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Standing carbon stock estimation in different tree species grown in dry tropical
forests of vindhyan highland, Mirzapur, India

Article in Ecology Environment and Conservation · December 2012

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Eco. Env. & Cons. 19 (2) : 2013; pp. (401-407)
Copyright@ EM International
ISSN 0971–765X

Standing carbon stock estimation in different tree

species grown in dry tropical forests of vindhyan
highland, Mirzapur, India
Ajay Kumar Mishra1*, Jogendra Singh1 Vivek Kumar2, Rajani Srivastava2 and Shalini Srivastava3

1
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
2
Centre for Environmental Science and Technology, BHU, Varanasi, India
3
University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
(Received 18 October, 2012; accepted 17 December, 2012)

ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to investigate total carbon sequestration in ten dominant tree species grown in
Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Barkaccha, Mirzapur, India having an area of
2760 acres. To estimate biomass from selective tree species, it is not advisable to cut them for this reason,
non-destructive method is employed. The essential parameters required for the measurement of biomass
and carbon stock is height, girth and wood density. Height measurement is based on shadow method and
girth taken as Diameter at Breast Height (dbh) as 1.36 meter high above the ground. The study revealed
that the height (0.70**) and girth (0.93**) showed positive correlation with carbon stock of selective tree
species and has advantage over destructive method used for biomass and carbon stock estimation. Carbon
storage in individual tree species varies from 0.04 tonnes (Acasia catechu) to 25.65 tonnes (Madhuca longifolia)

Key words : Tree biomass, Carbon sequestration, Correlation coefficient, Climate change.

Introduction For example, tropical regions would be more af-

fected by a decrease in agricultural production,
Global surface mean temperatures have increased while temperate regions would face the expansion
by 0.8OC since the late 19th century and eleven out of of vector-born diseases like malaria and dengue fe-
the twelve warmest years on record have occurred ver, and would confront higher temperatures and
since 1995 (IPCC, 2007). Earth’s mean temperature is more frequent heat waves during summer (IPCC,
projected to increase by 1.5 to 5.8 OC during the 21st 2001). Facing these threats and the costs of adapta-
century (IPCC, 2001). The culprit behind these and tion to be borne by future generations, mitigation
other observed climate changes are reportedly measures have been proposed within international
caused by emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) agreements like the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC,
through anthropogenic activities including land use 1998). As a general classification, mitigation is di-
change, deforestation, forest fire, draining of wet- vided into two groups: first, the reduction of GHG
lands, soil cultivation and fossil fuel combustion. emissions in the energy sector and industrial process
CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased and second, the enhancement of carbon sinks.
from 280 ppm in 1750 to 380 ppm in 2005; this is the This paper emphasis on trees of ten dominant
cause of global warming. Global warming would species act as major CO2 sink which captures carbon
vary between regions causing diverse impacts on from the atmosphere and acts as sink, stores the
agriculture, forestry, human health and biodiversity. same in the form of fixed biomass during the growth
*Corresponding author’s email: akm8cest@[Link]
Address : Ajay Kumar Mishra, 103, Agroforestry Lab, Kalhwa Road, Jarifa Farm, CSSRI, Karnal, Haryana 132 001, In-
dia
402 Eco. Env. & Cons. 19 (2) : 2013

process. Active absorption of CO2 from the atmo- pacity (WHC) (Singh et al., 1989). Mostly dominated
sphere in photosynthetic process and its subsequent by xerophytic shrubs and fragmented forests.
storage in the biomass of growing trees or plants is
Biomass estimation
the carbon storage (Baes et al., 1977 and Mathews et
al., 2000). Carbon sequestration implies transfer of Above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass,
atmospheric CO2 into other long lived global pools dead wood, litter, and soil organic matter are the
including oceanic, pedologic, biotic and geological major carbon pools in any ecosystem (FAO, 2005;
strata to reduce the net rate of increased atmo- IPCC, 2006).
spheric CO2 concentration (Lal, 2008). Owing to its Aboveground and belowground biomass in the
numerous ancillary benefits (e.g., improved soil and selected tree species was estimated by carbon per-
water quality, restoration of degraded ecosystem, centage and by measuring the tree height, DBH and
increased crop yield) tree carbon sequestration is wood density. The carbon concentration of different
often termed as win-win or no regrets strategy (Lal tree parts was rarely measured directly, but gener-
et al., 2003). Therefore, growing trees (especially ally assumed to be 50% of the dry weight (Losi et al.,
high carbon sequester) in proper land use pattern 2003; Jana et al., 2009; Chavan and Rasal, 2011).
can be a potential contributor in reducing the con-
Estimation of Aboveground biomass
centration of CO2 in atmosphere by its accumulation
in the form of biomass. Replacing diverse ecosys- The biomass of a tree is the sum of the biomass of its
tems with single-species timber plantations may roots, trunk, branches, leaves and reproductive or-
generate greater carbon accumulation. However, gans- flowers and fruits. For an accurate measure of
increasing the number of trees might potentially biomass the tree would have to be felled. To avoid
slow the accumulation of atmospheric carbon destruction, the standing woody biomass has been
(Moulton and Richards, 1990). estimated by allometric equation based on diameter
The objective of this research is to measure the and height. Height was measured through shadow
sequestration potential of different tree species method. True trees are defined by girths at breast
grown in the natural ecosystem without any tree height (GBH) of more than 30cm. The corresponding
management practices so as to develop a carbon GBH (Girth at Breast Height 1.3 m) and height for
neutral and healthy environment to sustain life in a each individual tree were noted. The trees with girth
better way. above 30 cm were considered. Besides, saplings with
a girth of over 20 cm were also taken into consider-
Materials and Methods ation, as young saplings sequester carbon at a faster
rate and their chance of survival is high. Three rep-
Study area
resentative trees were selected from each species for
Present study was carried out in Mirzapur district girth and height measurement. The aboveground
(Uttar Pradesh, India) at Rajiv Gandhi South Cam- biomass (AGB) has been calculated by multiplying
pus (BHU), Barkaccha [lat. 25º10’, long. 82º45’] cov- volume of biomass and wood density
ering about 11.2 km2 area. This area is characterized (Ravindranath and Ostwald, 2008). The volume was
with seasonally dry tropical climate dominated by a calculated based on diameter and height. The wood
typical monsoonal character. Mean monthly tem- density value for the tree species were obtained
perature ranges from 13.3–30.5 ºC (minimum) to from web ([Link]).
23.2–40 ºC (maximum). The annual rainfall averages Bio-volume = b = 0.4 × [(GBH)/2] × H
1035 mm, of which 85% precipitates during rainy Biomass = Specific gravity of wood × b
season from the South–- West monsoon. The annual Where,
cycle experiences an extended dry period of about (GBH) is girth at breast height 1.3 m, assuming
nine months. The region is an erosional surface the trunk to be cylindrical. H = Height (m). As the
where the landscape is marked by plateau, summit, wood density of some tree species was unavailable;
valley bottoms, ridges, isolated hills and sediments. the standard average of 0.6 gcm-3 was taken.
The soils are residual, ultisol, sandy to sandy loam
Estimation of Belowground biomass
in texture and reddish brown in colour. The inten-
sively leached soil is shallow, low in nutrients and The Below Ground Biomass (BGB) includes all bio-
organic matter and has moderate water holding ca- mass of live roots excluding fine roots having < 2
MISHRA ET AL 403

mm diameter (Chavan and Rasal, 2011). The (ANOVA) with the SPSS v16.0 package. Pooled
belowground biomass (BGB) has been calculated by analysis of variance was performed to determine the
multiplying above-ground biomass with 0.26 as the significance of differences in the parameters. Mean
root to shoot ratio (Chave et al., 2005 and of the parameters were compared using critical dif-
Ravindranath and Ostwald, 2008). ference (P<0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient was
computed to establish relationship between all pa-
Tree height measurement
rameters.
Shadow method
To estimate the tree height one should have to mea- Results and Discussion
sure the length of the tree’s shadow, observer’s
Interspecific variation in total carbon content of dif-
shadow and his height at the same time (Fig 1) and
ferent tree species were highly significant (Table 1)
calculate as:
indicating high variability in carbon sequestration
Tree’s height = (Tree shadow/ observer’s
among the different tree species (Table 1).
shadow) x observer’s height
Note: Measurement of girth must be taken 1.3 (Table 1. Please see at the end of this paper)
meter above the ground of only those trees having
Carbon storage in individual tree species varies
diameter >10 cm. For trees in forest stands, average
from 0.04 tonnes (Acasia catechu) to 25.65 tonnes
diameter at breast height growth was estimated as
(Madhuca longifolia) (Table 2). Gross sequestration
0.38 cm/year.
rates ranged from 0.16 tC/year (Acasia catechu) to
Estimation of carbon sequestration in terms of CO2 94.13 tC/year (Madhuca longifolia).This study is in
accordance with (Huston and Marland, 2003)
The carbon sequestration is multiplied to one ton of
showed that carbon sequestration depends not only
carbon percentage and this is converted to CO2 per
on rates of productivity but also on the size of the
hectare by factor of 3.67 (Jindal et al., 2007;
tree.
Soderblom, 2009; Hairiah, 2008; Kumar et al., 2009;
Total carbon storage and sequestration within
Sherill and Bratkovich, 2011 and Jasmin and
tree species generally increases with increased girth
Birundha, 2011). One ton of Fresh biomass converts
at breast height. Large healthy trees (greater than
into 4.6 tons of CO2.
100 cm in diameter) sequester approximately 150
Estimation of Growth rates of trees times more carbon than small healthy trees (less
than 100 cm in diameter). Large trees also store ap-
Growth rates were adjusted based on tree condition.
For trees with fair to excellent condition, growth proximately 600 times more carbon than small trees;
rates were multiplied by 1 (no adjustment); poor these results are in accordance with (Nowak, 2002).
This relatively high standard error leads to less cer-
condition tree growth rates were multiplied by 0.76;
critical trees by 0.42; dying trees by 0.15; and dead tainty of the carbon estimate. Although differences
trees by 0 (Nowak, 2002) in the functional traits of tree species (such as aver-
age diameter at breast height, wood density, and life
Statistical analyses span) are a well-known principle of community
All data were subjected to the analyses of variance ecology(Korner, 2005). The magnitude of the effect

Fig [Link] height, girth and diameter at breast height measurement on field site.
404 Eco. Env. & Cons. 19 (2) : 2013

of such differences on stand-level carbon storage is

sequestered

3030.86**
(t/tree)
CO2 rarely emphasized in the context of C-sink initia-

0.77

9.73
tives (Balvanera et al., 2005 and Bunker et al., 2005).
Carbon storage and sequestration in a region is a
function of the amount of area under that tree spe-
cies and percent tree cover (i.e. total amount of tree
225.03**
(t/tree)
carbon

0.058
Total

density) (Chave et al., 2005; Ravindranath and

0.72 Ostwald, 2008; Chavan and Rasal, 2011 and Nowak,
2002). The area under study was mostly dominated
by xerophytic shrubs and fragmented forests.
carbon
ground

(t/tree)

The fact that the above ground biomass (particu-

Below

0.001

0.01
3.83

larly the stem) accounts for the largest amount of

carbon from total tree biomass has been largely
documented, with ranges going from 50 to 92% for
different species from forest plantations (Perez and
170.17**
carbon
ground

(t/tree)
Above

0.04

0.54

Kanninen, 2003; Redondo, 2007 and Redondo and

Montagnini, 2006). Total carbon sequestration is sig-
Mean Sum of Squares

nificantly and positively correlated with biomass

and carbon content (r=1.0**) advocates that for re-
biomass

1111.4**
(Tons)

ducing the atmospheric carbon dioxide level the tree

Total

0.27

3.56

species should be selected which is having high bio-

mass vis-a-vis total carbon sequestration have sig-
nificant and positive correlation with girth at breast
height (GBH) (r=0.93**) and a little bit low correla-
biomass
ground

0.005
(Tons)
Below

0.06
18.9

tion with plant height i.e. tree species having high

GBH may also play important role in reducing CO2
from atmosphere rather than higher plant height
(Table 3). That is why tree height is rarely used inde-
840.35**
biomass
ground
Above

(Tons)

pendently for measuring carbon stock (Pastor et al.,

0.20

2.69

1984, Bond-Lamberty et al., 2002 and Martin et al.,

*, **= significant at 5% and 1% level of significance, respectively.

1998).
Overestimations are still more common when
considering components less lignified such as fine
0.001
height
Plant

0.18
18.49
(m)

necromass, tree leaves and herbaceous vegetation.

These results are supported (Gifford, 2000 and
Sarmiento et al., 2005). Carbon content is in the
breast height

range of 25.65 tC/tree and 0.04 tC/tree. Therefore,

74230.62**
Girth at

150.53*

40.46
(cm)

extrapolating on the assumption that all plant biom-

ass has a constant carbon fraction will only lead to
Table 1. Pooled Analysis of Variance.

increased errors.

Conclusion
DF

18
2
9

Forests play a significant role in reducing atmo-

spheric carbon dioxide levels. More field measure-
Source of variation

ments are needed in these areas to improve carbon

accounting and other functions of forest ecosystems.
Tree species
Replication

In particular, more field data are required to assess

regional variation in forest structure. Long-term per-
Error

manent plot data are needed to assess forest growth,

regeneration, and mortality.
MISHRA ET AL 405

Table 2. Mean carbon sequestration by different tree species.

Tree Sp. Girth at Plant Above Below Total Above Below Total CO2 Gross
breast height ground ground biomass ground ground carbon seques- Sequest.
height (m) biomass biomass (Tons) carbon carbon (t/tree) tered (tons
(cm) (Tons) (Tons) (t/tree) (t/tree) (t/tree) C/
Yr.)
Madhuca longifolia 440 10.52 49.57 7.44 57.01 22.31 3.34 25.65 94.13 94.13
Ficus bengalensis 308 11.53 26.63 3.99 30.62 11.98 1.80 13.78 50.58 50.58
Beutia monospermous 144.7 7.73 3.94 0.59 4.53 1.77 0.26 2.04 7.48 7.48
Ficus religiosa 314.3 8.35 20.10 3.02 23.12 9.05 1.36 10.40 38.18 38.18
Terminali aarjuna 440.3 6.72 31.77 4.76 36.53 14.29 2.14 16.44 60.32 60.32
Eugenia jumbolana 292 11.70 24.31 3.65 27.96 10.94 1.64 12.58 46.15 46.15
Azaridacta indica 53.3 6.25 0.50 0.07 0.57 0.22 0.03 0.26 0.95 0.95
Eculyptus grandis 224.7 6.70 8.25 1.24 9.49 3.71 0.55 4.27 15.66 15.66
Acacia catechu 28 4.48 0.08 0.01 0.09 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.16 0.16
Acacia nilotica 35 5.99 0.17 0.03 0.2 0.08 0.01 0.09 0.33 0.33
Mean 228.0 8.0 16.5 2.5 19.0 7.4 1.1 8.6 31.4 31.4
SE 3.67 0.24 0.95 0.14 0.43 1.09 0.06 0.49 1.80 1.80
CD (P< 0.05) 10.91 0.72 2.82 0.42 1.27 3.24 0.19 1.46 5.35 5.35

Table 3. Correlation among the characters studied.

Characters Girth at Plant Above Below Total Above Below Total CO2
breast height ground ground- biomass ground ground carbon seques-
height (m) biomass biomass (Tons) carbon carbon (t/tree) tered
(cm) (Tons) (Tons) (t/tree) (t/tree) (t/tree)
Girth at breast height 1.000 .629** .933** .933** .933** .933** .933** .933** .933**
Plant height 1.000 .702** .702** .695** .702** .701** .702** .702**
Above ground biomass 1.000 1.0** .995** 1.0** 1.0** 1.0** 1.0**
Below ground biomass 1.000 .995** 1.0** 1.0** 1.0** 1.0**
Total biomass 1.000 .995** .995** .995** .995**
Above ground carbon 1.000 1.0** 1.0** 1.0**
Below ground carbon 1.000 1.0** 1.0**
Total carbon 1.000 1.0**
CO2 sequestered 1.000
*, **= significant at 5% and 1% level of significance, respectively.

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