Chapter 1- Basics of Petroleum and Refinery
Q Fill in the Blanks
1. The word petroleum, or “rock oil,” derives from the Latin _____and ______
and was first used in 1556 in a treatise published by Georg Bauer.
Answer: Petra , Oleum
2. Petroleum is a mixture of various Hydrocarbon of homologous series namely
-______, ________ and ________.
Answer :Parafins , Napthenes and Aromatics
3. The main elements of Petroelum are ________ and _________.
Answer : Carbon – 83%-87%, Hydrogen – 10%-14%.
4. Petroleum is more Homologous than rock and mainly found in____________
Answer : Sedimentary Rocks
5. In 1875, ______show that methane could be produced by decomposition of
cellulose .
Answer: Popoff
Short Questions
1. Expalin in short : Comosition of petroelum.
Keywords: Hydrocarbon, impurities
2. Expalin in short : Classification of Petroleum.
Keywords: Saturated H/C, Unsaturated H/C, Aromatics
Answer in Brief.
1. Explain various theories regarding occurrence of petroleum
Keywords: Chaptal, Popoff, Organic theory, Inorganic theory, Biochemical theory.
Chapter 2- Fractionation of Petroleum
Q Fill in the Blanks
1. Two-stage desalting is used if the crude oil salt content is more than
____________
Answer: 20 lb/1000 bbl.
2. The basic principle is to wash the salt from the crude oil with ______
Answer : water.
3. The Pipe still heater is a special type of furnace which heats crude oil upto
about ______ depending on the type of feed.
Answer : 350 C.
4. _______ is provided by condensing the tower overhead vapors and returning
a portion of the liquid to the top of the tower, and by pump-around and
pumpback streams lower in the tower.
Answer : Reflux
5. Vacuum Distillation is carried out with absolute pressures in the tower flash
zone area of ______ mmHg
Answer: 25 - 40
Short Questions
1. Expalin in short : Electric Desalting.
Keywords: salt, water , AC DC current
2. Expalin in short : Pipe still Heater.
Keywords: box type heater, preheating, 2 sections
Answer in Brief.
1. Explain ADU and VDU
Keywords: Distillation, Light H/C , Vacuum , Residue.
Chapter 3- Refinery processes
Q Fill in the Blanks
1. Typically,______ , _______ and ________ are regarded as the three most
important processes that contribute towards upgradation of the octane
number.
Answer: cracking, reforming and isomerisation
2. _______ is essentially a mild thermal cracking operation at mild conditions
where in long chain molecules in heavy feed stocks are broken into short
molecules thereby leading to a viscosity reduction of feedstock
Answer : Visbreaking
3. ________ is very severe form of thermal cracking and converts the heaviest
low value residue to valuable distillates and petroleum coke.
Answer : Coking
4. ________ process is used to crack heavy oils into more valuable light liquid
products with less valuable gas and solid coke as byproducts.
Answer : Delayed coking
5. The cracking reaction is _________ and the regeneration reaction is _______
Answer: endothermic, exothermic
Short Questions
1. Expalin in short : Thermal Cracking
Keywords: Cracking, temperature
2. Expalin in short : Catalytic cracking.
Keywords: Catalyst,
Answer in Brief.
1. Explain FCCR
Keywords: Cracker, Regenerator
Chapter IV – Treatment Techniques
Q Fill in the Blanks
1. The oldest sweetening technique involving conversion of active mercaptans
to inactive _________
Answer: disulfides
2. One method of in-situ destruction of sulfur compounds is by ___________.
Answer : sulfuric acid.
3. When _____ is to be added, severe sweetening actually harms the product,
so a meticulous balance should be maintained to give improved lead
susceptability.
Answer : TEL
4. When ______ is treated, the sweetened gas is passed through a mist
eliminator to remove the merox entrainments.
Answer : LPG
5. ________________ process is most appealing as it is suitable for treating
LPG, gasolines and kerosenes .
Answer: Mercaptan oxidation (Merox
Short Questions
1. Expalin in short : Doctor sweetening
Keywords: lead plumbite, sulphides to disulphid
2. Expalin in short : Dewaxing
Keywords: Sweating , chilling
Answer in Brief.
1. Explain treatment of kerosene
Keywords: Liquid SO2 extraction.
Chapter V – Petrochemicals
Q Fill in the Blanks
1. _______ is mostly used as a chemical intermediate and 50% of it is usually
converted into formaldehyde
Answer: Methanol
2. _________ is obtained mainly as a constituent in the oxidation products of
paraffins, specially methane
Answer : Formaldehyde
3. Oxidation is carried over a silver gauge or finely made copper gauge.
Methanol to air ratio is kept in ______.
Answer : 0.3 to 0.5.
4. By oxidising propylene with oxygen, only ______ results
Answer : acrolein
5. Methacrylic acid is condensed with methanol to produce ________.
Answer: methyl methacrylate.
Short Questions
1. Expalin in short : Methanol production
Keywords:oxidation of methane
2. Expalin in short : Formaldehyde production
Keywords: methanol vapour.
Answer in Brief.
1. Explain manufacturing process of Vinyl chloride with diagram
Keywords: VCM, oxychlorination of ethylene
