NCERT Solu ons for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 2 Structure of Atom

NCERT Solu ons for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 2 Structure of Atom are part of Class 11 Chemistry
NCERT Solu ons . Here we have given NCERT Solu ons for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 2 Structure of
Atom.

NCERT Solu ons for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 2 Structure of Atom

Topics and Subtopics in NCERT Solu ons for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 2 Structure of Atom:

Sec on Name Topic Name

2 Structure of Atom

2.1 Discovery of Sub-atomic Par cles

2.2 Atomic Models

2.3 Developments Leading to the Bohr’s Model of Atom

2.4 Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom

2.5 Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

2.6 Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom

NCERT Solu onsClass 11 ChemistryChemistry Lab ManualChemistry Sample Papers

Ques on 1.
(i) Calculate the number of electrons which will together weigh one gram.
(ii) Calculate the mass and charge of one mole of electrons.
Answer:
(i) Mass of an electron = 9.1 × 10-28 g
9.1 × 10-28 g is the mass of = 1 electron

(ii) One mole of electrons = 6.022 × 1023 electrons

Mass of 1 electron = 9.1 × 10-31 kg
Mass of 6.022 × 1023 electrons = (9.1 × 10.31kg) × (6.022 × 1023) = 5.48 × 10-7 kg
Charge on one electron = 1.602 × 10-19 coulomb
Charge on one mole electrons = 1.602 × 10-19 × 6.022 × 1023 = 9.65 × 104 coulombs

Ques on 2.
(i) Calculate the total number of electrons present in one mole of methane.
(ii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of neutrons in 7 mg of 14C. (Assume that mass
of a neutron = 1.675 × 10-27kg).
(iii) Find (a) the total number and (b) the total mass of protons in 34 mg of NH 3 at STP.
Will the answer change if the temperature and pressure are changed ?
Answer:
(i) One mole of methane (CH4) has molecules = 6.022 × 1023
No. of electrons present in one molecule of CH4 = 6 + 4 = 10
No. of electrons present in 6.022 × 1023 molecules of CH4 = 6.022 × 1023 × 10
= 6.022 × 1024 electrons

(ii) Step I. Calcula on of total number of carbon atoms

Gram atomic mass of carbon (C-14) = 14 g = 14 × 103 mg
14 × 103 mg of carbon (C-14) have atoms = 6.022 × 1023

Step II. Calcula on of total number and tatal mass of neutrons

No. of neutrons present in one atom (C-14) of carbon = 14 – 6 = 8
No. of neutrons present in 3-011 × 1020 atoms (C-14) of carbon = 3.011 × 1020 × 8
= 2.408 × 1021 neutrons
Mass of one neutron = 1.675 × 10-27 kg
Mass of 2.408 × 1021 neutrons = (1.675X10-27 kg) × 2.408 × 1021
= 4.033 × 10-6 kg.

(iii) Step I. Calcula on of total number ofNH3 molecules

Gram molecular mass of ammonia (NH3) = 17 g = 17 × 103 mg
17 × 103 mg of NH3 have molecules = 6.022 × 1023

Step II. Calcula on of total number and mass of protons

No. of protons present in one molecule of NH3 = 7 + 3 = 10 .
No. of protons present in 12.044 × 1020 molecules of NH3 = 12.044 × 1020 × 10
= 1.2044 × 1022 protons
Mass of one proton = 1.67 × 10-27 kg
Mass of 1.2044 × 1022 protons = (1.67 × 10-27 kg) × 1.2044 × 1022
= 2.01 × 10-5 kg.
No, the answer will not change upon changing the temperature and pressure because only the
number of protons and mass of protons are involved.

Ques on 3.
How many protons and neutrons are present in the following nuclei
Answer:

Ques on 4.
Write the complete symbol for the atom (X) with the given atomic number (Z) and atomic mass (A)
(i) Z = 17,A = 35
(ii) Z = 92, A = 233
(in) Z = 4, A = 9.
Answer:

Ques on 5.
Yellow light emi ed from a sodium lamp has a wavelength (2) of 580 nm. Calculate the frequency
(v) and wave number (v) of yellow light.
Answer:

Ques on 6.
Calculate the energy of each of the photons which
(i) correspond to light of frequency 3 × 1015 Hz
(ii) have wavelength of 0-50 A.
Answer:
(i) Energy of photon (E) = hv
h = 6.626 × 10-34 J s ; v = 3 × 1015 Hz = 3 × 1015s-1
∴ E = (6.626 × 10-34 J s) × (3 × 1015 s-1) = 1.986 × 1018 J
Energy of photon (E) = hv = hcλ
h = 6.626 × 10 34 J s; c = 3 × 108 m s-1 ;
λ= 0.50 Å = 0.5 × 10-10 m.

Ques on 7.
Calculate the wavelength, frequency, and wavenumber of lightwave whose period is 2.0 × 10 -10 s.
Answer:

Ques on 8.
What is the number of photons of light with wavelength 4000 pm which provide 1 Joule of energy
?
Answer:
Energy of photon (E) = hcλ
h = 6.626 × 10-34 Js, c = 3 × 108 m s-1, λ = 4000 pm = 4000 × 10-12 = 4 × 10-9 m

Ques on 9.
A photon of wavelength 4 × 10-7 m strikes on metal surface ; the work func on of the metal being
2.13 eV. Calculate (i) the energy of the photon,
(ii) the kine c energy of the emission
(iii) the velocity of the photoelectron. (Given 1 eV = 1.6020 × 10-19 J).
Answer:

Ques on 10.
Electromagne c radia on of wavelength 242 nm is just sufficient to ionise the sodium atom.
Calculate the ionisa on energy of sodium in k-J mol-1.
Answer:

Ques on 11.
A 25 wa bulb emits monochroma c yellow light of wavelength 0.57 μm. Calculate the rate of
emission of quanta per second.
Answer:

Ques on 12.
Electrons are emi ed with zero velocity from a metal surface when it is exposed to radia on of
wavelength 6800 A. Calculate threshold frequency (v0) and work func on (W0) of the metal.
Answer:

Ques on 13.
What is the wavelength of the light emi ed when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes
transi on from the energy level with n = 4 to energy level n = 2 ? What is the colour corresponding
to this wavelength ? (Given RH = 109678 cm-1)
Answer:

Ques on 14.
How much energy is required to ionise a hydrogen atom if an electron occupies n = 5 orbit ?
Compare your answe r with the ionisa on energy of H atom (energy required to remove the
electron from n = 1 orbit)
Answer:

Ques on 15.
What is the maximum number of emission lines when the excited electron of a hydrogen atom in n
= 6 drops to the ground state ?
Answer:
The maximum no. of emission lines = n(n–1)2 = 6(6–1)2 =3 × 5 = 15

Ques on 16.
(i) The energy associated with first orbit in hydrogen atom is – 2.17 × 10 -18 J atom-1. What is the
energy associated with the fi h orbit ?
(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fi h orbit for hydrogen atom.
Answer:

(ii) For hydrogen atom ; rn = 0.529 x n2 Å

r5 = 0.529 x (5)2 = 13.225 Å = 1.3225 nm.

Ques on 17.
Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transi on in the Balmer series of atomic
hydrogen.
Answer:

Ques on 18.
What is the energy in joules required to shi the electron of the hydrogen atom from the first Bohr
orbit to the fi h Bohr orbit and what is the wavelength of light emi ed when the electron returns
to the ground state ? The ground state electronic energy is – 2.18 × 11-11 ergs.
Answer:
Ques on 19.
The electronic energy in hydrogen atom is given by En (-2.18 × 10-18 s) / n2J. Calculate the energy
required to remove an electron completely from the n = 2 orbit. What is the longest wavelength of
light in cm that can be used to cause this transi on?
Answer:

Ques on 20.
Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05 × 10 7 m s-1.
Answer:

Ques on 21.
The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10-31 kg. If its kine c energy is 3.0 × 10-25 J, calculate its wavelength.
Answer:

Ques on 22.
Which of the following are iso-electronic species ?
Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, S2-, Ar.
Answer:
Na+ and Mg2+ are iso-electronic species (have 10 electrons) K+, Ca2+ , S2- are iso-electronic species
(have 18 electrons)

Ques on 23.
(i) Write the electronic configura on of the following ions : (a) H (b) Na+ (c) 02~ (d) F–.
(ii) What are the atomic numbers of the elements whose outermost electronic configura ons are
represented by :
(a) 3s1 (b) Ip3 and (c) 3d6 ?
(iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configura ons ?
(a) [He]2s1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1.
Answer:
(i) (a) 1s2
(b) 1s2 2s2 2p6
(c) 1s22s22p6
(d) 1s22s22p6.
(ii) (a) Na (Z = 11) has outermost electronic configura on = 3s1
(b) N (Z = 7) has outermost electronic configura on = 2p3
(c) Fe (Z = 26) has outermost electronic configura on = 3d6
(iii) (a) Li
(b) P
(c) Sc

Ques on 24.
What is the lowest value of n which allows ‘g’ orbital to exist ?
Answer:
The lowest value of l w’here ‘g’ orbital can be present = 4
The lowest value of n where ‘g’ orbital can be present = 4+1=5.

Ques on 25.
An electron is in one of the 3d orbitals. Give the possible values of n, l and nil for the electron.
Answer:
For electron in 3d orbital, n = 3, l = 2, mi = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2.
Ques on 26.
An atom of an element contains 29 electrons and 35 neutrons. Deduce (i) the number of protons
and (ii) the electronic configura on of the element.
Answer:
No. of protons in a neutral atom = No. of electrons = 29
Electronic configura on = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1.

Ques on 27.
Give the number of electrons in the species : H 2+, H2 and 02+.
Answer:
H2+ = one ; H2 = two ; 02+ = 15

Ques on 28.
(i) An atomic orbital has n = 3. What are the possible values of l and m l ?
(ii) List the quantum numbers ml and l of electron in 3rd orbital.
(iii) Which of the following orbitals are possible ?
1p, 2s, 2p and 3f.
Answer:
(i) For n = 3; l = 0, 1 and 2.
For l = 0 ; ml = 0
For l = 1; ml = +1, 0, -1
For l = 2 ; ml = +2, +1,0, +1, + 2
(ii) For an electron in 3rd orbital ; n = 3; l = 2 ; ml can have any of the values -2, -1, 0,
+ 1, +2.
(iii) 1p and 3f orbitals are not possible.

Ques on 29.
Using s, p and d nota ons, describe the orbitals with follow ing quantum numbers :
(a) n = 1, l = 0
(b) n = 4, l = 3
(c) n = 3, l = 1
(d) n = 4, l = 2
Answer:
(a) 1s orbital
(b) 4f orbital
(c) 3p orbital
(d) 4d orbital

Ques on 30.
From the following sets of quantum numbers, state which are possible. Explain why the others are
not possible.
(i) n = 0, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = +1/2
(ii) n = 1, l = 0, ml = 0, ms – – 1/2
(iii) n = 1, l = 1, ml = 0, ms= +1/2
(iv) n = 1, l = 0, ml = +1, ms= +1/2
(v) n = 3, l = 3, ml = -3, ms = +1/2
(vi) n = 3, l = 1, ml = 0, ms= +1/2
Answer:
(i) The set of quantum numbers is not possible because the minimum value of n can be 1 and not
zero.
(ii) The set of quantum numbers is possible.
(iii) The set of quantum numbers is not possible because, for n = 1, l can not be equal to 1. It can
have 0 value.
(iv) The set of quantum numbers is not possible because for l = 0. mt cannot be + 1. It must be zero.
(v) The set of quantum numbers is not possible because, for n = 3, l ≠ 3.
(vi) The set of quantum numbers is possible.

Ques on 31.
How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum numbers?
(a) n = 4 ; ms = -1/2
(b) n = 3, l = 0.
Answer:
(a) For n = 4
Total number of electrons = 2n2 = 2 × 16 = 32
Half out of these will have ms = —1/2
∴ Total electrons with ms (-1/2) = 16
(b) For n = 3
l= 0 ; ml = 0, ms +1/2, -1/2 (two e–)

Ques on 32.
Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom is an integral mul ple of the
de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron revolving around the orbit.
Answer:

Thus, the circumference (2πr) of the Bohr orbit for hydrogen atom is an integral mul ple of the de
Broglie wavelength.

Ques on 33.
Calculate the number of atoms present in :
(i) 52 moles of He
(ii) 52 u of He
(iii) 52 g of He.
Answer:

Ques on 34.
Calculate the energy required for the process :
He+fe) → He2+(g) + e–
The ionisa on energy’ for the H atom in the ground state is 2.18 × 10-18 J atom-1
Answer:

For H atom (Z = 1), En =2.18 × 10-18 × (l)2 J atom-1 (given)

For He+ ion (Z = 2), En =2.18 × 10-18 × (2)2 = 8.72 × 10-18 J atom-1 (one electron species)

Ques on .35.
If the diameter of carbon atom is 0.15 nm, calculate the number of carbon atoms which can be
placed side by side in a straight line across a length of a scale of length 20 cm long.
Answer:

Ques on 36.
2 × 108 atoms of carbon are arranged side by side. Calculate the radius of carbon atom if the length
of this arrangement is 2.4 cm.
Answer:
The length of the arrangement = 2.4 cm
Total number of carbon atoms present = 2 ×108
Radius of each carbon atom = 12(1.2 × 10 -8) = 6.0 × 10-9cm = 0.06 nm

Ques on 37.
The diameter of zinc atom is 2.6 Å. Calculate :
(a) the radius of zinc atom in pm
(b) number of atoms present in a length of 1.6 cm if the zinc atoms are arranged side by side length
wise.
Answer:
(a) Radius of zinc atom =Undefined control sequence \AA= 1.3 Å = 1.3 × 10-10m = 130 × 10-12m = 130
pm
(b) Length of the scale = 1.6 cm = 1.6 × 1010 pm
Diameter of zinc atom = 260 pm

Ques on 38.
A certain par cle carries 2.5 x 10-16 C of sta c electric charge. Calculate the number of electrons
present in it.
Answer:

Ques on 39.
In Millikan’s experiment, the charge on the oil droplets was found to be – 1.282 x 10-18C. Calculate
the number of electrons present in it.
Answer:

Ques on 40.
In Rutherford experiment, generally the thin foil of heavy atoms like gold, pla num etc. have been
used to be bombarded by the a-par cles. If a thin foil of light atoms like aluminium etc. is used,
what difference would be observed from the above results?
Answer:
We have studied that in Rutherford’s experiment by using heavy metals like gold and pla num, a
large number of a-par cles sufferred deflec on while a very few had to retrace their path.
If a thin foil of lighter atoms like aluminium etc. be used in the Rutherford experiment, this means
that the obstruc on offered to the path of the fast moving a-par cles will be compara vely quite
less.

As a result, the number of a-par cles deflected will be quite less and the par cles which are
deflected back will be negligible.

Ques on 41.
Symbols 7935Br and 79Br can be wri en whereas symbols 3579Br and 35Br are not accepted.
Answer in brief.
Answer:
In the symbol BAX of an element :
A denotes the atomic number of the element
B denotes the mass number of the element.
The atomic number of the element can be iden fied from its symbol because no two elements can
have the atomic number. However, the mass numbers have to be men oned in order to iden fy the
elements. Thus,
Symbols 7935Br and 79Br are accepted because atomic number of Br will remain 35 even if not
men oned. Symbol 3579Br is not accepted because atomic number of Br cannot be 79 (more than
the mass number = 35). Similarly, symbol 35Br cannot be accepted because mass number has to be
men oned. This is needed to differen ate the isotopes of an element.

Ques on 42.
An element with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons as compared to protons. Assign
the symbol to the element.
Answer:
An element can be iden fied by its atomic number only. Let us find the atomic number.
Let the number of protons = x
Number of neutrons = x + [x×31.7100 = (x × 0.317x)
Now, Mass no. of element = no. of protons =no. neutrons
81 = x + x + 0-317 x = 2.317 x or x = 812.317 = 35
∴ No. of protons = 35, No. of neutrons = 81 – 35 =46
Atomic number of element (Z) = No. of protons = 35
The element with atomic number (Z) 35 is bromine 8135Br.

Ques on 43.
An ion with mass number 37 possesses one unit of nega ve charge. If the ion contains 11 -1%
more neutrons than the electrons, find the symbol of the ion.
Answer:
Let the no. of electron in the ion = x
∴ the no. of protons = x – 1 (as the ion has one unit nega ve charge)
and the no. of neutrons = x + x×11.1100 = 1.111 x
Mass no. or mass of the ion = No. of protons + No. of neutrons
(x – 1 + 1.111 x)
Given mass of the ion = 37
∴ x- 1 + 1.111 x = 37 or 2.111 x = 37 + 1 = 38
x = 382.111 = 18
No. of electrons = 18 ; No. of protons = 18 – 1 = 17
Atomic no. of the ion = 17 ; Atom corresponding to ion = Cl
Symbol of the ion = 3717Cl–
Ques on 44.
An ion with mass number 56 contains 3 units of posi ve charge and 30.4% more neutrons than
electrons. Assign symbol to the ion.
Answer:
Let the no. of electrons in the ion = x
∴ the no. of the protons = x + 3 (as the ion has three units posi ve charge)
and the no. of neutrons = x + x×31.7100 = xc + 0.304 x
Now, mass no. of ion = No. of protons + No. of neutrons
= (x + 3) + (x + 0.304x)
∴ 56 = (x + 3) + (x + 0.304x) or 2.304x = 56 – 3 = 53
x = 532.304 = 23
Atomic no. of the ion (or element) = 23 + 3 = 26
The element with atomic number 26 is iron (Fe) and the corresponding ion is Fe3+.

Ques on 45.
Arrange the following type of radia ons in increasing order of wavelength :
(a) radia on from microwave oven
(b) amber light from traffic signal
(c) radia on from FM radio
(d) cosmic rays from outer space and
(e) X-rays.
Answer:
Cosmic rays < X-rays < amber colour < microwave < FM

Ques on 46.
Nitrogen laser produces radia on of wavelength of 337.1 nm. If the number of photons emi ed is
5.6 x 1024, calculate the power of this laser.
Answer:

Ques on 47.
Neon gas is generally used in sign boards. If it emits strongly at 616 nm, calculate :
(a) frequency of emission (b) the distance travelled by this radia on in 30s (c) energy of quantum
(d) number of quanta present if it produces 2 J of energy.
Answer:
Ques on 48.
In astronomical observa ons, signals observed from the distant stars are generally weak. If the
photon detector receives a total of 3.15 x 10-18 J from the radia ons of 600 nm, calculate the
number of photons received by the detector.
Answer:

Ques on 49.
Life mes of the molecules in the excited states are o en measured by using pulsed radia on
source of dura on nearly in the nano second range. If the radia on source has the dura on of 2 ns
and the number of photons emi ed during the pulse source is 2.5 x 1015, calculate the energy of
the source.
Answer:
Time dura on (t) = 2 ns = 2 x 10-9 s

Energy of one photon, E = hv = (6.626 x 10-34 Js) x (109/2 s-1) = 3.25 x 10-25J
No. of photons = 2.5 x 105
∴ Energy of source = 3.3125 x 10-25 J x 2.5 x 1015 = 8.28 x 10-10 J

Ques on 50.
The longest wavelength doublet absorp on transi on is observed at 589 nm and 589.6 nm.
Calculate the frequency of each transi on and energy difference between two excited states.
Answer:

Ques on 51.
The work func on for cesium atom is 1.9 eV. Calculate (a) the threshold wavelength and (b) the
threshold frequency of the radia on. If the cesium element is irradiated with a wavelength 500
nm, calculate the kine c energy and the velocity of the ejected photoelectron
Answer:

Ques on 52.
Following results are observed when sodium metal is irradiated with different wavelengths.
Calculate threshold wavelength.
Answer:

Ques on 53.
The ejec on of the photoelectrons from the silver metal in the photoelectric effect experiment can
be stopped by applying the voltage of 0.35 V when the radia on 256.7 nm is used. Calculate the
work func on for silver metal.
Answer:

Ques on 54.
If the photon of the wavelength 150 pm strikes an atom, one of its inner bound electrons is ejected
out with a velocity of 1.5 x 107 m s-1. Calculate the energy with which it is bound to the nucleus.
Answer:

Ques on 55.
Emission transi ons in the Paschen series end at orbit n = 3 and start from orbit n and can be
represented as v = 3.29 x 1015 (Hz) [1/32 – 1 /n2]
Calculate the value of n if the transi on is observed at 1285 nm. Find the region of the spectrum.
Answer:
Ques on 56.
Calculate the wavelength for the emission transi on if it starts from the orbit having radius 1.3225
nm and ends at 211.6 pm. Name the series to which this transi on belongs and the region of the
spectrum.
Answer:

Ques on 57.
Dual behaviour of ma er proposed by de Broglie led to the discovery of electron microscope o en
used for the highly magnified images of biological molecules and other type of material. If the
velocity of the electron in this microscope is 1.6 x 106 m s-1, calculate de Brogile wavelength
associated with this electron.
Answer:

Ques on 58.
Similar to electron diffrac on, neutron diffrac on microscope is also used for the determina on of
the structure of molecules. If the wavelength used here is 800 pm, calculate the characteris c
velocity associated with the neutron.
Answer:
Ques on 59.
If the velocity of the electron in Bohr’s first orbit is 2.19 x 10 6 m s-1, calculate the de Brogile
wavelength associated with it.
Answer:

Ques on 60.
The velocity associated with a proton moving in a poten al difference of 1000 V is 4.37 x 105 m s-1.
If the hockey ball of mass 0.1 kg is moving with this velocity, calculate the wavelength associated
with this velocity.
Answer:

Ques on 61.
If the posi on of the electron is measured within an accuracy of ± 0.002 nm, calculate the
uncertainty in the momentum of the electron. Suppose the momentum of the electron is h4π x
0.05 nm. Is there any problem in defining this value ?
Answer:

Since actual momentum is smaller than the uncertainty in measuring momentum, therefore, the
momentum of electron can not be defined.

Ques on 62.
The quantum numbers of six electrons are given below. Arrange them in order of increasing
energies. List if any of these combina on(s) has/have the same energy
(i) n = 4, l = 2, ml = -2, ms = -1/2
(ii) n = 3, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = +1/2
(iii) n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2
(iv) n = 3, l = 2, ml = -2, ms = -111
(v) n = 3, l = l, ml = -1, ms = +1/2
(vi) n = 4, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = +1/2
Answer:
The electrons may be assigned to the following orbitals :
(i) 4d
(ii) 3d
(iii) 4p
(iv) 3d
(v) 3p
(vi) 4p.
The increasing order of energy is :
(v) < (ii) = (iv) < (vi), = (iii) < (i)

Ques on 63.
The bromine atom possesses 35 electrons. It contains 6 electrons in 2p orbital, 6 electrons in 3p
orbital and 5 electrons in 4p orbital. Which of these electrons experiences lowest effec ve nuclear
charge ?
Answer:
4p electron experiences lowest effec ve nuclear charge because of the maximum magnitude of
screening or shielding effect. It is farthest from the nucleus.

Ques on 64.
Among the following pairs of orbitals, which orbital will experience more effec ve nuclear charge
(i) 2s and 3s (ii) 4d and 4f (iii) 3d and 3p ?
Answer:
Please note that greater the penetra on of the electron present in a par cular orbital towards the
nucleus, more will be the magnitude of the effec ve nuclear charge. Based upon this,
(i) 2s electron will experience more effec ve nuclear charge.
(ii) 4d electron will experience more effec ve nuclear charge.
(iii) 3p electron will experience more effec ve nuclear charge.

Ques on 65.
The unpaired electrons in A1 and Si are present in the 3p orbital. Which electrons will experience
more effec ve nuclear charge from the nucleus?
Answer:
Configura on of the two elements are :
A1 (Z = 13) : [Ne]103s23p1 ; Si (Z = 14) : [Ne] 103s23p2
The unpaired electrons in silicon (Si) will experience more effec ve nuclear charge because the
atomic number of the element Si is more than that of A1.

Ques on 66.
Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in :
(a) P (b) Si (c) Cr (d) Fe and (e) Kr.
Answer:
(a) P (z=15) : [Ne]103s23p3 ; No. of unpaired electrons = 3
(b) Si (z=14) : [Ne]103s23p2 ; No. of unpaired electrons = 2
(c) Cr (z=24): [Ar]184s13d5 ; No. of unpaired electrons = 6
(d) Fe (z=26): [Ar]184s23d6 ; No. of unpaired electrons = 4
(e) Kr (z=36) : [Ar]184s23d104p6 ; No. of unpaired electrons = Nil.

Ques on 67.
(a) How many sub-shells are associated with n = 4 ?
(b) How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells having ms value of -1/2 for n = 4 ?
Answer:
(a) For n = 4 ; No. of sub-shells = (l = 0, l = 1, l = 2, l = 3) = 4.
(b) Total number of orbitals which can be present = n2 = 42 = 16.
Each orbital can have an electron with ms = – 1/2 -‘. Total no. of electrons with m, = – 1/2 is 16.