to check for
internal injuries, even if he or she has no obvious signs or symptoms.

CAUTION

 Don't touch the person with your bare hands if he or she is still in contact with the
electrical current.
 Don't get near high-voltage wires until the power is turned off. Stay at least 20 feet away
— farther if wires are jumping and sparking.
 Don't move a person with an electrical injury unless the person is in immediate danger.

34
ELECTRICALS: This involves the aspect of electrical and electronics engineering that deals
with theoretical aspects of circuit theory like Voltage divider rule, Node and Mesh analysis, etc.

ELECTRONICS: This involves the aspect of electrical and electronics engineering that deals
with concepts like semiconductors, diodes, vacuum tubes and their working principles.

NETWORKING

A computer network is a system of interconnection of multiple computers and other hardwares to

each other to share information and resources. Computer networking the refers to every act of
interconnecting or connecting computers either small (phones) or large (Personal computer) or
both for the main and sole purpose of information sharing and transfer.

Uses of Network for companies

 Resource Sharing between the organization

 Saving Money and not buying needless hardwares
 Scalability

Uses of Network for individuals

 Access to Remote Information through the internet

 Person to Person Communication like Emails
 Interactive Entertainment like live programs

Network Configuration

Network configuration is the overall design of some type of communications network. As part of
this configuration, both software and hardware are arranged in a manner that allows for optimum
efficiency with the process of transmitting voice, audio, and data between two or more points.
There are 2 types of network configuration: peer to peer and client-server
 Client-Server configuration: A computer network is referred to as client/server if (at
least) one of the computers is used to serve other computers and devices referred to as
clients. The client/server type of network provides many advantages such as centralized

35
 backup, Intranet capability, Internet monitoring, etc. In a small network, all these services
can be handled by one server.
 Peer to Peer: In this configuration, there are no dedicated servers, and there is no
hierarchy among the computers. All the computers are equal and therefore are known as
peers. Each computer functions as both a client and a server, and there is no administrator
responsible for the entire network.

CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK
 Vicinity = PAN (Personal Area Network): Connection of devices over the range of a
person e.g Bluetooth connection.
 Building = LAN (Local Area Network): Computers and peripherals connected together
using Cable or wireless connections usually within the same building. By definition, the
connections must be high speed and relatively inexpensive.
 City = MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A larger network that usually spans several
buildings in the same city or town and connects devices over a metropolitan area e.g,
MAN based on cable TV.
 Country = WAN (Wide Area Network): A WAN connects several LANs, and may be
limited to an enterprise (a corporation or an organization) or accessible to the public. It
connects devices over a country range. An ISP (Internet Service Provider) network is also
a WAN.
 Planet = The Internet (Network of all Networks):

The following is the list of hardware's required to set up a computer network.

 Network Cables
 Distributors
 Gateway
 Routers
 Switch
 Bridge
 Hub

36
 Repeater
 Internal Network Cards
 External Network Cards

 Network Cables
Network cables are used to connect computers. The most commonly used cable is
Category 5 cable RJ-45.
 Distributors
A computer can be connected to another one via a serial port but if we need to connect
many computers to produce a network, this serial connection will not work. The solution
is to use a central body to which other computers, printers, scanners, etc. can be
connected and then this body will manage or distribute network traffic.

 Gateway
This device is placed at a network node and interfaces with another network that uses
different protocols. It works on OSI layers 4 to 7.

A Gateway
 Router
A router is a specialized network device that determines the next network point to which
it can forward a data packet towards the ultimate destination of the packet. Unlike a
gateway, it cannot interface different protocols. It works on OSI layer 3.

37
 A router
 Switch
This is a device that allocates traffic from one network segment to certain lines (intended
destination(s)) which connect the segment to another network segment. Unlike a hub, a
switch splits the network traffic and sends it to different destinations rather than to all
systems on the network. It works on OSI layer 2.

A Switch

 Bridge
This is a device that connects multiple network segments along the data link layer. It
works on OSI layer 2. A bridge is a device that allows you to segment a large network
into two smaller, more efficient networks

38
 A Bridge
 Hub
Hubs provide an easy way to scale up and shorten the distance that the packets must
travel to get from one node to another. All the nodes connected to a hub share the
bandwidth among themselves.

A Hub

 Repeater
This device boosts the signal strength as it passes through a cable

39
 A Repeater Circuit
 Network Card
Network card is a necessary component of a computer without which a computer cannot
be connected over a network. It is also known as the network adapter or Network
Interface Card (NIC). Most branded computers have network card pre-installed. Network
cards are of two types: Internal and External Network Cards.
Internal Network Cards
Motherboard has a slot for internal network card where it is to be inserted. Internal
network cards are of two types in which the first type uses Peripheral Component
Interconnect (PCI) connection, while the second type uses Industry Standard Architecture
(ISA). Network cables are required to provide network access.
External Network Cards
External network cards are of two types: Wireless and USB based. Wireless network card
needs to be inserted into the motherboard, however no network cable is required to
connect to the network.

METAL WORKS

Metalworking is the combination of two or more processes that involve working with metals to
create individual parts, assemblies, or large-scale structures. The term covers a wide range
processes from dealing with large ships to precise engine parts and delicate jewelries.
Metalworking generally is divided into three categories:
 forming,
 cutting, and
 joining.

40
Each of these categories is comprised of processes which are sometimes specific to some metal
work.

1. Forming: This processes involve the shaping of a metal or the bringing out of the desired
shape and it includes:
 Casting: Casting achieves a specific form by pouring molten metal into a mold
and allowing it to cool, with no mechanical force. Forms of casting include
Centrifugal casting, Die casting, Sand casting, Shell casting, Spin casting
 Bulk forming: In bulk metal forming, the workpiece is generally heated up and its
forms include Cold sizing, Extrusion, Drawing, Forging, Powder metallurgy,
Friction drilling, Rolling and Burnishing.
 Sheet (and tube) forming processes: These types of forming process involve the
application of mechanical force at room temperature. However, some recent
developments involve the heating of parts. Its forms include Bending, Coining,
Decambering, Deep drawing (DD), Flowforming, Hydroforming (HF)
2. Cutting: Cutting is a collection of processes wherein material is brought to a specified
geometry by removing excess material using various kinds of tooling to leave a finished
part that meets specifications. The processes that fall under cutting include Milling,
Turning, Threading, Drilling, Knurling, Grinding, Filing, Broaching, etc.
3. Joining: These processes are used to join two or more metal sections together and they
include Welding, Brazing, Soldering, Riveting, etc.

41
CHAPTER 3
CARPENTRY PRACTICAL ACTIVITY
1. We got the sized woods and identified them each – 1 piece of 15 in by 15 in, 8 pieces of
15 in by 3 in, 2 pieces of 11.5 in by 3 in and 2 pieces of 10 in by 3 in.
2. We measured different sizes of the edging tape to fit the length and breadth of the 15 in
by 15 in and the 15 in by 3 in and one side of the 10 in by 3 in and 11.5 in by 3 in.
3. We then applied glue to the various length of wood for which we have cut out edging
tapes and applying it to their corresponding edging tape.
4. We then attached each length of edging tape to the corresponding wood length and used a
mallet to hit gently to allow for firmness.
5. We then worked to clip the excesses of the edging tape to make sure it neatly fits on each
required length.
6. We then took the 15 in by 3 in pairs and created a butt joint between each pair.
7. We then took two of the jointed pairs of 15 in by 3 in and drilled an 11.5 in by 3 wood
diagonally on them and did the same for the last two pairs.
8. We then drilled the 10 in by 3 in on adjacent sides of each pair to form a cube.

METALWORKS PRACTICAL ACTIVITY

1. We used a table clamp to hold a long rectangular rod and used a measuring tape to
measure 400mm on the rod’s length. We also used a scribber to mark the location 400mm
mark.
2. We then used a try square to mark the point round and used a hack saw to cut on the
marked location a clean cut.
3. We used a table clamp to hold a long angular rod and used a measuring tape to measure
500mm on the rod’s length. We also used a scribber to mark the location 500mm mark.
4. We then used a try square to mark the point round and used a hack saw to cut on the
marked location a clean cut.
5. We then took a triangular disc and marked a radius of 13mm from each of the vertices.
We then used a divider to mark the 13mm arc and then used a guillotine machine to cut
out the edges and a chisel to make it out to shape.

42
 6. We then used a drilling machine to drill the centre of the arcs that we drew.

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS PRACTICAL ACTIVITY

ELECTRICAL PRACTICAL ACTIVITY

1. We took our three way junction box and drilled it on the centre of a neat board. We then
cut out three pipes with equal lengths and attached it to the openings of the three way
junction box.
2. We then passed a wire through each of the pipes. We then fixed the lamp holder and
switch at opposite sides if the junction box on the board. We then made the connection by
connecting the red of the power supply to the red of the switch and the black of the wire
to the red of the lamp holder and finally the black of the lamp to the black of the power
supply.

ELECTRONICS PRACTICAL ACTIVITY

1. We measured the exact resistances of the 1kΩ, 1.5kΩ and 3.3kΩ and made the
connection in series to measure the voltage across the 3.3kΩ resistor. We then also
calculated the voltage across the resistor and compared the values.
2. We then made the same arrangements on the vero board and connected a LED across the
3.3 kΩ and tested it to make sure the LED light up
3. We then connected wires to both ends of the circuit.
4. We also measured the voltage across the 3.3 kΩ resistor and observed that it dropped
which reflects the effect of the LED.

WELDING PRACTICAL ACTIVITY\

1. We took a long iron rod and practiced the arc welding method on it.
2. We then took two metal pieces to weld and welded it from above and below neatly.
3. We then took part in a discussion session and tested out knowledge of the welding
concepts.

43
BUILDING PRACTICAL ACTIVITY
1. We took some cement and mixed it with some fine aggregate (sand) on which we poured
appropriate quantity of water and used shovels to mixed the combination into a mortar.\
2. We then used a hand trowel to transfer portions of the mortar on a pavement area selected
for plastering. We made sure that the area was leveled.
3. We then used a small piece of wood to make sure that there are no roughness on the
surface.
4. We the washed the equipments that were used.

NETWORKING PRACTICAL ACTIVITY

1. We took a CAT 5 cable and measured a reasonable length. We then removed the
insulating material from the body of both ends of the wire and made sure that the inner
wires are of equal length.
2. We then put the wires inside a RJ 45 plug and do this for both ends of the cable. The
configuration of insertion depends of the configuration type;
 Straight through – OW,W,GW,B,BW,G,BRW,BR on both ends of the cable
 Cross over - OW,W,GW,B,BW,G,BRW,BR on one end and
GW,G,OW,BRW,BR,O,B,BW on the other end.
3. We then put it in a crimping tool to crimp and test the cable in a tester.
4. We then moved ahead to test to transfer files between PCs with the following tests;
 We connected the cross over cable to the LAN RJ 45 ports on both PCs
 We went to the control panel and turn off firewall
 We went to My Computer then Properties the Advanced settings and change the
computer name to SWEP1
 We also changed the workgroup to SWEP
 We then went to Control panel then Network connection
 We then clicked on LAN then Local Area Connections then Network and sharing
centre
 We clicked on properties
 We clicked on Internet Protocol Version of (TCP/IPV4)
 We clicked on Properties again

44
 We used an IP address [Link] for PC1 and Submask [Link], click
okay and close.
 We went to Command Promptand types IPCONFIG to check the IP address.
 We then went to Network and Sharing center.
 We went to Advanced sharing settings for public drop down .
 We turned on everything except Turn on Password
 We also turned on Network discovery, Sharing, and use 128 bits
 Do the same for the home drop down
 We went to command prompt and connect both computers by pinging from one
PC to another with the format PING [Link]
 We then mapped a drive on another PC to a local drive by using My computer
then map network drive and clicked on the drive we want to access on the
adjacent PC and access the file.

45
PROGRAMMING PRACTICAL ACTIVITY

A CALCULATOR PROGRAM

46
A PROGRAM OF THE FIBONACCI SERIES

47
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION/GENERAL APPRAISAL
With all these, the SWEP 1 2020l2021 has finally come to an end. I would like to firstly thank
and appreciate God that has made it easy for this task to be completed. I would also like to
appreciate the school, coordinators, lecturers and specifically the SWEP coordination Engr
Nathaniel on the hard work put into the set-up of this program despite the current situation of the
world and to the accomplishments achieved, to you I say a big THANK YOU.

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
The major problems I personally encountered was familiarizing myself to the practical
experience. It was little bit initially intimidating but after some hard work, it was observed it was
not as hard as I originally thought.

ADVICE TO FUTURE PARTICIPANTS

I will like to just enjoin future participants to concentrate and put in their hard work and it will be
observed that effort conquers all.

RECOMMENDATIONS
My only recommendation is for the school to try to make the SWEP program more practical
intensive with a little bit of excursion if possible.

REFERENCE
 All practical slides used for the SWEP
 [Link]/w/ELECTRICITY_AND_HUMAN_BODY

48