Matrix Addition:

(−12 + )(
4 0 1 −1 4
3 5 2 0 −5
=
3 3 4
1 3 0)( )
Matrices of the same order can be added by adding the elements in their corresponding positions

Matrix Subtraction:

( 24 −3
1)(
−
7 −3
−1 2
= )(
−5 0
5 −1 )
Matrices of the same order can be subtracted by subtracting the elements in their corresponding
positions

Matrix Multiplication:
2 (30 −4
6 )(
=
6 −8
0 12 )
Matrices can be multiplied by a scalar number

)( ) ( )
5
( 3 1 2
2 2 4
2=
3
23
26

( 3 ×5 )+ (1 ×2 )+ (2 ×3 )=15+2+6=23( 2 ×5 ) + ( 2 ×2 ) + ( 4 ×3 )=10+ 4+12=26

2 ×3 ×3 ×1 gives a 2 ×1 matrix. The middle two numbers must be the same.

Zero Matrix:

(00 00) for 2 ×2

( )
0 0 0
0 0 0 for 3 ×3
0 0 0
Identity/Unit Matrix:

(10 01) for 2 ×2

( )
1 0 0
0 1 0 for 3 ×3
0 0 1

Determinant of Matrices:
Singular – Matrices with a determinant = 0

Non-singular – Matrices with a determinant ≠ 0

For a 2 ×2 matrix ( ac db), its determinant = ad −bc

( )
a1 b 1 c 1
For a 3 ×3 matrix a2 b 2 c 2 its determinant equals:
a3 b 3 c 3

a1
| | | | | |
b2 c2
b3 c3
b c b c
−a2 1 1 +a3 1 1
b3 c 3 b2 c2

where
| |b2 c2
b3 c3
is the determinant of the matrix
(
b2 c2
b3 c3 )

Inverse of Matrices:
If N is the inverse of a matrix M ( N=M −1), then NM =I .

M= (ac bd )
 −1
M =
1 d −b
ad−bc −c a ( )
1
=det M
ad−bc

( )
a 1 b1 c 1
M = a 2 b2 c 2
a3 b3 c 3

( )
A1 − A2 A3
−1 1
M = −B1 B2 −B3 where
det M
C1 −C2 C3

A1=
| | | | | |
b2 c 2
b3 c 3
, A2=
b1 c 1
b3 c 3
, A3 =
b1 c 1
b2 c 2
and so on

−1 −1 −1
( AB) =B A

Transformations:
The transformation A−1 undoes the transformation done by A . It returns the image to the original
object.

The transformation BA represents the transformation A followed by the transformation B.

For a transformation matrix A , det A is the scale factor of the transformation

Points that map to themselves under a transformation are called invariant points.

Lines that map to themselves under a transformation are called invariant lines.

Example questions:

(−2
Q1. Find
10 3 5
7 )(2 )

(−2
10 ×5+ 3× 2
×5+7 × 2 )=( )
56
4

Q2. Find(−21 35)(−24 3 0

−3 1 )
(−18
−2
−21 5 )
−6 3

Q3. Find (−13 24)( 10 01). What do you notice?

(−13 24), multiplying a matrix by the identity matrix has no effect

Q4. Describe the transformations represented by the following matrices.

i) (01 10)
ii) (
0 2)
2 0

(01 10)--> Reflection in the line y=x

(20 02) --> Enlargement, centre the origin, scale factor 2

Q5. By drawing a diagram to show the image of the unit squares, find the matrices that represent
each of the following transformations:

i) a reflection in the x-axis

ii) an enlargement of scale factor 3, centre the origin

I is mapped to itself while J is mapped to J’:

(10 0
−1 )

I is mapped to I’ while J is mapped to J’:

(30 03)
Q6. Find the image of the rectangle with vertices A(-1, 2), B(1, 2), C(1, -1) and D(-1, -1) under the

shear (10 31) and show the rectangle and its image on a diagram.
(10 31)(−12 12 −11 −1 −1 2 2 −1 −1 )
) =(
5 7 −2 −4
Q7. In a shear, S, the y-axis is fixed, and the image of the point (1, 0) is the point (1, 5).

i) Draw a diagram showing the image of the unit square under the transformation S.

ii) Find the matrix that represents the shear S.

(15 01)

Q8.

i) Write down the matrix A that represents an anticlockwise rotation of 135° about the origin.

ii) Write down the matrices B and C that represent rotations of 45° and 90° respectively about the
origin. Find the matrix BC and verify that A = BC.

iii) Calculate the matrix B3 and comment on your answer.

 ( )
−√ 2 − √2
2 2
A=
√2 − √2
2 2

( )
√ 2 −√ 2
2 2
B=
√2 √2
2 2

C= ( 01 −10 )

( )
−√ 2 − √2
2 2
BC=
√2 − √2
2 2

( )
− √2 −√ 2
3 2 2
B=
√2 −√ 2
2 2

3 45° rotations = 1 135° rotation

Q9. M is the matrix (21 −10 ).

i) Show that (5, 5) is an invariant point under the transformation represented by M .

ii) What can you say about the invariant points under this transformation?

(21 −10 )( 55)=(55)

(21 −10 )( xy)=(2 x−x y )
2 x− y=x x= y y=x

The invariant points all lie on y=x

Q10. Find the invariant lines of the transformation given by the matrix M = (52 14).
(52 14)( xy)=( 25xx+4+ yy)
' '
5 x+ y=x 2 x+ 4 y= y
' '
x =5 x+ mx+c=( 5+ m ) x +c y =2 x+ 4 mx +4 c=( 2+4 m ) x +4 c

y =m x +c ( 2+ 4 m ) x + 4 c=m [ ( 5+m ) x +c ] +c 2 x+ 4 mx+ 3 c=5 mx+m x+ cm

' ' 2

m x−mx−2 x +cm−3 c =0( m −m−2 ) x + ( m−3 ) c=0

2 2

m −m−2=0( m−2 )( m+1 )=0m=−1 , m=2

2

c=0

y=− x y=2 x

Q11. A shape S has area 8cm2. S is mapped to a shape T under the transformation represented by

the matrix M = (13 −20 ). Find the area of shape T.

det M =66 × 8=48

Area of shape T = 48cm2

Q12.

i) Draw a diagram to show the image of the unit square OIPJ under the transformation represented

by the matrix M = (24 31).

ii) Find det M .

iii) Use your answer to part (ii) to find the area of the transformed shape.

det M =−10

Area of the transformed shape = 10 units2

Q13. Given that P= (20 11) and Q=(21 12), find

i) det P

ii) det Q

iii) det PQ.

What do you notice?

det P=2det Q=3

PQ= ( 51 42)det PQ =6
det PQ = det P x det Q

Q14.

i) Write down the matrix A that represents a rotation of 90° anticlockwise about the origin.

ii) Write down the matrix B that represents a rotation of 90° clockwise about the origin.

iii) Find the product AB and comment on your answer.

A=( 01 −10 )
B=(
−1 0)
0 1

AB=(
0 1)
1 0

A and B are inverse of each other, so AB = I

Q15. A= (116 32)

i) Find A−1.

ii) The point P is mapped to the point Q (5, 2) under the transformation represented by A. Find the
coordinates of P.

−1
A = (
1 2 −3
4 −6 11 )
(−1.5
0.5
2.75 )(2 ) (−2 )
−0.75 5
=
1

The coordinates of P are (1, -2).

 ( )
3 0 −4
Q16. Find the determinant of the matrix M = 7 2 −1 .
−2 1 3

3 |21 −13 |−7|01 −43 |−2|02 −4

−1|
=21−28−16=−23

Q17. Find the inverse of the matrix M without using a calculator, where

( )
2 3 4
M = 2 −5 2
−3 6 −3

det M =−6

( )
3 33 26
adj M = 0 6 4
−3 −21 −16

( )
−1 −11 −13
2 2 3
−2
M −1= 0 −1
3
1 7 8
2 2 3