PAINT

 Paint is a liquid, paste, or powder product that forms adherent films when applied on
the surface of the substrate.
 Paint is a homogeneous mixture of Binder, Pigment, VOC, and additives, which when
applied on the surface as a thin layer forms a solid dry adherent film after
oxidation/evaporation/polymerization
 Paints are stable mechanical mixtures of one or more pigments.
 Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition which after application to a
substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque solid film.
COMPOSITION OF PAINT
 Binder/resin
 Pigment
 Filler/extruder
 Volatile organic compound (thinner)
 Driers
 Additives
 Solvents
BINDERS/RESIN
A binder is a polymetric material that holds together the components of a coating or
adhesive, providing adhesion to the substrate and contributing to the overall performance
and durability of the product. Binders form a continuous film when the coating dries,
effectively encapsulating pigments and fillers, and ensuring that they adhere to the surface
being coated. The binder is classified into two classifications; convertible binders which are
non-fully polymerized but its partially polymerized and it completes its polymerization
during film formation when painting. An example of convertible binders is polyurethane,
epoxy, and thermosetting acrylics. The second classification is the non-convertible resins
that is fully polymerized such as nitro cellulose and cellulose.
Epoxy Resins
It’s a resin produced by step wise polymerization, which obtained in equation below, with starting
with a condensation reaction between epichlorohydrin and dihydric alcohol such as phenol, and bis-
phenol A, in alkaline medium. Epoxy resins traded under names such as; araldite, and epon, by
several suppliers such as; Dow plastics, Epic resins, Resyn corp., Shell chemicals, and united resin
corp,
Properties Of Epoxy Resins
Epoxy resins have good several properties vary from the high tensile, excellent chemical and
corrosion resistance, very law shrinkage, good electrical insulation, also it can be cured over
wide range of temperatures, to its high adhesion force to several substrates such as metals
which give it high importance in coating industry.
Curing Of Epoxy Resins
As mentioned, epoxy resins can be cured in wide temperatures depending on the used curing
agent, several curing agents such as; aliphatic amines aromatic amines, catalytic curing agent,
and acid anhydride. For using epoxy in coating industry, the curing agents that used are
aliphatic amines, and catalytic curing agent.

Curing epoxy with aliphatic amines such as (DETA) occurs at room temperature, but
curing at this low temperature has its disadvantages which performed in the relatively short
working life and limited mass in curing process to avoid crazing, cracking, or charring of resin
system. Also giving the cured resins with this system gives it high tendency toward degradation
at high temp. For more development and improvement another curing agent is used which is
catalytic curing agent (BDMA), which cure epoxy resins at 100 ◦C, which make it avoid the
disadvantages of curing with aliphatic amine such as limited curing mass.
Polyurethane Resins

Urethane or carbamates is the term that used to describe products of step growth
polymerization, of di-isocyanate and polyol, that polyurethane classified according to it. It can
be provided in both classification of thermo setting and thermo plast, dependent on aliphatic
and aromatic segments in polyurethane structure.

Polyurethane Properties
polyurethane classified according to polyol used its manufacturing which has its effect on properties
of PU, but it generally remarked with its; abrasion resistance, flexibility, toughness, chemical
resistance, weather resistance.
Acrylics
The term acrylic has come to represent those polymers containing acrylate and methacrylate
esters in their structure along with certain other vinyl unsaturated compounds. Both
thermoplastic and thermosetting systems are possible, the latter formulated to include
monomers possessing additional functional groups that can further react to give crosslinks
following the formation of the initial polymer structure

Acrylics Properties

The properties of acrylics depend on its type according to it thermo plastic or thermo setting.
thermo plastic has resistance for water and chemicals also resistance for fumes, and it has
resistance to uv degradation. thermo setting has lower molecular weight, hence higher solids at
application viscosity, usually formulated on cheaper solvents, better gloss and general
appearance (after baking) improved chemical, solvent, acid and alkali resistance.

Acrylics Curing
Curing of acrylic paints or emulsion paints based on physical process which is water vaporization, no
other solvent used so paints that depend on acrylics considered as environmental paints as it doesn’t
pollute environment.
Amino Resins
Amino resins are generally used in baked coatings as cross-linking agents. They are used in
proportions up to 50% of the total vehicle binder. They can be used with alkyds, polyesters,
epoxies, thermosetting acrylics, phenolics, and other heat reactive resins.

Alkyds

It’s a thermosetting resin produced from reaction of organic alcohol and organic acid, which
both of them are selected carefully to meet the required specifications, and then can be
modified with oils. Also, it can be prepared directly from reaction
Alkyds properties
The oils that used in modification alkyd resins such as coconut, dehydrated castor, or soya.
The selection of oil and its percentage classify the end use properties such as speed of drying,
flexibility, and durability. Alkyds has three types depending on oil length, its properties
obtained in table below

Alkyds Lengths And Its Properties

Alkyd Oil length% Properties

Short 20-25% Non-oxidative, soluble in aromatic hydrocarbon
solvents, it gives a hard film

Medium 45-60% Oxidative (Air drying), soluble in aliphatic or aromatic

solvent, it gives more flexible films

Long 60-80% Air-drying (oxidative), soluble in

aliphatic solvents, it gives very flexible film

Solvents
It’s the second component of vehicle beside resins the first one, it’s function to give flowability to
the paint to make easy applying, and dissolving the resin and other paint components. The important
principle in solvents working is “Like dissolves like”, solvent selection be according to several factors
such as its suitability to formula of paint, cost, and safety.
The second important factor in solvent working is the evaporation rate, some of solvents can work as
retards to slow the drying rate to give an open time for film drying, but it required from solvent to
have a good evaporation rate for speeding paint layers applying.

Classification of solvents
Solvents has many types according to its working principle, figure above showed the different types
of solvents according to principle of work, also it can be classified according to its chemical structure
which showed in figure.

Classification of solvents according to principle of working

Fillers/extruders
Fillers is considered as additives but adding it with high quantities in paint formula, forcing to
consider it as a main component of paint formula, it has several types can perform a co-work as
fillers and others such as; retardants for flame like alumina tri hydrate (ATH). The most
common are calcium carbonate, talc, silica, wollastonite, clay, calcium sulfate, mica, glass
structures, and ATH. Fillers serve a number of purposes such as reducing cost.

Pigment

Pigments are particulate solids that are dispersed in paints to provide certain characteristics to
them, including color, opacity, durability, mechanical strength, and corrosion protection for
metallic substrates. Pigments classified into organic pigments; which used in decoration paints,
and in-organic pigments; which are metallic pigments, used in protective paints

Color and it pigment

Color Inorganic pigment Organic pigment

White
Titanium dioxide
Zinc oxide
Zinc sulphide
Antimony oxide
Black
Carbon black Aniline black
Black iron oxide
Brown
Iron oxides brown Benzimidazolone
Yellow
Lead chromate Arylamide Diarylide
Yellow iron oxide
Red
Cadmium red Metallized Azo Reds
Red iron oxide Perylene
Blue
Ferric potassium ferrocyanide Cobalt Copper Phthalocyanine Blue
blue
Green
Chrome green Copper Phthalocyanine Green
Chromium oxide
Hydrated chromium oxide

Additives

Although its low percentage in paints composition, it has high effect in improving properties,
through this low percentage paints manufacturer distinguished, several additives used in paints
formula such as thickeners, dryers, anti-skinning, defoamers, etc

Paint additives

Additive Principle of work Examples

Anti-Settling Preventing of settling of paints solid content • such BYK Anti-Terra 203,
agents as; pigment and filler during storing. • Crayvallac,
•
polyolefins.
Anti-skinning Preventing of skin formation on surface of • Methyl ethyl ketoxime,
agents autoxidative air-drying paints in storing. • cyclohexanone oxime.
Anti-sagging Increasing viscosity which provide sagging. • Polyolefins.
agents
Anti-foaming lowering the surface tension in the • neighborhood BYK 023, BYK03,
agents of the bubble, causing them • to coalesce to larger, Pyrenol.
less stable bubbles • which then break

Light stabilizers Protection is achieved in two stages; The • UV Tinuvin 1130 UV

absorber (about 1%) converts the undesirable short absorber,
wavelengths to heat • energy, and the light- Tinuvin 1123 HALS,
stabilizer captures the • free radicals generated that Tinuvin 1144 HALS.
would cause film degradation.

Dryers It works by oxidation of cationic metal from • a stable Co, Ca, and Mg octoate.
lower valency to a less stable higher
valency, this will speed oxidization
reactions
Thickeners This creates a reversible three-dimensional • network Benton (Activated &
which increases the viscosity. non-activated)
Adhesion Formation of chemical bonds with the • substrate silanes,
promoter surface and the binder; or • increasing in the silicones,
wettability of the surface; or • formation of an titanium compounds,
interlayer between substrate • and binder. amides,