Bapuji Educational Association®
Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology
Davangere-577 004
An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU
Activity Based Assessment
Report
on
Introduction to Electronics & Communication
BECESC104C
Submitted by
1.T V Keerthana
[Link]
[Link] .H KG
[Link]
3.B.M MeghaCHARAN
[Link] T V
4. SIRI K R
Smt. Suma K G Program Coordinator
[Link]., MISTE, MIE, MIETE
Course Instructor Department of EC
Introduction about Proteus
Proteus is a powerful software used for designing and simulating electronic
circuits, creating PCB layouts, and programming microcontrollers. It is widely
used by engineers, students, and professionals for testing and prototyping
electronic designs.
Key Features:
Circuit Simulation: Simulates analog, digital, and mixed-mode circuits in real-
time. Microcontroller Support: Allows firmware testing for microcontrollers like
Arduino, PIC, AVR, and ARM.
Schematic Capture & PCB Design: Converts circuit designs into PCB layouts
with multi-layer support and auto routing.
3D Visualization: Displays how the final PCB will look, ensuring spatial
accuracy.
Component Library: Includes a vast library of electronic components and
customization options.
Proteus is a user-friendly, cost-effective tool that simplifies electronic design,
making it ideal for education, prototyping, and production.
Fig. Proteus software
Contents
1. Rectifiers
1.1 Half Wave Rectifier
1.2 Half Wave Rectifier with Capacitor
1.3 Bi-phase Full Wave Rectifier
1.4 Bi-phase Full Wave Rectifier with Capacitor
1.5 Bridge Rectifier
[Link] Multipliers
2.1 Voltage Doubler
2.2 Voltage Tripler
3. OPAMP Circuits
3.1 Inverting Amplifier
3.2 Non-Inverting Amplifier
3.3 Differentiator
3.4 Summer
3.5 Astable oscillator
4. Adders
4.1 Half Adder
4.2 Full Adder
5. Modulators
5.1 Amplitude Modulation
[Link]
1.1 Half wave rrectifier
The circuit diagram of half wave rectifier is as shown in the figure below
The main voltage is 240V, 50Hz, is applied to the primary step-down
transformer, which will be reduced to 12V rms across the secondary.
During the +ve half cycle of the secondary, the diode is forward biased and
conducts current through R1.
During the -ve half cycle of the secondary, the diode does not conduct current
through R1 and the cycle repeats.
The input and output voltage waveforms is as shown in the figure below:-
1.2 Half wave rectifier with Capacitor
The figure shows a Half-Wave Rectifier (HWR) with a capacitor filter, where
the capacitor is connected in parallel with the load.
The capacitor is called a reservoir capacitor. It stores charge during the positive
half-cycle of the secondary voltage and discharges through during the negative
half-cycle of the secondary voltage.
During the first half of the positive cycle of the secondary, the diode D is
forward-biased and charges the capacitor.
During the second half of the cycle, the entire voltage of the secondary is in
reverse bias, and the capacitor discharges through RL. The discharge time is
slow, and the cycle repeats. By observing the capacitor voltage, the ripples are
reduced
1.3 Bi-phase Full Wave Rectifier
It is constructed by using centre tap transformer and 2 diodes
During positive half cycle of primary, the D1 is forward bias and conducts
current through R1. The D2 is reversed bias and does not conduct current.
During negative half cycle of primary, the D2 is forward bias and conducts
current through R2 in the same direction as that of during positive half cycle and
D1 is reversed bias and does not conduct current as shown in the waveform
below
1.4 Bi-phase full wave rectifier with capacitor
The capacitor filter is used to remove the ripples. During the positive half cycle,
the capacitor is charged to the peak value of secondary due to Diode D₁. When
the secondary becomes less than peak value, both D₁ and D₂ will be reversed
biased and capacitor discharges through R₁. During the negative half cycle, the
capacitor charges again due to Diode D₂. The charging time is very fast and
discharge time is slow.
1.5 Bridge rectifier
During positive half cycle of the secondary, the diode D₁ and D₂ are conducting
current through R₁, and D₃ and D₄ are reversed bias. During negative half cycle
of the secondary, the diode D₃ and D₄ conduct current through R₁, and D₁ and D₂
are reversed bias.
2. Voltage
2.1 Voltage Doubler
It can be constructed by using an additional diodes and capacitors with the half
wave rectifier as shown in the figure below:
During +ve half cycle of secondary, D₁ is FB, and C₁ is charged to peak value
Vpk.
During -ve half cycle of secondary, D₂ is FB, and C₂ is charged to the peak of
secondary Vpk.
Since output voltage is taken across two capacitors, hence It will be 2𝑉𝑝𝑘.
2.2 Voltage Tripler
It can be constructed by using an additional diodes and capacitors with the half
wave rectifier as shown in the figure below:
During -ve half cycle D1 is forward bias and charges c1 to a peak value Vpk.
During +ve half cycle C2 is charged to 2 Vpk and C3 is also charged to 2 Vpk.
The output voltage across RL is the sum of voltage across C1 and C3.
Hence the output voltage will be 3Vpk.
[Link]
3.1 Inverting Amplifier
Input is applied to the inverting terminal (-). Thus, the output is phase-shifted by
180°. The amount of amplification that is closed loop gain is given by –(Rf/Rin)
Vout = - (Rf / Rin) Vin
Av = - (Rf / Rin)
3.2 Non-Inverting Amplifier
The input is applied at the non-inverting terminal (+). Hence, the output will be
in phase (0°). The gain of the non-inverting amplifier is given by (1+Rf/Ri)
Vout = (1 + Rf / Rin) Vin
Av = (1 + Rf / Rin)
3.3 Differentiator
The circuit produces the differentiation of the input voltage at its output voltage
is called Differentiator. The circuit is as shown below,
The square wave input is converted into a train of short duration pulses. The
output is inverted because the input is applied at the inverting terminal. The
graph is shown below,
3.4 Summing amplifier
It is the circuit which produces the output voltage which is sum of input voltage
applied.
V out = - ( Rf /R1 ) V1 - ( Rf /R2 ) V2
if R1 = R2 = R , V out = - Rf /R ( V1 + V2 )
if Rf = R , V out = - ( V1 + V2 )
Output
3.5 Astable oscillator
A simple single stage astable oscillator using an OPAMP is showed in the figure
below. The circuit employs positive feedback without output feedback to non-
inverting input via potential divider formed by R1 and R2.
4. Adder
4.1 Half Adder
Half adder which has 2 bits x and y and generates 2 output bits has sum and
carry designed as s and c
Truth table: -
x y c s
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
Operation: -
Sum = A⊕B
Carry = A⋅B
4.2 Full adder
Full Adder is a combination circuit which adds 3 bits in which 2 bits are to be
added and 3rd bit is carry input from previous bit position addition, and
generates outputs Sum and a carry output
Truth Table
x y z c s
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1
Operations: -
Sum = A⊕B⊕C
C =(A⋅B)+(B⋅Cin )+(A⋅Cin)
5. Modulator
5.1 Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a technique where the amplitude of a high-
frequency carrier wave is varied in proportion to the information signal, such as
audio.
