Solution 5.
1,,
See section 5.3 for guidance. Where flow control is not required, any type giving a positive
closure could be used: plug, gate or ball. The final selection would depend on the valve size,
materials and cost.
Example: The block valves could be plug or ball. The valve on the by-pass stream would need
to be a globe valve to give sensitive flow control.
Solution 5.2
See Example 5.2 and the solution to Problem 5.4
Solution 5.3
See Example 5.2 and the solution to Problem 5.4. Remember that power is taken from a
turbine, so the work term should be positive.
Solution 5.4
Equivalent length of pipe, use values from table 5.3
Inlet line Outlet line
inlet = 25 outlet .= 50
elbows 6 x 40 = 240 10 x 40 = 400
gate valves, open = 7.5 4 x 7.5 = 30
Total = 272.5 480
L’ = (25 + 250) + (272.5 + 480) x 75 x 10 -3 = 231.4 m
Static pressure
(z1 - z2) = (4 - 6) = -2 m fluid
(P1 - P2) = (1.05 - 1.3) = -0.25 bar = (0.25 x 10 5)/(9.8 x 875)
= -2.92 m fluid
Total -2 + (-2.92) + -4.92
Take flow-rate, initially, as 36.3 m3/h
cross-sectional area /4 (75 x 10-3) = 4.42 x 10-3 m2
vel, u = 36.3/3600 x 1/4.42 x 10-3 = 2.28 m/s
relative roughness, e/d = 0.046/75 = 0.006
Re = 875 x 2.28 x 75 x 10-3 = 102,483 = 1.02 x 105
(5.4)
from Fig 5.7, f = 0.0025
Pf = 8 x 0.0025(331.4/75x10-3)875 x 9.282/2 = 200,987
N/m 2
as liquid head = 200987/(9.8 x 875) = 24.14 m
drop across control valve = 35/(9.8 x 875) = 4.08 m
Total static head = 4.08 + 4.92 = 9.0 m
Total head at this flow rate = 9 + 24.14 = 33.1. m
Repeat calculation for various flow rates
Flow m3/h 0 27.3 36.3 45.4
Static pressure 9 9 9 9
Dynamic press drop 0 13.6 24.1 37.7
Total 9 22.6 33.1 46.7
Plotting this operating curve on the pump characteristic gives the
operating point as 29.5 m at 33.0 m3/h
Suction head
H = 2 m, P = 1.05 x 105 N/m2
L’ = 25 + (275.5 x 75 x 10-3 ) = 45.7 m
u = 33/3600 x 1/ 4.42x10-3 = 2.07 m/s
Pf = 8 x 0.0025 (45.7/75 x 10-3 ) 875 x 2.072/2 = 22,846 N/m2
Pv = 25 x 103 N/m2
NPSH = 4 + 1.05 x 105/ (875 x 9.8) - 22846/(875 x 9.8) - 25 x
103/(875 x 9.8)
= 10.7 m (OK)
Solution 5.5
Close control of the reactor temperature is important. If control is lost the reactor seals could
be blown and carcinogenic compounds released into the atmosphere. Interlocks and alarms
should be included in the control scheme.
Solution 5.6
Notes on a possible control scheme.
1. The feed is from storage, so a flow controller should be installed to
main constant flow to the column. A recorder could be included to give
a record of the quantity of feed processed.
2. A level controller will be needed to main a liquid level in the base of the
column and provide the NPSH to the pump. The level could be
controlled by regulating the bottoms take-off with a valve, situated on
the pump discharge, or by controlling the live steam flow to the
column. Temperature control of the steam supply would not be
effective, as there would be virtually no change in temperature with
composition at the base. The effluent is essentially pure water
3. A level controller would be needed to maintain a level in the condenser,
or separating vessel, if one were used. The level would be controlled
with a valve in the product take-off line.
4. The primary control of quality would be achieved by controlling the
reflux rate to meet the product purity specified. Temperature control
could be used but the sensing point would need to be sited at a point in
the column where there is a significant change in temperature with
composition. A better arrangement would be to use a reliable
instrument, such as a chromatography, to monitor and control
composition. A recorder could be included to give a record of the
product quality.
5. As acetone is easily separated from water, it should not be necessary to
control the bottom composition directly. Any effluent above the
specification that slipped through would be blended out in the effluent
pond.
6. A pressure controller would be needed on the vent from the condenser,
to maintain the column pressure
