Physics for Engineers I

Lecture 4: Dynamics - Newton's Laws of Motions

Gottlieb Uahengo Jr., Ph.D.
 Newton’s First Law of Motion

Every object continues in tis state of rest, or of uniform velocity in a

straight line, as long as no net force acts on it.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Newton’s first law states that if no net force acts on an object at rest, the object
remains at rest; or if the object is in motion, it continues moving with constant
speed along a straight line.

• What happens if a net force is applied of the object?

1) The net force exerted on an object may increase it velocity
2) The net force will reduce the object’s velocity (if applied in the opposite direction)
3) The net force will change the direction of the object’s motion (if applied sideways)

A net force causes acceleration

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• What is the relationship between force and acceleration?

• Give me ideas?
• Pushing a cart (trolley) in the Pick ’n Pay
• If you push an empty trolley with the same force, you push one that is filled with groceries,
you’ll notice that the full trolley accelerates more slowly.
• The greater the mass, the less the accelerations for the same net force
• The acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to its mass

σ 𝐹Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ =
𝑚

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it;
and is inversely proportional to the object’s mass. The direction of the
acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the object.

• Mathematically, Newton’s second law can be expressed as follows:

σ 𝐹Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ =
𝑚
Where:
𝑎Ԧ is acceleration,
𝑚 is the mass, and
σ 𝐹Ԧ is the vector sum of all forces acting on the object (“net force”)

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Rearranging the foregoing gives the quintessential form:

෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ

• Thus, Newton’s 2nd relates the description of motion with the cause
of the motion. One of the most fundamental relationship in physics.

• We can now precisely define a force:

• Force → an action capable of accelerating an object.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ

• The foregoing is a vector equation, valid in any inertial frame.

∴ σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , σ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 , σ 𝐹𝑧 = 𝑚𝑎𝑧

• Again, 𝑎 is the acceleration of an object of mass 𝑚, and σ 𝐹 includes all the forces acting
on that object, and only forces action on that object.

• In SI units, with mass in kilogram, the unit of force is called the newton (N).
• One newton is the force required to impart an acceleration of 1 m/s 2 to a mass of 1-kg.
• N = 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠 2

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 Example 1
• Estimate the net force needed to accelerate the following:

1
a) A 1000-kg car at 𝑔.
2
1
b) A 200-grams apple at the same rate 𝑔 .
2

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 Example 1: Route-to-Solution
• We are given the mass and the acceleration.

• Therefore, we can use Newton’s 2 nd law to find the net force for each
object.

• Since the question asks for an estimate, we can round off to one
significant figure.

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 Example 1: Solution
1 1 𝑚
a) The car’s acceleration is given as 𝑎 = 𝑔 = 9.80 ≈ 5 𝑚/𝑠 2
2 2 𝑠2

From Newton’s 2nd:

෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ ≈ 1000 𝑘𝑔 5 𝑚/𝑠 2 ≈ 5000 N

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 Example 1: Solution Cont.
b) For the apple, 𝑚 = 200 𝑔 = 0.2 𝑘𝑔

From Newton’s 2nd:

෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ ≈ 0.2 𝑘𝑔 5 𝑚/𝑠 2 ≈ 1 N

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 Example 2
• What is the average net force required to bring a 1550-kg car to rest
from a speed of 100 km/h within a stopping distance of 55 m?

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 Example 2: Solution
𝑣 2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎𝑠

𝑣 2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑥0

Thus,
(𝑣 2 − 𝑣02) 0 − 27.8 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑎= = = −7.0 𝑚/𝑠 2
2(𝑥 − 𝑥0) 2(55 𝑚)

∴ ෍ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 1500 𝑘𝑔 (−7.0 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) = −1.1 × 104N

A net force of 11,000 N must be exerted (applied) in the direction opposite to

the initial velocity. Hence, the negative sign.
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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Note: Newton’s second law, like the first law is only valid in inertial
reference frames.

• A a non-inertial reference frame, such as a car that begins

accelerating; a cup on the dashboard starts sliding – it accelerates –
even though the net force on it is zero.

• Meaning, σ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 is not applicable in an accelerating reference

frame (σ 𝐹 = 0, but 𝑎Ԧ ≠ 0 in such a frame).

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• Newton’s second law of motion qualitatively describes how forces
affect motion.

• Where do forces come from?

• Think magnets; think about gravity; nuclear forces (strong & week)

• From observations, we know that a force exert on any object, is

always exerted by another object.
• You pushing a grocery cart (trolley)
• A hammer pitting on a nail
• A horse pulling a wagon
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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• Newton observed that things are not so one-side.
• Take the example of a hammer hitting a nail.
• While it true the hammer exerts a force of the nail (see figure)
• The nail exerts a force back on the hammer as well
• This is why the hammer’s speed rapidly reduced to zero!

• Thus, the two objects must be treated on an equal basis:

• This is the essence of Newton’s third law of motion!

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second

object exerts an equal force in the opposite direction of the first

Often paraphrased as:

“For every action there is an equal but opposite reaction”

Note: its very important to remember that the “action” force and the “reaction” force act on different objects.
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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• When you push you hand against a desk, the shape of your hand is
distorted
• There is clear evident that a force is being exerted on your hand
• You can see the desk edge pressing on your hand
• You can also feel the desk exerting a force on your hand; it hurts!
• The harder you push against the desk, the harder the desk pushes back on
your hand.

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Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• Let’s consider how we walk:

1. A person begins walking by pushing

with the foot against the ground.

2. The ground, in response, exerts an

equal and opposite force forward on
the person. It is this (forward) force,
on the person that moves the person
forward. (If you doubt this try walking
normally on a surface where there is
no friction, such as on very smooth
slippery ice)

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Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Trying to walk normally on a surface where there is no

friction, such as on very smooth slippery ice.
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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• While we tend to associate forces with active objects such as humans,
animal, or a moving hammer. Its often difficult to see how an
inanimate object such as a desk or a wall exerts a force.

• The explanation is that every material, no matter how hard, is elastic,

at least to some degree.

• A force influences the motion of an object, only when it is applied on

that object.
• A force exerted by an object does not influence that same object; it only
influences the other object on which it is exerted!
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Newton’s Third Law of Motion
The two forces are of the same magnitude, but opposite directions

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 Weight – the Force of Gravity
and the Normal Force
• In chapter 2, we saw that Galileo claimed that all object dropped near
the Earth’s surface would fall with the same acceleration, g, if air
resistance was negligible.

• Therefore, what’s responsible for this acceleration is called:

“the force of gravity” OR “gravitational force”

• What exerts this force? The Earth (we’ll see how in the next chapter).
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 Weight – the Force of Gravity
and the Normal Force
• This gravitational force is written as follows:

𝐹𝐺 = 𝑚𝑔Ԧ

• The gravitational force varies from celestial bodies.

• As an example, the gravitational force of the Moon is 1/6 that of Earth

• NB: when an object is at rest on Earth, the gravitational force does

not disappear!

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 Weight – the Force of Gravity
and the Normal Force
• An object resting on the table, the table exerts force upwards
• The table is slightly compressed beneath the object

• The force exerted by the table is a contact force

• 𝑭𝑵

• Due to Newton’s 2nd law there must be a second force:

• 𝑭′𝑵

• When a contract force acts perpendicular to the surface;

• It is called a Normal Force

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 Example 3
• A friend has given you a special gift, a box of mass 10-kg with a
mystery surprise inside. The box is resting on a smooth (frictionless)
horizontal surface.
a) Determine the weight of the box and the normal force exerted on it by the
table. • The box is at rest on the table. Thus,
the net force on the box is zero
(Newton’s first and second).

• 𝟏𝒔𝒕: ” … 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 … ”

• 𝟐𝒏𝒅 : 𝐅Ԧ = m𝐚 ∶⇒ 𝟎

• The weight of the box has a

magnitude:

𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 = m𝐠 26
 Example 3: Solution
a) The weight of the box has a magnitude of 𝑚𝑔:

𝑚𝑔 = 10.0 kg 9.81 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 = 98.1 N

• This force acts downwards. The only other force on the box is the
normal force, exerted upwards by the table. We chose the upwards
direction as positive; then the net force on the box is defined as:

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔

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 Example 3: Solution
a) Continued…
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔

Since the box is at rest, the net force on it must be zero (σ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 ; 𝑎𝑦 = 0).
Therefore,
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔

0 = 𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔

𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔

𝐹𝑁 = 98.0 𝑁 Upwards

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 Example 3
• A friend has given you a special gift, a box of mass 10-kg with a
mystery surprise inside. The box is resting on a smooth (frictionless)
horizontal surface.
b) Now your friend pushes down on the box with a force of 40.0 N, as shown
below. Again, determine the normal force exerted on the box by the table.

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 Example 3: Solution Cont.
• Instead of two forces, there are now three forces acting on the box. The
box’s weight is still the same. However, the net force is now

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 − 40.0 N

• But it is still equal to zero, because the box is at rest! Thus,

0 = 𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 − 40.0 N

• Solving for the normal force (𝐹𝑁 ) gives:

𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 + 40.0 N = 138.0 N

The table pushes back with more forces when your friend pushed down on the box! 30
 Example 3: Solution Cont.
• A friend has given you a special gift, a box of mass 10-kg with a
mystery surprise inside. The box is resting on a smooth (frictionless)
horizontal surface.
c) If your friend pulls upwards on the box with a force of 40.0 N, what is the
normal force exerted on the box by the table?

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 Example 3: Solution Cont.
• The box’s weight is still the same. The force exerted by your friend and the
normal force both act upwards.

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 + 40.0 N

• Again, the net for is zero, because the box is at rest! The acceleration is zero.

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 + 40.0 N

0 = 𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 + 40.0 N
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 − 40.0 N
𝐹𝑁 = 58.0 N
The table does not push against the full wight of the box because of the upward normal force exerted. 32
 Weight – the Force of Gravity
and the Normal Force
• Remember that the normal force is elastic in origin. The table in the
preceding example, ”sags” slightly under the weight of the box.

• The normal force is not always vertical.

• When you push against a wall, the normal force that the wall pushes back on
you is horizontal. As in the case of the skater.

• On an inclined plane, the normal force acts normal to the plane

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 Example 4
• What happens when someone pulls upwards on the box in the
previous example, with a force equal to, or greater than, the box’s
weight? Let’s assume is 𝐹𝑃 = 100.0 𝑁 instead of 40.0N.

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 Example 4: Solution
• What happens in this case is that the box accelerates upwards
(𝑎 ≠ 0), because the net force is not zero. Thus, we set the normal
force to zero.

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 + 𝐹𝑃 = 0 − 98.0 N + 100.0 N = 2.0 N

• Applying Newton’s 2nd law:

𝐹𝑦 2.0 𝑁
𝑎𝑦 = = = 0.20 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑚 10.0 𝑘𝑔

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 Example 5
• A lady with a mass of 65-kg descends in an elevator that briefly
accelerates at 0.20g downwards. She stands on a scale that reads in
kilograms.

a) During the acceleration, what is her weight and what does the scale read?
b) What does the scale read when the elevator descends at a constant speed
of 2.0 m/s?
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 Example 5: Solution
a) During the acceleration, what is her weight and what does the scale read?

෍ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚(0.2𝑔)
• Solving for 𝐹𝑁 :
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 − 0.20𝑚𝑔

𝐹𝑁 = 0.80𝑚𝑔

NB: her weight (the force of gravity of her) is still 637 N, however scale now reads 0.80𝑚𝑔 = 52-kg!

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 Example 5: Solution 2 for Emily
a) During the acceleration, what is her weight and what does the scale read?

෍ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

−𝑚𝑔 + 𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚(−0.2𝑔)
• Solving for 𝐹𝑁 :
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 − 0.20𝑚𝑔

𝐹𝑁 = 0.80𝑚𝑔

NB: her weight (the force of gravity of her) is still 637 N, however scale now reads 0.80𝑚𝑔 = 52-kg!

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 Example 5: Solution 3 for Emily
a) During the acceleration, what is her weight and what does the scale read?

෍ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

−𝑚𝑔 + 𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚(−0.2𝑔)
• Dividing by -1 yields:
𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚(0.2𝑔)
• Solving for 𝐹𝑁 :
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 − 0.20𝑚𝑔

𝐹𝑁 = 0.80𝑚𝑔

NB: her weight (the force of gravity of her) is still 637 N, however scale now reads 0.80𝑚𝑔 = 52-kg!

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 Example 5: Solution Cont.
b) What does the scale read when the elevator descends at a constant
speed of 2.0 m/s?

• Since there is no acceleration (𝑎 = 0), so by Newton’s second law:

𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹𝑁 = 0 and 𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔

Therefore, the scale now reads 65-kg. Her true mass!

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 Friction
• Up until now we have completely ignored friction, but in most
practical cases it must be taken into account!

• Friction exist because even the smoothest appearing

surfaces, are quite rough at the microscopic scale.

• When you try to slide something across a surface,

these “rough bumps” impede the motion.

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 Friction
• It is thought that when sliding, the atoms on one surface come close
enough to the atoms on the other surface, such that the attractive electric
forces between the atoms can “bond” – like a tiny weld between the
surfaces.

• Further sliding then breaks and re-makes these bonds, which can explain
why sliding an object across a surface often feels jerky.

• Even when a round object – such as a ball – rolls across a surface, there is
friction, which is called “rolling friction”, although it is much less than that
of an object sliding.

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 Friction
• However, we shall focus on sliding friction, also known as: “static friction”

• When an object slides across a surface, the forces of kinetic friction act to
oppose the direction of the object’s velocity.

• The magnitude of kinetic friction depends on the nature of the two sliding
surfaces.

• Experiments show that the friction force is approximately proportional to

the normal force between two surfaces.
• Recall that the normal force is perpendicular to the (“common”)surface of contact.

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 Friction
• Thus, we can express the proportionality between the magnitude of
the friction force (𝑭𝐟𝐫 ) and the normal force (𝑭𝑵 ) as follows:

𝐹fr = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 [kinetic friction]

• The term, 𝜇𝑘 , is called the coefficient of friction, and its value

depends on the nature of the two surfaces.

𝝁𝒌 is unitless!
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 Friction
• When an object is pulled along a surface by an applied force (𝐹Ԧ𝐴 ), the
force of friction (𝐹Ԧfr ) opposes the motion. The magnitude of friction
𝐹Ԧfr is proportional to the magnitude of the normal force (𝐹ԦN ).

𝐹fr = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁

This is not a fundamental law. It is an experimental relation! 45

 Friction
• What we’ve been discuss up until now is kinetic friction. Which is
when one object begins slides over another: “…already in motion…”

• There is also static friction, which refers to a force parallel to the two
surfaces, that comes about even when the object is not sliding.

• Take the example of a desk resting on the floor. If no horizontal force

is exerted on it; there is no friction force (Newton’s 3 rd law).

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 Friction
• Now suppose the following:

• You try to push the desk, and it does move. You are exerting a horizontal force, but
the desk is not moving! So, there must be another force on the desk keeping it from
moving (net force is zero on objects at rest).

• This is the force of “static friction” exerted by the floor on the desk

𝑭𝒇𝒓 ≤ 𝝁𝒔 𝑭𝑵 [static friction]

• If you push with a greater force without moving the desk, it means the force of
“static friction” has also increased!

• When push hard enough the desk will begin to move, and the kinetic friction takes
over.

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 Friction
• You may have notice that is is often easier to keep a heavy object
moving/sliding, then it is to start it sliding/moving in the first place.

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 Example 6
• A 10.0-kg box rests on a horizontal floor. The coefficient of static
friction is 𝜇𝑠 = 0.40 and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 𝜇𝑘 = 0.30.
determine the force of friction, 𝐹fr , acting on the box if a horizontal
force 𝐹A is exerted on it of the following magnitude:

a) 0
b) 10 N
c) 20 N
d) 38 N
e) 40 N

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 Example 6: Solution
• No motion in the vertical direction (𝑎𝑦 = 0), thus Newton’s 2nd law tells
us the following:
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 = 0

𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0

𝐹𝑁 = 10.0 𝑘𝑔 9.8 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 = 98.0 N

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 Example 6: Solution
a) 0 (zero)
b) Ffr = μs FN = 0.4 98.0 N = 39 N
The force of static friction will oppose any any applied force up to 39 N
c) By Newton’s 3rd law: 20 N
d) By Newton’s 3rd law: 38 N
e) A force of 40 N exceeds the static friction threshold, and we get
motion. So now we have kinetic friction of:
Ffr = μ𝑘 FN = 0.3 98.0 N = 29 N
Thus, the net force on the box is
𝐹 = 40 N − 29 N = 11 N
𝑎 = 1.1 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
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Measured Values of Coefficients of Friction

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 Example 7
Two boxes, box A and box B are connected by a cord running over a pulley.
The mass of Box A 𝑚𝐴 = 5.0 kg, while the mass of Box B 𝑚𝐵 = 2.0 kg. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between box A and the table is 0.20. Find the
acceleration, 𝑎 , of the system, which will have the same magnitude,
assuming the cord doesn’t stretch. Ignore the mass of the cord, the pulley,
and any friction in the pulley.

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Example 7: Solution

54
Example 7: Solution Cont.
From Newton’s 2nd law we can find the normal force of box A:

𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑔 = (5.0 𝑘𝑔)(9.8 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 ) = 49 𝑁

To find the friction force on box A:

𝐹fr = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 = 0.2 49𝑁 = 9.8 𝑁

For box A, we use Newton’s 2nd law along the horizontal to find the net
force. Thus,

σ 𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 𝐹T − 𝐹fr = 𝑚𝐴 𝑎 …[Eq. 1]

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Example 7: Solution Cont.
Newton’s 2nd for box B (taking downwards as positive)

σ 𝐹𝐵𝑦 = mB g − 𝐹𝑇 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎 …(Eq. 2)

Two equation and two unknowns 𝐹𝑇 and 𝑎! Thus, we can re-

express (Eq.1) as follows:

FT = Ffr + mAa

Substitute FT into (Eq.2):

𝑚𝐵 g − Ffr + mAa = mB𝑎

𝑚𝐵 g − Ffr − mAa = mB𝑎

(𝑚𝐵 g − Ffr ) = (mB + mA)a

(𝑚𝐵 g − Ffr )
(mB + mA )
=a 56
 Example 7: Solution Cont.
• Thus, the we can plug and chug to get the numerical value of the acceleration.

(𝑚𝐵 g − Ffr ) 19.6 N −9.8 N

a= (mB +mA )
= 5.0 kg + 2.0 kg
= 1.4 𝑚Τ𝑠 2

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 Example 8
• Calculate the sum of the two forces (𝐹𝐴 + 𝐹𝐵 ) exerted on the boat by
workers A and B.

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 Example 8: Route-to-Solution
1. Add the force (vector) components like any other vectors as we
learned in Chapter 3.
2. Choose and 𝑥𝑦 coordinate system, and then resolve the vector into
its components

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 Example 8: Solution
Consider worker, A (components of 𝐹𝐴 ):

𝐹𝐴𝑥 = 𝐹𝐴 cos 45.0° = 40.0 𝑁 0.707 = 28.3 𝑁

𝐹𝐴𝑦 = 𝐹𝐴 sin 45.0° = 40.0 𝑁 0.707 = 28.3 𝑁

Consider worker, B (components of 𝐹𝐵 ):

𝐹𝐵𝑥 = +𝐹𝐵 cos 37.0° = + 30.0 𝑁 0.799 = +24.0 𝑁

𝐹𝐵𝑦 = −𝐹𝐵 sin 37.0° = − 30.0 𝑁 0.602 = −18.1 𝑁

𝐹𝐵𝑦 is negative because it point along the negative y axis.

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 Example 8: Solution Cont.
• The components of the resultant force are as follows:

𝐹𝑅𝑥 = 𝐹𝐴𝑥 + 𝐹𝐵𝑥 = 28.3 N + 24.0 N = 52 .3N

𝐹𝑅𝑦 = 𝐹𝐴𝑦 + 𝐹𝐵𝑦 = 28.3 N − 18.1 N = 10.2 N
• Thus, the magnitude of the resultant force(vector):

2 2 2 2
|𝐹𝑅 | = 𝐹𝑅𝑥 + 𝐹𝑅𝑦 = 52.3 𝑁 + 10.2 𝑁 = 53.3 N
• To get the angle 𝜃 of the resultant force (from the 𝑥 axis):

𝐹𝑅𝑦 10.2 N
tan 𝜃 = = = 0.195
𝐹𝑅𝑥 52.3 N

𝜃 = tan−1 0.195 = 11.0°

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 Tip!
• When solving problem involving Newton’s laws and force, its very
important to draw a diagram, showing all forces acting on the object.

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 Example 9
• Suppose a friend, named Theodore, asks to examine the 10.0-kg box
from Example 3, hoping to guess what is inside. You tell him to “pull
the box over to you.” He then pulls the box by the attached cord,
along a smooth surface, as shown below.

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 Example 9
• The magnitude of the forces exerted by Theodore is 𝐹𝑃 = 40.0 N, and
it is exerted at an angle of 30.0°, as shown in the figure below.
Calculate:
(a) the acceleration of the box, and
(b) the magnitude of the upward force (𝑭𝑵 ) exerted by the table on the box.
Assume that friction can be neglected.

64
 Example 9: Solution
(a) Choosing +ve x-direction to the right.

𝐹𝑃𝑥 = 40.0 𝑁 (cos 30.0)0 = 40.0 N 0.866 = 34.6 N

𝐹𝑃𝑦 = 40.0 𝑁 (sin 30.0°) = 40.0 N 0.500 = 20.0 N

• Along the horizontal direction, 𝐹Ԧ𝑁 and 𝑚𝑔Ԧ have zero components. Thus, the horizonal
component of the net force is only 𝐹𝑃𝑥

• Applying Newton’s 2nd law to get x component of acceleration:

𝐹𝑃𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐹𝑃𝑥 34.6 N
𝑎𝑥 = = = 3.46 mΤs 2
𝑚 10.0 kg
65
 Example 9: Solution Cont.
• (b) 𝑚𝑔 = (10.0 𝑘𝑔)(9.80 mΤs 2 ) = 98.0 N and FPy = 20.0 N
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦
0
𝐹Ԧ𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔Ԧ + 𝐹Ԧ𝑃𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦

𝐹Ԧ𝑁 − 98.0 𝑁 + 20.0 𝑁 = 0

𝐹Ԧ𝑁 = 78.0 N
𝐹Ԧ𝑁 less than m𝑔:
Ԧ the table does not push against the full weight of the box, because of the y-component of the pull.
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 Example 10
• A 10.0-kg box is pulled along a horizontal surface by a force 𝐹𝑃 of 40.0
N applied at a 30.0° angle above horizontal. This is like Example 9
except now there is friction, and we assume a coefficient of kinetic
friction of 0.30. Calculate the acceleration.

67
 Example 10: Solution
• Calculate the vertical component as we did in example 4-10

𝑚𝑔 = 10.0𝑘𝑔 9.80 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 = 98.0 𝑁

𝐹𝑃𝑦 = 40.0 𝑁 (sin 30.0°) = 40.0 N 0.500 = 20.0 N

• Apply Newton’s 2nd law to for the vertical (y) direction, choosing upwards
as positive and 𝑎𝑦 = 0
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦

𝐹𝑁 − 98.0 𝑁 + 20.0 𝑁 = 0
𝐹𝑁 = 78.0 𝑁

68
 Example 10: Solution Cont.
• Apply Newton’s 2nd law to for x –direction (right +ve), and including friction
force:
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐹𝑃𝑥 − 𝐹fr = 𝑚𝑎𝑥

• The force of friction is kinetic friction, as long as 𝐹fr < F𝑃𝑥 :

𝑭𝐟𝐫 = 𝝁𝒌𝑭𝑵 < 𝐅𝑷𝒙 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟎 𝑵 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎° ∶= 𝟑𝟒. 𝟔 𝑵

Thus, compute 𝐹fr :

𝐹fr = 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 = 0.30 78.0 𝑁 = 23.4 𝑁

69
 Example 10: Solution Cont.
• Therefore, the box accelerates:

𝐹𝑃𝑥 − 𝐹fr 34.6 𝑁 − 23.4 𝑁

𝑎𝑥 = = = 1.1 𝑚Τ𝑠 2
𝑚 10.0 𝑘𝑔

• As we saw in Example 9. In the absence of friction, the acceleration

would be much greater (3.46 𝑚Τ𝑠 2 )!

70
 Example 11
• Two boxes, A and b, are connected by a lightweight cord and are
resting on a smooth (frictionless) table. The boxes have masses of
12.0 kg and 10.0 kg. A horizontal force 𝐹Ԧ𝑃 of 40.0 N is applied to the
box A (10.0 kg). Find (a) the acceleration of each box, and (b) the
tension in the cord connecting the boxes.

71
 Example 11: Route-to-Solution
• Draw free-body diagrams of each box

Box B Box A

72
 Example 11: Solution
• Apply newton’s 2nd law to box A:
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐹Ԧ𝑃 − 𝐹Ԧ𝑇 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑎𝐴 (Eq. 1)

• Apply Newton’s 2nd law to box B:

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐹Ԧ𝑇 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎𝐵 (Eq. 2)

73
 Example 11: Solution Cont.
• Since the boxes are connected, and if the cord remains taut:
• Then the following is true:
• The two boxes will experience the same acceleration (𝑎𝐴 = 𝑎𝐵 = 𝑎)
• Thus, we can add Eq. 1 & Eq. 2 or substitute Eq. 2 into Eq. 1

𝐹Ԧ𝑃 − 𝐹Ԧ𝑇 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑇 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑎𝐵

𝐹Ԧ𝑃 − 𝐹Ԧ𝑇 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑇 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑎

𝐹Ԧ𝑃 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑎

𝐹Ԧ𝑃
=𝑎
(𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )
74
 Example 11: Solution Cont.
• Plug-in the numbers and compute.

𝐹Ԧ𝑃 40.0 N
𝑎= = = 1.82 mΤs 2
(𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 ) (22.0 kg)

• To get the tension in the cord.

𝐹Ԧ𝑇 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎𝐵 = 12.0 kg 1.82 mΤs 2 = 21.8 N

75
 Example 12
• Let the mass of the counterweight be 𝑚𝐶 = 1000-kg. Assume the
mass of the empty elevator is 850-kg, and its mass when carrying four
people is 𝑚𝐸 = 1150-kg. Calculate (a) the acceleration of the elevator
and (b) the tension in the cable.

76
 Example 12: Route-to-Solution
• Free-body diagram equivalent of (a) is (b) 𝑎𝐶 = −𝑎𝐸

(a) (b) 77
 Example 12: Solution
• To find 𝐹𝑇 and acceleration, again we apply Newton’s 2nd law,
σ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎,Ԧ to each object.
• For convenience, we choose upwards to be positive.
• Thus,
෍ 𝐹𝐸 = 𝑚𝑎

𝐹Ԧ𝑇 − 𝑚E g = −mE 𝑎𝐸 (Eq. 1)

78
 Example 12: Solution Cont.

෍ 𝐹𝐶 = 𝑚𝑎

𝐹Ԧ𝑇 − 𝑚Cg = +mC𝑎𝐶 (Eq. 2)

• Subtract Eq. 1 from Eq. 2 to get the following:

𝑚𝐸 − 𝑚𝐶 g = 𝑚𝐸 + 𝑚𝐶 a

𝑚𝐸 − 𝑚𝐶
𝑎= g = 0.070g = 0.68 mΤs2
𝑚𝐸 + 𝑚𝐶
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 Example 12: Solution Cont.
• The tension can be obtained from either Eq. 1 or Eq. 2

𝐹Ԧ𝑇 = 𝑚E g − mE 𝑎𝐸 = 10,500 𝑁
𝐹Ԧ𝑇 = 𝑚C g + mC 𝑎𝐶 = 10,500 𝑁

• This is a good sanity check!

80
 Example 13
• A small mass m hangs from a thin string and can swing like a
pendulum. You attach it above the window of your car as shown.
When the car is at rest, the string hangs vertically. What angle does
the string make;
(a) When the car accelerates at a constant 𝐚 = 1.2 𝐦Τ𝐬 𝟐 ?
(b) When the car moves at constant velocity, 𝐯 = 26𝟎 𝐤𝐦Τ𝐡?

81
 Example 13: Solution
The acceleration 𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎Τ𝒔𝟐 is horizontal (= 𝒂𝒙 ), and the only
horizontal force is the 𝒙-component of 𝑭𝑻 , which is 𝑭𝑻 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽. Hence,
(a)
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎

𝐹𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚𝑎

82
83
 Example 13: Solution Cont.
The vertical component gives:

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎
𝐹𝑇 cos 𝜃 − 𝑚g = 0
𝑚g = 𝐹𝑇 cos 𝜃

Dividing the two equation, yields:

𝐹𝑇 sin 𝜃 𝑚𝑎 𝑎
tan 𝜃 = = =
𝐹𝑇 cos 𝜃 𝑚g g

𝜃 = 7.0°
(b) Since the velocity is constant, the acceleration is zero. Therefore, it follows that the angle is zero

84
 Example 14
• The skier in figure below has begun descending the 30° slope. If the
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.10, what is her acceleration?

85
 Example 14: Route-to-Solution
• Free-body diagram representation.

86
Example 14: Solution

87
 Example 14: Solution Cont.
𝐹𝐺𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃
𝐹𝐺𝑦 = −𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃

• Apply Newton’s 2nd law (along horizontal):

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 Eq. 1

• We want the acceleration, but we don’t know still don’t have 𝐹𝑁

88
 Example 14: Solution Cont.
• Thus, we can (again) apply Newton’s 2nd law (along vertical):
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦

𝐹𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 = 0

Eq. 2
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃

89
 Example 14: Solution Cont.
𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃

Substitute 𝐹𝑁 from Eq. 2 into Eq. 1

𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝜇𝑘 𝐹𝑁 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝜇𝑘 (𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Re-express in terms of 𝑎𝑥 :

𝑎𝑥 = 𝑔 sin 30.0° − 𝜇𝑘 𝑔 cos 30° = 0.41 𝑔 = 4.0 𝑚Τ𝑠 2

90
Miscellaneous

91
Projectile Motion
𝑠Ԧ = 𝑥Ԧ + 𝑦Ԧ

𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦

𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦

92
 Projectile Motion
• What is projectile motion?
Projectile Motion → is motion with constant acceleration in two-
dimensions; where the acceleration downwards is due to gravity (𝑔).

93
Net Force(s)

෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑚𝑎Ԧ

σ 𝐹Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ =
𝑚

94
 Net Force(s)
σ 𝐹Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ =
𝑚

Taking a look at the kinematic equations:

1 2
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣𝑥0𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡
2

1 σ 𝐹Ԧ 2
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣𝑥0𝑡 − 𝑡
2 𝑚
95
Force of Gravity
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ∶= 𝐹𝐺 = 𝑚𝑔Ԧ

𝐹𝐺
𝑔Ԧ =
𝑚

96
 Force of Gravity on Falling Objects
𝐹𝐺
𝑔Ԧ =
𝑚

Looking at the kinematic equations:

1 2
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣𝑦0𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2

1 𝐹𝐺 2
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣𝑦0𝑡 − 𝑡
2 𝑚
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The End.

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 JEDS Campus
School of Engineering and The Built Environment

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