BAQS 1294 PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2
CEILING
SHAHIR AMNAN 2419553
ISMARUL HAKIMI 2410125
LUQMANUL HAKIM 2419827
AHMAD SYAKIR 2410915
HAMIEM HAMZAH 2412297
INTRODUCTION TO KAED
The KAED building at IIUM’s Gombak campus
stands as a powerful symbol of the integration
of Islamic architectural heritage with
contemporary educational needs.
Strategically located near key campus
facilities and visible from the main entrance
Its well-equipped facilities, including lecture
halls, studios, galleries, and open courtyards,
support a vibrant and collaborative academic
environment for students in architecture,
planning, and design.
PAGE 02
DESCRIPTIONS OF CEILING
A ceiling is the overhead surface of a room, often
hiding structural elements like beams or ducts.
Historically, ceilings have also been decorative,
featuring paint, reliefs, or exposed structures.
Modern ceilings are typically:
Suspended Ceilings: Installed below the structure
to conceal systems like wiring, ducts, and lighting
using metal grids and tiles.
Exposed Ceilings: Showcase structural and
mechanical elements for an industrial or modern
aesthetic.
PAGE 03
FUNCTIONS OF CEILING
Suspended Ceiling: Hides mechanical, electrical, and
plumbing systems, improve sound absorption and reduces
noise level and it helps maintain indoor temperature.
Plaster and Paint Ceiling: Fire resistance and durable
Exposed Ceiling: Easy access for maintenance, enhanced
air volume and ventilation, and flexible lighting and system
installation
PAGE 03
CEILING
COMPONENTS
Structural Support Components
Joists
Beams
Trusses
Grid Framework
Main Runners
Cross Tees
Perimeter Wall Angle
Suspension Wires
Ceiling Surface Material
Gypsum Board
Plaster
PVC Panel
Acoustic Tiles
PAGE 04
a) Suspended Ceiling with Mineral Fiber Tiles
Built with a modular T-grid metal system, including
CONSTRUCTION
main runners, cross tees, and wall angles.
The grid is suspended from the slab by hanger wires
fixed with anchors or cleats.
METHOD
Ceiling tiles (typically made of mineral fiber or
fiberglass) are laid into the grid system.
The system allows easy access to the ceiling void for
maintenance of MEP services.
c) Exposed Ceiling
Leaves structural elements (beams, ducts, pipes)
visible.
No false ceiling or boards used.
Surfaces are cleaned, patched, and sometimes
painted.
MEP services are organized neatly or color-coded.
Optional acoustic treatment added if needed.
b) Plaster & Paint Ceiling
Plasterboard fixed to ceiling joists or metal frame.
Joints taped and covered with joint compound.
PAGE 05 Skim coat of plaster applied for smooth finish.
Surface is sanded, primed, and painted.
a) Suspended Ceiling with b) Plaster & Paint Ceiling
INSTALLATION
c) Exposed Ceiling
Mineral Fiber Tiles 1. Prepare Ceiling [Link] & Inspect
[Link] & Layout Plasterboard usually fixed to Choose what to expose (ducts,
PROCESS
Measure ceiling joists; double-screw to beams, etc.)
Mark joists and draw plan reduce movement. Follow fire and insulation codes
2. Plan & Buy Materials Clean surface; mark joists on Check ceiling condition
Plan panel layout ceiling. 2. Clear the Area
Get panels, angles, runners, 2. Mix Plaster Remove old ceiling systems and
tees, and wires Add plaster to water; mix to fixtures
3. Install Wall Angles creamy consistency. Shut off power if needed
Mark height Keep water nearby to clean 3. Clean & Repair
Snap lines and fix wall angles tools. Clean all surfaces
4. Set Suspension System 3. Ready-Mixed Plaster Fix cracks, holes, or loose wiring
Install screw eyes and hanger (Optional) 4. Organize Utilities (Optional)
wires Use for small repairs; dries Neatly arrange ducts and cables
5. Secure Wires quickly. Paint or cover unattractive parts
Cut wires 4. Apply Plaster 5. Paint Ceiling (Optional)
Hang and bend them for main Tape joints and apply joint Use a uniform color like black or
runners compound. white
6. Install Main Runners Use hawk and trowel to Spray for even coverage with
Cut runners spread plaster smoothly. ventilation
Place, level, and fix them Smooth with damp trowel 6. Install Lighting
7. Add Cross Tees and brush edges. Use track or pendant lights
Snap in cross tees every 2 feet Paint when dry. Run wiring in exposed conduit
8. Install Panels
7. Final Touches
Insert full panels
Add insulation, acoustic panels
Cut and place border panels PAGE 06
DESIGN
CONSIDERATION
PAGE 07
MATERIAL TYPE
Suspended ceilings Exposed
Some common materials for off-the-shelf panels include fiberglass, gypsum, tin, Exposed ceilings show beams, pipes, and ducts.
plastic, or mineral fibre. Giving a stylish, industrial vibe.
more decorative or custom panel options are often made of hardwood, fabric, No need to install insulation or finish the ceiling that can lower renovation costs.
metal, plastic and glass.
PVC
Gypsum PVC ceilings are very well constructed such that they are inexpensive and
Gypsum ceilings are affordable and versatile. waterproof.
easy to install and require little maintenance. Easy to clean and maintain since they are resistant to stains and warping.
they may be more prone to water or impact damage. light, easy to install but may lack some sophistication compared to other
products.
MAINTAINANCE
Suspended ceilings Exposed ceilings
Acoustic ceiling panels or tiles, which are meant to help improve the sound Without insulation, heating and cooling bills can go way up
quality inside a space, .In cold places, heat escapes fast and snow or ice on the roof can
May have a sponge-like texture on the surface, with many small holes to help cause damage.
absorb sounds.
Well acoustically but could be very difficult to clean. PVC ceilings
Require minimal maintenance, since they are resistant to stain and
Gypsum ceilings: warp
Regular cleaning and inspection for water damage are necessary. Repair may be Washing them regularly using mild soap and water is enough to
necessary if there are dents or cracks. maintain their appearance.
PAGE 08
Suspended ceilings
Suspended ceilings are durable if made with quality
DURABILITY
materials and kept dry, but it can sag or stain if
exposed to moisture or damage.
Gypsum ceilings
Although gypsum is a durable material in general, it
may be more susceptible to water or impact damage
than some other materials.
Exposed ceilings
Exposed ceilings are very durable since it shows
the building’s actual structure, but it may need
more maintenance for dust, rust, or temperature
control.
PVC ceilings
PVC is a resilient material that has fewer moisture
and impact problems. However, it may not be as
durable or wear-and-tear-resistant as other
materials
PAGE 09
COMMON ISSUES
AND REMEDIES
Cracking and Flaking Paint
Caused by moisture, poor surface prep, or old age.
Remedy: Scrape, apply sealer/primer, repaint with
moisture-resistant paint.
Water Stains on Gypsum/Plaster Ceilings
Usually from roof leaks or plumbing issues.
Remedy: Fix the leak, dry the ceiling, seal stains, repaint.
Mold or Mildew Growth on Finishes
Common in poorly ventilated or humid spaces.
Remedy: Clean with anti-fungal solution, improve
ventilation, repaint with anti-mold paint. PAGE 10
COMMON ISSUES
AND REMEDIES
Sagging or Warped PVC and Tile Panels
Due to heat, moisture, or improper installation.
Remedy: Replace affected panels, ensure proper fixing, seal
roof or attic leaks.
Discoloration of Wood Panels
From sunlight, moisture, or aging.
Remedy: Sand and reseal or refinish with UV-resistant
varnish.
PAGE 11
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
(LIFESPAN AND REPLACEMENT CYCLE)
Painted Ceilings
Lifespan: 5–7 years
Maintenance: Repaint every few years, clean with damp
cloth regularly.
Gypsum/Plaster Board Finishes
Lifespan: 15–25 years if dry
Maintenance: Patch cracks, repaint; avoid excess
moisture.
PVC Panel Ceilings
Lifespan: 20–30 years
Maintenance: Wipe with mild detergent; check for warping
or loose edges.
PAGE 12
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
(LIFESPAN AND REPLACEMENT CYCLE)
Suspended Tile Ceilings (Mineral Fiber/Acoustic)
Lifespan: 10–15 years
Maintenance: Replace stained or sagging tiles; clean gently.
Exposed Ceilings
Lifespan: 30+ years (dependent on structural material and
condition)
Maintenance: Dust and Clean: Regularly clean exposed
beams, ducts, and pipes to prevent dust buildup.
Inspect Components: Check for signs of rust, condensation,
or water damage on exposed utilities.
Protective Coating: Reapply anti-corrosion paint or wood
sealant as needed (typically every 5–10 years).
PAGE 13
FACTORS AFFECTING DURABILITY OF
CEILING FINISHES Moisture and Humidity
Moisture is one of the most damaging factors to ceiling finishes,
especially in tropical or poorly ventilated buildings.
Effect on Materials:
Promotes mold and mildew growth on plaster and painted finishes.
Leads to warping and delamination of wooden panels and PVC.
Causes paint blistering and staining on gypsum boards.
Material Selection
Choosing the right ceiling material directly affects how well it
performs under specific environmental and functional conditions.
Comparison:
Gypsum boards are cost-effective but absorb water easily.
PVC and metal ceilings are more resistant to moisture and pests.
Wood panels offer aesthetic appeal but need regular care to resist
rot and decay.
PAGE 14
FACTORS AFFECTING DURABILITY OF
CEILING FINISHES Ventilation and Insulation
Overview: Proper airflow reduces the risk of moisture buildup and temperature-
related degradation.
Impacts:
Reduces the chance of condensation, especially in attic spaces or metal roof
structures.
Prevents mold and musty odors that affect ceiling materials and indoor air
quality.
Helps maintain consistent interior conditions, reducing thermal expansion and
contraction of finishes.
Installation Quality
Even high-quality materials can fail prematurely if not properly installed.
Common Issues:
Poor alignment of panels leads to visible joints or gaps.
Weak anchoring results in sagging or detachment over time.
Inadequate surface preparation causes finishes like paint or plaster to crack and
peel.
PAGE 15
FACTORS AFFECTING DURABILITY OF
CEILING FINISHES
Use of Space / Function of Room
The nature of the room greatly influences the performance expectations
for ceiling finishes.
Examples:
Bathrooms and kitchens: Prone to high moisture, requiring water-resistant
and mold-proof finishes.
Offices and classrooms: May need acoustic control and low-maintenance
surfaces.
Warehouses or industrial areas: Exposed to dust, fumes, or impact,
requiring robust finishes.
PAGE 16
THANKYOU SO MUCH !
PAGE 10
