DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction :-

Traffic congestion is one of the major modern-day crisis in every big city in the world.
Recent study of World Bank has shown that average vehicle speed has been reduced
from 21 km to 7 km per hour in the last 10 years in Dhaka. Inter metropolitan area
studies suggest that traffic congestion reduces regional competitiveness and redistributes
economic activity by slowing growth in county gross output or slowing metropolitan
area employment growth. As more and more vehicles are commissioning in an already
congested traffic system, there is an urgent need for a whole new traffic control system
using advanced technologies to utilize the already existent infrastructures to its full
extent. Since building new roads, flyovers, elevated expressway etc. needs extensive
planning, huge capital and lots of time; focus should be directed upon availing existing
infrastructures more efficiently and diligently. Glean traffic data. Some of them count
total number of pixels, some of the work calculate number of vehicles .These methods
have shown promising results in collecting traffic data. However, calculating the number
of vehicles may give false results if the intravehicular spacing is very small (two
vehicles close to each other may be counted as one) and it may not count rickshaw or
auto-rickshaw as vehicles which are the quotidian means of traffic especially in South-
Asian countries. And counting number of pixels has disadvantage of counting
insubstantial materials as vehicles such as footpath or pedestrians. Some of the work
have proposed to allocate time based solely on the density of traffic. But this may be
disadvantageous for those who are in lanes that have less frequency of traffic.

1.2 Project Overview

In this paper author is describing concept to control or automate green traffic signal
allotment time based on congestion available at road side using Canny Edge Detection
Algorithm. To implement this technique we are uploading current traffic image to the

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 1

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

application and application will extract edges from images and if there is more traffic
then there will be more number of edges with white colour and if uploaded image
contains less traffic then it will have less number of white colour edges. Empty edges
will have black colour with value 0. By counting number of non-zeroes white pixels we
will have complete idea of available traffic and based on that we will allocate time to
green signal. If less traffic is there then green signal time will be less otherwise green
signal allocation time will be more. To compare current traffic we will take one
reference image with high traffic and comparison will be done between uploaded image
white pixels and reference image white pixels. Using below code we will allocate time
to green signal.

1.3 Existing System

Edge detection technique is imperative to extract the required traffic information from
the CCTV footage. It can be used to isolate the required information from rest of the
image. There are several edge detection techniques available. They have distinct
characteristics in terms of noise reduction, detection sensitivity, accuracy etc. Among
them, Prewitt, canny, Sobel, Roberts and LOG are most accredited operators. It has been
observed that the Canny edge detector depicts higher accuracy in detection of object
with higher entropy, PSNR(Peak Signal to Noise Ratio), MSE(Mean Square Error) and
execution time compared with Sobel, Roberts, Prewitt, Zero crossing and [Link] is
a comparison between distinct edge detection techniques.

To implement this technique we are uploading current traffic image to the

application and application will extract edges from images and if there is more
traffic then there will be more number of edges with white colour and if uploaded
image contains less traffic then it will have less number of white colour edges.

1.4 Proposed System

In this paper, a system in which density of traffic is measured by comparing

captured image with real time traffic information against the image of the empty

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 2

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

road as reference image is proposed. Here, in figure 1, the block diagram for
proposed traffic control technique is illustrated.
Each lane will have a minimum amount of green signal duration allocated.
According to the percentage of matching allocated traffic light duration can be
controlled. The matching is achieved by comparing the number of white points
between two images. The entire image processing before edge detection i.e.
image acquisition, image resizing, RGB to gray conversion and noise reduction
is explained in section II. At section III, canny edge detection operation and white
point count are depicted. Canny edge detector operator is selected because of its
greater overall performance.

1.5 Advantages of proposed system

It is advantageous to convert RGB images into grayscale for further processing.

When converting an RGB image to grayscale, it is pertinent to consider the RGB
values for each pixel and make as output a single value reflecting the brightness
of that pixel. One of the approaches is to take the average of the contribution from
each channel: (R+B+C)/3.

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 3

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

CHAPTER 2
2. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

2.1 Requirement Analysis

The project involved analyzing the design of few applications so as to make the application
more users friendly. To do so, it was really important to keep the navigations from one
screen to the other well ordered and at the same time reducing the amount of typing the
user needs to do. In order to make the application more accessible, the browser version had
to be chosen so that it is compatible with most of the Browsers.

2.2 Requirement Specification

2.2.1 Functional requirement

In software engineering, a functional requirement defines a system or its component. It
describes the functions a software must perform. A function is nothing but inputs, its
behavior, and outputs. It can be a calculation, data manipulation, business process, user
interaction, or any other specific functionality which defines what function a system is
likely to perform.
Functional software requirements help you to capture the intended behavior of the
system. This behavior may be expressed as functions, services or tasks or which system is
required to perform.

2.2.2 Non-Functional requirement

A non-functional requirement defines the quality attribute of a software system. They
represent a set of standards used to judge the specific operation of a system. Example,
how fast does the website load?
A non-functional requirement is essential to ensure the usability and effectiveness of the
entire software system. Failing to meet non-functional requirements can result in systems
that fail to satisfy user needs.

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 4

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

2.3 Computational resource requirements

2.3.1 Hardware requirements :-

 Processor : Pentium IV or higher

 RAM : 512 MB
 Hard Disk : 40 GB
 Mouse : Optical Mouse.
 Monitor : 15’ Colour Monitor.

2.3.2 Software requirements :-

 Operating System : Windows 7 or Above

 Compiler / Interpreter : Python 3.7
 Libraries : numpy, scipy, scikit-image
& opencv-python,

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 5

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

CHAPTER 3

3. DESIGN

3.1 Design Introduction

This chapter provides the design phase of the Application. To design the project, we use
the UML diagrams. The Unified Modelling Language (UML) is a general- purpose,
developmental, modelling language in the field of software engineering that is intended to
provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system.

3.2 Use case Diagram

Figure 3.1 Use case Diagram

The above diagram represents the main actor in the project.

 User

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 6

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

3.3 Class Diagram

Figure 3.2 class diagram

The above mentioned class diagram represents the system workflow model.

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 7

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

3.4 Sequence Diagram

Figure 3.3 Sequence diagram

The above diagram represents the sequence of flow of actions in the system.

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 8

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

3.5 State Chart Diagram

Figure 3.4 State Chart diagram

The above diagram represents the State Chart of flow of action.

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 9

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

CHAPTER 4

4. SYSTEM LOW LEVEL DESIGN

4.1 Modules of the Project

This chapter mainly provides the overview on modules of the application, objectives of
the project and a detailed project overview.

4.2 Upload Image Module:

In this module current traffic image will be uploaded to application and then convert colour
image into Grayscale image format to have pixels values as black and white colour.

4.3 Pre-process Module:

In this module Gaussian Filter will be applied on uploaded image to convert image into
smooth format. After applying filter Canny Edge Detection will be applied on image to
get edges from the image. Each vehicle will have white colour pixels and non-vehicle will
have black colour pixels.

4.4 White Pixel Count Module:

Using this module we will count white pixels from canny image to get complete traffic
count

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 10

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

CHAPTER 5

5. IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Sample Code

from tkinter import messagebox

from tkinter import *

from tkinter import simpledialog

import tkinter

from tkinter import filedialog

import numpy as np

from [Link] import askopenfilename

import numpy as np

from CannyEdgeDetector import *

import skimage

import [Link] as mpimg

import os

import [Link] as sm

import cv2

import [Link] as plt

main = [Link]()

[Link]("Density Based Smart Traffic Control System")

[Link]("1300x1200")

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 11

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

global filename

global refrence_pixels

global sample_pixels

def rgb2gray(rgb):

r, g, b = rgb[:,:,0], rgb[:,:,1], rgb[:,:,2]

gray = 0.2989 * r + 0.5870 * g + 0.1140 * b

return gray

def uploadTrafficImage():

global filename

filename = [Link](initialdir="images")

[Link](text=filename)

def visualize(imgs, format=None, gray=False):

j=0

[Link](figsize=(20, 40))

for i, img in enumerate(imgs):

if [Link][0] == 3:

img = [Link](1,2,0)

plt_idx = i+1

[Link](2, 2, plt_idx)

if j == 0:

[Link]('Sample Image')

[Link](img, format)

j=j+1

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 12

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

elif j > 0:

[Link]('Reference Image')

[Link](img, format)

[Link]()

def applyCanny():

imgs = []

img = [Link](filename)

img = rgb2gray(img)

[Link](img)

edge = CannyEdgeDetector(imgs, sigma=1.4, kernel_size=5, lowthreshold=0.09,

highthreshold=0.20, weak_pixel=100)

imgs = [Link]()

for i, img in enumerate(imgs):

if [Link][0] == 3:

img = [Link](1,2,0)

[Link]("gray/[Link]",img)

temp = []

img1 = [Link]('gray/[Link]')

img2 = [Link]('gray/[Link]')

[Link](img1)

[Link](img2)

visualize(temp)

def pixelcount():

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 13

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

global refrence_pixels

global sample_pixels

img = [Link]('gray/[Link]', cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)

sample_pixels = [Link](img == 255)

img = [Link]('gray/[Link]', cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE)

refrence_pixels = [Link](img == 255)

[Link]("Pixel Counts", "Total Sample White Pixels Count :

"+str(sample_pixels)+"\nTotal Reference White Pixels Count : "+str(refrence_pixels))

def timeAllocation():

avg = (sample_pixels/refrence_pixels) *100

if avg >= 90:

[Link]("Green Signal Allocation Time","Traffic is very high

allocation green signal time : 60 secs")

if avg > 85 and avg < 90:

[Link]("Green Signal Allocation Time","Traffic is high allocation

green signal time : 50 secs")

if avg > 75 and avg <= 85:

[Link]("Green Signal Allocation Time","Traffic is moderate

green signal time : 40 secs")

if avg > 50 and avg <= 75:

[Link]("Green Signal Allocation Time","Traffic is low allocation

green signal time : 30 secs")

if avg <= 50:

[Link]("Green Signal Allocation Time","Traffic is very low

allocation green signal time : 20 secs")

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 14

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

def exit():

[Link]()

font = ('times', 16, 'bold')

title = Label(main, text=' Density Based Smart Traffic Control System

Using Canny Edge Detection Algorithm for Congregating Traffic
Information',anchor=W, justify=CENTER)

[Link](bg='yellow4', fg='white')

[Link](font=font)

[Link](height=3, width=120)

[Link](x=0,y=5)

font1 = ('times', 14, 'bold')

upload = Button(main, text="Upload Traffic Image", command=uploadTrafficImage)

[Link](x=50,y=100)

[Link](font=font1)

pathlabel = Label(main)

[Link](bg='yellow4', fg='white')

[Link](font=font1)

[Link](x=50,y=150)

process = Button(main, text="Image Preprocessing Using Canny Edge Detection",

command=applyCanny)

[Link](x=50,y=200)

[Link](font=font1)

count = Button(main, text="White Pixel Count", command=pixelcount)

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 15

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

[Link](x=50,y=250)

[Link](font=font1)

count = Button(main, text="Calculate Green Signal Time Allocation",

command=timeAllocation)

[Link](x=50,y=300)

[Link](font=font1)

exitButton = Button(main, text="Exit", command=exit)

[Link](x=50,y=350)

[Link](font=font1)

[Link](bg='magenta3')

[Link]()

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 16

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

CHAPTER 6

6. SCREENSHOTS

6.1 Screenshots.

To implement this project we are using 4 input images given in paper and on
reference image. Below are the images screen shots saved inside images folder

6.1.1 Image Folder

Figure No. 6.1 Image Folder

We can upload above 4 images to application to calculate traffic signal time.

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 17

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

6.1.2 Interface

To run this project double click on ‘[Link]’ file to get below screen

Figure No. 6.2 Interface

In above screen click on ‘Upload Traffic Image’ button to upload image.

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 18

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

6.1.3 Image Selection

Figure No. 6.3 Image Selection

In above screen I am uploading image B and now click on ‘Open’ button to load
image

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 19

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

6.1.4 Image Processing

Figure No. 6.4 Image Processing

In above screen we got message as input image loaded. Now click on ‘Image Pre-
processing Using Canny Edge Detection’ button to apply Gaussian filter and to get
canny edges, after clicking button wait for few seconds till you get below screen
with edges

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 20

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

6.1.5 Reference Image

Figure No. 6.5 Reference Image

In above screen left side image is the uploaded image and right side is the ‘Reference
Image’, Now close this above screen and click on ‘White Pixel count’ button to get
white pixels from both images

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 21

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

6.1.6 Pixel Counts

Figure No. 6.6 Pixel Count

In above screen dialog box we can see total white pixels found in both sample and
reference image. Now click on ‘Calculate Green Signal Time Allocation’ button to
get signal time

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 22

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

6.1.7 Green Signal Time

Figure No. 6.7 Green Signal Time

For that uploaded image we got message as it contains high traffic and signal time
must be 60 seconds. Similarly you can upload any image and get output. Below is
the output for image A

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 23

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

7.1.8 Image A

Figure No. 7.8 Image A

Above time for image A

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 24

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

CHAPTER 7

7. TESTING

7.1 Overview of Testing

The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover
every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the
functionality of components, subassemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is the
process of exercising software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets
its requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There
are various types of test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

7.2 Types of Testing

7.2.1 Unit testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal
program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All
decision branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual
software units of the application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit before
integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is
invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business
process, application, and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path
of a business process performs accurately to the documented specifications and contains
clearly defined inputs and expected results.

7.2.2 Integration testing

Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to
determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more
concerned with the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that
although the components were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit
testing, the combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 25

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

specifically aimed at exposing the problems that arise from the combination of
components.

7.2.3 Functional testing

Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are

available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation,
and user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements,

key functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify
Business process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must
be considered for testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are
identified and the effective value of current tests is determined.

7.3 Unit Testing :-

Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase of the
software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be conducted
as two distinct phases.

Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in detail.

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 26

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

Test objectives
 All field entries must work properly.
 Pages must be activated from the identified link.
 The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.
 Features to be tested
 Verify that the entries are of the correct format
 No duplicate entries should be allowed
 All links should take the user to the correct page.

7.4 Integration Testing

Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or
more integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by
interface defects.

The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g.
components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the company
level – interact without error.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.

7.5 Acceptance Testing

User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant
participation by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional
requirements.

Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 27

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

CHAPTER 8

8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

8.1 Conclusion
In this paper, a smart traffic control system availing image processing as an instrument for
measuring the density has been proposed. Besides explaining the limitations of current near
obsolete traffic control system, the advantages of proposed traffic control system have been
demonstrated. For this purpose, four sample images of different traffic scenario have been
attained. Upon completion of edge detection, the similarity between sample images with
the reference image has been calculated. Using this similarity, time allocation has been
carried out for each individual image in accordance with the time allocation algorithm. In
addition, similarity in percentage and time allocation have been illustrated for each of the
four sample images using Python programming language. Besides presenting the
schematics for the proposed smart traffic control system, all the necessary results have been
verified by hardware implementation.

8.2 Scope for future work

The similarity between sample images with the reference image has been calculated.
Using this similarity, time allocation has been carried out for each individual image in
accordance with the time allocation algorithm. In addition, similarity in percentage and
time allocation have been illustrated for each of the four sample images using Python
programming language. Besides presenting the schematics for the proposed smart traffic
control system, all the necessary results have been verified by hardware implementation.

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 28

DESNISTY BASED SMART TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING CANNY

REFERENCES

[1] Amanjot Kaur, Dr. Mohita Garag , Harpreet Kaur, “Review of traffic management control
techniques,” Volume 7, Issue 4, April 2017.

[2] Vishakha S. Thakare, Snehal [Link], Sananaj [Link], Poonam Pawar, “Design of smart
traffic light controller using embedded system,” Volume 10, Issue 1 (Mar. - Apr. 2013)

[3] [Link] shinde, Prof..Sheetal Jagtap, “Intelligent traffic management system :a review,”
IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 2 |
Issue 09 | February 2016.

[4] [Link], [Link],, “A survey on various traffic management schemes for traffic
clearance, stolen vehicle and emergency vehicle,” International Journal of Emerging Technology
in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE) ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 19 Issue 2 – January
2016.

[5] Chandana K K, Dr. S. Meenakshi Sundaram, Cyana D’sa, Meghana NS wamy, Navya K,
“Smart traffic management system for congestion

[6] control and warnings using internet of things (IoT),” Chandana K K etal.; Saudi J. Eng.
Technol.; Vol-2, Iss-5(May, 2017):192-196

[7] [Link] Islam, Nafis Ibn Shahid, Dewan Tanzim ul Karim, Abdullah A Mamun, Dr. Md.
Khalilur Rhaman, “An efficient algorithm for detecting traffic congestion and a framework for
smart traffic control system,” Jam. 31~Feb. 3, 2016.

[8] Tousif Osman, Shahreen Shahjahan Psyche, J. M. Shafi Ferdous, Hasan Zaman, “Intelligent
traffic management system for cross section of roads using computer vision”, 2017.

[9] G. Monika, [Link], [Link], “An intelligent automatic traffic light controller
using embedded system,” Volume 4, Special Issue 4, April 2015.

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES Page No. 29