MILITARY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical Electronic and Communication Engineering
COURSE NO.: EECE-106
(Electrical Circuit and Simulation Laboratory–II)
EXPT NO. 03
Name of the Expt.: Different types of filters and its characteristics with different input frequency.
OBJECTIVE:
To study how series combinations of resistors, capacitors, and inductors can act as low, high or band pass
filters.
THEORY:
Low Pass Filters:
A low pass filter is one that allows low frequency signals to pass through without changing them, but
attenuates high frequency signals
Figure 1: An RL Low Pass Filter
Looking at the output of this circuit in terms of generalized impedances:
……………….Equation 1
It can be seen that if ω is very small, the output signal will be almost exactly the input signal. However, as
ω increases, the fraction becomes small, and the input signal is attenuated. A low pass filter can also be
achieved by taking the output voltage across a capacitor in a series resistor-capacitor circuit:
Figure 2: An RC Low Pass Filter
High Pass Filters:
A high pass filter allows high frequency signals to pass through unchanged, but attenuates low frequency
signals.
Figure 3: An RC High Pass Filter
……………….Equation 2
If ω is very large, the input signal will be largely unchanged when it passes through the filter. If ω is small,
the fraction that multiplies Vin becomes small, and Vin is attenuated. A high pass filter can also be obtained
by taking the voltage across the inductor in a series resistor-inductor circuit.
Figure 4: An RL High Pass Filter
Band Pass Filters:
A band pass filter utilizes the properties of capacitors and inductors to attenuate both high and low
frequency signals, and allow only those signals falling within a certain frequency “band” to pass through.
This can be done with both parallel and series RLC circuits. In this lab, the series RLC circuit will be used
to demonstrate a band pass filter.
Figure 3: A Band Pass Filter
Looking at the output of this circuit in terms of generalized impedances:
…………..Equation 3
If ω is sufficiently large or small, the fraction that V in is multiplied by will become small, and the signal
will be attenuated. However, for the frequency band corresponding to , the signal will pass
through with little or no change.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Part 1: An RC Circuit as a High Pass Filter
As described above, an RC circuit can be used as either a low-pass or a high-pass filter, depending on
which element the output voltage is taken across. Using an RC circuit as a high pass filter will be
investigated in this section.
Figure 4
1) Set up the circuit shown in Figure 4, with the voltage source at a frequency of 100Hz.
2) Connect channels 1 and 2 of the oscilloscope to measure Vs and Vout simultaneously.
3) For the values of frequency given on the data sheet, record the magnitude of the output voltage. With
each frequency change, make sure that Vs is still 10 Vpp.
Part 2: An RL Circuit as a Low Pass Filter
This section does the same as the previous, but with an RL circuit.
Figure 5
1) Set up the circuit as in Figure 5, with the voltage source set to 100Hz.
2) Connect channels 1 and 2 of the oscilloscope to measure Vs and Vout simultaneously.
3) For the values of frequency given on the data sheet, record the magnitude of the output voltage. With
each frequency change, make sure that Vs is still 2.0 Vpp.
Part 3: A Band Pass Filter:
This section investigates the frequency response of a series RLC circuit, by determining the output Voltage
compared to the input voltage at various frequencies.
Figure 6
Answer the questions below, using measured values from the lab. Show at least one sample calculation per
question, and give all answers to 2 decimal places.
Part 1: An RC Circuit as a High Pass Filter
freq Vin (Vpp) Vout (Vpp) Vout/Vin
(Hz)
100 10
500 10
1000 10
2000 10
3000 10
4000 10
5000 10
6000 10
7000 10
8000 10
9000 10
10000 10
100000 10
1) For the data, plot a graph of vs. log( f )
2) On the graph, mark the “pass region”. This is the area where Vout is at least .
3) From the graph, determine the lowest frequency that passes.
Part 2: An RL Circuit as a Low Pass Filter
freq (Hz) Vin (Vpp) Vout (Vpp) Vout/Vin
100 2
500 2
1000 2
2000 2
4000 2
6000 2
8000 2
10000 2
20000 2
30000 2
50000 2
70000 2
100000 2
4.) For the data, plot a graph of vs. log( f )
5.) On the graph, mark the “pass region”.
6.) From the graph, determine the highest frequency that passes.
Part 3: A Band Pass Filter
freq (Hz) Vin (Vpp) Vout (Vpp) Vout/Vin
100 2
160 2
250 2
500 2
1000 2
1200 2
2000 2
3000 2
4000 2
5000 2
7000 2
10000 2
20000 2
30000 2
50000 2
100000 2
7) For the data, plot a graph of vs. log( f )
8) On the graph, mark the bandwidth region. This is the area where Vout is at least .
9) From the graph determine the upper and lower bounds of the pass frequencies.
10) Compare the measured value of the resonance frequency to the nominal value predicted in the pre-lab.
Do they agree within error? If not, why not?
