Internal Flow

Prof. Dr. Ir. Harinaldi

Dr-Ing. Ridho Irwansyah
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

1
Outline
• Introduction
• Laminar and turbulent flows
• The entrance region
• Laminar flow in pipes
• Turbulent flow in pipes
• Minor losses
• Piping network and pump selection

2
Introduction
• Keywords:
Pressure
Pipes Friction Head loss
drop

Pumping No-slip Reynolds

Laminar
power condition number

Fully
Developing
Turbulent developed
flow
flow

3
Laminar and turbulent flow
• Laminar flow: smooth streamlines
and highly ordered motion.
• Turbulent flow: velocity fluctuations
and highly disordered motion.

4
 Laminar and turbulent flow
❑ Experiment to illustrate type of flow and the temporal distribution of
each flow type
Laminar and turbulent flow
• The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the
geometry, surface roughness, flow velocity, surface
temperature, and type of fluid.
• The flow condition (regime) depends mainly on the ratio of
inertial forces to viscous forces in the fluid (Reynolds number).
𝜌𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐷ℎ
• 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
• Dh is the hydraulic diameter

Re < 2300 laminar flow

2300 < Re < 4000 transitional flow
Re > 4000 turbulent flow
6
The entrance region
• Boundary layer region and the irrotational (core) flow region.
• The region from the pipe inlet to the point at which the velocity profile
is fully developed is called the hydrodynamic entrance region
Entry length:
Laminar : 𝐿ℎ,𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 = 0.05𝑅𝑒𝐷
Turbulent: 𝐿ℎ,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 10𝐷

7
Laminar flow in pipes
• Re < 2300
𝑟2
• The velocity profile 𝑢 𝑟 = 2𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑔 1 −
𝑅2
• Maximum velocity umax = 2Uavg

8
Laminar flow in pipes
❑ The velocity of the fluid corresponding to the critical Reynolds
number is called the critical velocity
❑ The critical Reynolds numbers in different situations may be different
depending upon the choice of the characteristic length
❑ For example flow through a pipe :
➢ laminar at Reynolds number less than 2000
➢ turbulent at Reynolds number more than 3000
➢ transition stage at Reynolds numbers between 2000 and 3000

Re < 2000 Re > 3000 Pressure drop

Laminar flow in pipes
❑ The discussion is valid for the case when the pipe completely filled
with the fluid/pipe flow (a) not in open-channel flow (b)

❑ For a pipe flow :

the main driving force is the pressure gradient along the pipe
❑ For an open-channel flow:
the main driving force ins the gravity force
Laminar flow in pipes
❑ Fully Developed Laminar Flow
 2
p r − ( p +  p )  r 2 =  2 r x
p r p + p hence :
(2)
pr dp r
 =− =−
x
x 2 dx 2

Fully developed laminar flow

➢ the velocity profile does not  is proportional to r
change in the longitudinal ➢ the shear stresses
direction varies linearly along dp R
➢ the velocity u varies only with the radius of the pipe  max =−
r ➢ the maximum shear dx 2
➢ the pressure p remains stress occurs at the (3)
constant over the cross pipe wall r= R
section
Laminar flow in pipes
❑ Fully Developed Laminar Flow
The velocity distribution in the pipe may be obtained by the
relationship
Equation (2)

du du du du 1 dp
 = = = − = r (4)
dy d ( R − r ) dr dr 2  dx
at r = R; u = 0
Integrating (4) hence C = −
1 dp 2
R
a paraboloid of revolution
4  dx
1 dp 2     (5)
2
1 dp 2 r
u= r +C u=− R 1 −   

4  dx 4  dx   R  

At r = 0 (centreline)
1 dp 2   r  
2

U max =− R u = U max  1 −   

(7)
4  dx (6)
  R  
Laminar flow in pipes
❑ Fully Developed Laminar Flow
Total Discharge through the pipe
R    
r
2
 R2 
Q =  2 rdr  U max  1 −    = 2 U max   (8)
   
R   4 
0 
Substituting (6)
the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow through a round pipe

  dp  4  4  dp  (9)
Q=−   R = − D  
8   dx  128   dx 

Average Velocity
Q 1  dp  2
U = =−  R (10)
R 2
8   dx 
Laminar flow in pipes
❑ Fully Developed Laminar Flow
The power required to maintain the laminar flow in a pipe may be
determined by employing the relationship
P = FU = ( p1 − p2 ) R 2U = ( p1 − p2 )Q (11)

Rearrange eq. (10) shows that the pressure gradient must be

negative: dp 8 U
=− 2
(12)
dx R

the pressure must drop along the direction of flow. The drop in
pressure over a finite length l would be given by
ሜ
8𝜇 𝐿𝑈
Δ𝑝 = (13)
𝑅2
Laminar flow in pipes
❑ Fully Developed Laminar Flow
The total drag force on the pipe due to the laminar flow through it
can be calculated by considering that the wall shear stress acts
over the peripheral area of the pipe
Fdrag =  max  2 Rl (14)
A force equal and opposite to the drag force-must be required to hold-the pipe in
piosition

The drag coefficient or skin-friction coefficient

8𝜏max
𝐶𝑓 =
𝜌𝑈ሜ 2 (15)
Employing eq. (3) and (12)
64𝜇 64
𝐶𝑓 = = (16)
ሜ
𝑈𝐷𝜌 𝑅𝑒
Laminar flow in pipes
❑ Fully Developed Laminar Flow
Pressure loss inside a pipe

(17)

Head loss inside a pipe

(18)
Laminar flow in pipes
❑ Fully Developed Laminar Flow
For Nonhorizontal Pipe

∆𝑝 − 𝜌𝑔𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝐷2 ∆𝑝 − 𝜌𝑔𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜋𝐷4

ഥ=
𝑈 𝑄=
32𝜇𝐿 128𝜇𝐿
Laminar flow in an annulus
❑ Fully Developed Laminar Flow through an Annulus

Velocity distribution
1  dp   r 2 − R12 
u=  − 2 r
 R1 
r ln (19)
2   dx  
max
2 
where: R22 − R12
rmax = (20)
R
2 ln 2
R1
Laminar flow between parallel plates
❑ Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates

➢ Consider the flow between two infinitely wide, parallel plates

➢ For an elemental lamina, the forces acting are due to pressure
on the ends and shear stresses above and below it
 dp   d  dp d
p y −  p +  x   y −  x +  +  y   x = 0 =
 dx   dy  dx dy
(21) (22)
Laminar flow between parallel plates
❑ Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates
➢ Couette Flow
✓ The upper plate moving at U to the right and lower plate kept stationary

U 1  dp   y
u= y−   yh  1 −  (23)
h 2   dx   h

h U
ymax = −
2 h dp (24)
dx

U h 2  dp 
U max =− −   (25)
2 8  dx 
Laminar flow between parallel plates
❑ Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates
➢ Plane Poiseuille Flow
✓ Both plates kept stationary

h 2  dp     
2
y
u=−    1 − 4    (26)
8   dx   h 

h 2  dp 
U max =−   (27)
8  dx 
Exercise
• Show that the Reynolds number for flow in a circular pipe of
diameter D can be expressed as Re = 4𝑚ሶ /(𝜋D𝜇).

22
Exercise
• Consider the flow of oil with 𝜌 = 894
kg/m3 and 𝜇 = 2.33 kg/m·s in a 28-
cm diameter pipeline at an average
velocity of 0.5 m/s. A 330-m-long
section of the pipeline passes
through the icy waters of a lake.
Disregarding the entrance effects,
determine the pumping power
required to overcome the pressure
losses and to maintain the flow of oil
in the pipe
23
Exercise
• Glycerin at 40°C with 𝜌 = 1252 kg/m3 and 𝜇 = 0.27 kg/m·s is
flowing through a 3-cm-diameter, 25-m-long pipe that
discharges into the atmosphere at 100 kPa. The flow rate
through the pipe is 0.075 L/s. Determine the absolute pressure
25 m before the pipe exit!

24
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
• A turbulent flow is a flow in which all three velocity components
are nonzero and exhibit random behavior.
𝑢 = 𝑢ത + 𝑢′ 𝑣 = 𝑣ҧ + 𝑣 ′ 𝑤=𝑤 ഥ + 𝑤′

25
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Turbulent Parameter

❑ Turbulent intensity
❑ Reynolds shear Stress
❑ Higher order turbulence
❑ Time scale

Turbulent Intensity
❑ One dimensional flow
1/ 2 Turbulent intensity is often presented as
1
( u ) dt 
to + T
TI = ( u ) = 
 t 
2 2 relative value to the reference velocity,
i.e mean velocity, free-stream velocity,
T o
 etc

❑ Two dimensional flow ❑ Three dimensional flow

1/ 2 1/ 2
 ( u  ) + ( v )
2 2   ( u  ) + ( v ) + ( w )
2 2 2 
TI =   TI =  
 2   3 
   
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Turbulent Shear Stress
❑ It is tempting to extend the concept of viscous shear stress for
laminar flow :  = (du/dy), by replacing u with average velocity
❑ However numerous experimental and theoretical studies have
shown that such approach leads to completely incorrect results,
that is,
❑ Different mechanism of shear stress production
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Turbulent Shear Stress
Total Shear Stress:
❑ Laminar shear stress
❑ Turbuent shear stress (Reynolds shear stress)
du
 = −  u v =  lam +  turb
dy

❑ The shear stress in turbulent flow is not merely proportional to the

gradient of the time-averaged velocity
❑ It also contains a contribution due to the random fluctuations of the
x and y components of velocity
❑ The density is involved because of the momentum transfer of the
fluid within the random eddies
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Structure of Turbulent Flow in A Pipe
❑ Although the relative magnitude of lam compared to turb is a
complex function dependent on the specific flow involved, typical
measurements indicate the structure shown below
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Eddy Viscosity
❑ An alternate form for the shear stress for turbulent flow is given in
terms of the eddy viscosity

du
 =
dy
❑ Although the concept of an eddy viscosity is intriguing, in practice it
is not an easy parameter to use
❑ Unlike the absolute viscosity which is a known value for a given
fluid, the eddy viscosity is a function of both the fluid and the flow
conditions
❑ That is, the eddy viscosity of water cannot be looked up in
handbooks-its value changes from one turbulent flow condition to
another and from one point in a turbulent flow to another
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Mixing Length Theory
❑ The inability to accurately determine the Reynolds stress, u'v', is
equivalent to not knowing the eddy viscosity
❑ Several semiempirical theories have been proposed to determine
approximate values of 
❑ L. Prandt’l (1875 – 1953) proposed that the turbulent process could
be viewed as the random transport of bundles of fluid particles over
a certain distance, lm , the mixing length, from a region of one
velocity to another region of a different velocity
❑ By the use of some assumptions and physical reasoning, it was
concluded that the eddy viscosity was given by
du
 = l
2
m
dy
❑ Hence: 2
2  du 
 =  lm  
 dy 
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
❑ Considerable information concerning turbulent velocity profiles has
been obtained through:
➢ the use of dimensional analysis
➢ experimentation
➢ semiempirical theoretical efforts
❑ Within the viscous sublayer the viscous shear stress is dominant
compared with the turbulent stress, and the random, eddying
nature of the flow is essentially absent
❑ In the outer turbulent layer the Reynolds stress is dominant, and
there is considerable mixing and randomness to the flow.
❑ The character of the flow within these two regions is entirely
different
➢ within the viscous sublayer the fluid viscosity is an important parameter; the
density is unimportant
➢ In the outer layer the opposite is true
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
❑ The turbulent velocity profile in a smooth pipe
Subviscous layer (law of the wall)
u yu * y = R−r
=
u*  u* =  wall 

Overlap region
u  yu * 
= 2, 5 ln   + 5, 0
u*   

Central region
(Vc − u ) R
= 2, 5 ln  
u*  y
1/ n
u  r Power law
= 1 −  velocity
Vc  R
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
❑ Power Law Velocity Profile

Exponen n for power law velocity Typical laminar flow and turbulent
profile flow velocity profile
Minor Losses
• The fluid in a typical piping system
passes through various fittings,
valves, bends, elbows, tees, inlets, Loss coefficient, KL Head loss, HL
ℎ𝐿
exits, expansions, and contractions 𝐾𝐿 = 2
𝑉 /(2𝑔) 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐾𝐿
in addition to the straight sections 2𝑔
of piping. Equivalent length, Lequiv
• Major losses occur at the straight 𝐿𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣
𝐷
= 𝐾𝐿
section. 𝑓

• Minor losses appear at the Total head loss , hL,total

components. ℎ𝐿,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ℎ𝐿,𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 + ℎ𝐿,𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟

35
Minor Losses

36
Minor Losses

37
Minor Losses

38
Minor Losses

39
Piping Networks
• When a piping system involves a pump
and/or turbine, the steady-flow energy
equation on a unit-mass basis is
expressed as

40
Example
• A pressure drop of 500 kPa is measured over 200 m of a horizontal length
of 8 cm-diameter cast iron pipe transporting water at 20 0C (density 980
kg/m3). Estimate the flow rate!

41
 Example
• A pressure drop of 500 kPa is measured over 200 m of a horizontal length
of 8 cm-diameter cast iron pipe transporting water at 20 0C (density 980
kg/m3). Estimate the flow rate!
Head loss inside a pipe

(18)

42
Example
• Water at 10°C flows from a large
reservoir to a smaller one through
a 5-cm-diameter cast iron piping
system. Determine the elevation
z1 for a flow rate of 6 L/s. The
roughness of cast iron pipe is 𝜀 =
0.00026 m. The density and
dynamic viscosity of water at
10°C are 𝜌 = 999.7 kg/m3 and 𝜇 =
1.307 × 10−3 kg/m·s

43