Java OOPs & Core Java

- What is OOP? Explain its core concepts/pillars.

- Difference between an abstract class and an interface.

- What is function overloading vs function overriding?

- What are primitive and non-primitive data types in Java?

- What is the role of `this` and `super` in Java?

- What is the difference between == and `.equals()`?

- What is a constructor in Java?

- What are the features of Java?

- What is polymorphism? Explain with an example.

- What is Garbage Collection in Java?

- How is memory managed in Java?

- Whats the difference between String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer?

- What is JVM, JDK, and JRE?

- How does HashMap work? How does it handle null and duplicate values?

- Implementation of multiple inheritance in Java (using interface).

- How do you start a server in Java?

- Which version of Java are you using, and what are its key features?

Python
- What are the key features of Python?

- Why do you use Python?

- Difference between Python and Java.

- Difference between Python and C++.

- Difference between list, tuple, set, and dictionary.

- Give real-life examples of sets, dictionaries, and lists.

- What are iterators?

- What are scopes in Python?

- What is exception handling in Python? Why is it needed?

- Difference between shallow copy and deep copy.

- How is memory managed in Python?

- What is a lambda function?

- Explain `map()`, `filter()`, `reduce()` with examples.

- What are generators? Show an example using `yield`.

- What are decorators and where are they used?

- Difference between `append()` and `extend()` in lists.

- What are sets and dictionaries in Python?

- How does Python handle garbage collection?

- How to rate your Python skills (out of 5)?

- What is a dictionary in Python?

- What is Python used for?

Coding Questions (DSA + Practical)

- Write a program to check if a number is prime.

- Write a program for palindrome (any language).

- Write code to generate Fibonacci sequence (recursion or loop).

- Write code to reverse a string (without using built-in functions).

- Write code to remove spaces from a string.

- Write a program to count vowels in a string.

- Replace vowels with "1" in a string.

- Write code to count occurrences of each word in a string.

- Write a program to print factorial using recursion.

- Write code for selection sort.

- Write code for merge sort.

- Write code for quick sort. Mention time complexity.

- Write code for bubble sort.

- Write code using stack to reverse a string.

- Find the largest number from input without using arrays.

- Write JavaScript to print Fibonacci series.

- Write JavaScript to calculate factorial of a number.

- Write a C# program to print first 10 numbers.

- Write C# code to find prime numbers.

- Find the odd ball using two chances.

- Given DOB, remove date and month step-by-step and print year.

SQL / DBMS Concepts

- What is SQL?

- What is DBMS?

- What are ACID properties in a database?

- What is normalization? Explain 1NF, 2NF, 3NF.

- What is indexing in SQL? What are its types?

- What is a view in SQL? How is it used?

- What are SQL constraints (PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, NOT NULL, CHECK)?

- What is a foreign key?

- What is a stored procedure?

- What is a cursor in SQL?

- What is the use of GROUP BY and HAVING?

- What is the use of the DISTINCT keyword?

- What is the CASE statement in SQL?

- What are the types of SQL languages (DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, DQL)?

- What are joins? Explain types: INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL OUTER, SELF JOIN.
- Difference between JOIN and UNION.

- Difference between UNION and UNION ALL.

- Difference between TRUNCATE, DELETE, and DROP.

- What is the use of triggers in SQL?

- What are aggregate functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX?

- Explain string functions like SUBSTRING, UPPER, LOWER.

- What are the DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL commands?

- What is memory management in DBMS?

SQL Queries (Practical)

- Write a SQL query to find the second highest salary.

- Write a SQL query to find the third highest salary.

- Write a SQL query to count rows in a table.

- Write a SQL query to fetch duplicate records.

- Write SQL query to: Add data (INSERT), Update data, Delete records, Modify structure (ALTER)

- SQL query to display all records from a table.

- Query to get employees hired in the last 6 months.

- Query to list employees whose names start with A.

- Query to count employees per department.

- Show employees whose salary is between 40k and 70k.

- Retrieve records in ascending order of salary.

- Retrieve top 3 highest-paid employees.

- Difference between highest and lowest salary.

- JOIN employees with departments and show department name.

- Average salary by job title.

- Update salary of IT department employees by 10%.

- Delete employees with salary < 50,000.

- SQL query using REPLACE().

- SQL query using CASE in SELECT.

- Use LIMIT and OFFSET (pagination).

- SQL query to create a view from two tables.

- SQL query to handle string case (UPPER lower).

Basic C#
- What is C#? What are its key features?

- Write code to print the first 10 numbers in C#.

- Write code to find prime numbers in C#.

- What is the use of the `static` keyword in C#?

- Explain OOP concepts briefly in C#.

Cybersecurity Theory
- What is cybersecurity?

- What is SQL injection? How can it be prevented?

- What are encryption methodologies you know?

- Explain hashing algorithms.

- What is symmetric vs asymmetric encryption?

- What is a DDoS attack? How do you prevent it?

- What is a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack?

- What is a zero-day vulnerability?

- What is the difference between virus and worm?

- What is an IDS (Intrusion Detection System)?

- What is an IPS (Intrusion Prevention System)?

- What is a SIEM system?

- What is a firewall and its types?

- Difference between a firewall and a router.

- What is access control in networks?

- What is PKI (Public Key Infrastructure)?

- What is SSL/TLS and how does it work?

- What is two-factor authentication?

- What is biometric authentication?

- What is a honeypot?

- What is network segmentation?

- What is a digital signature?

- What is a buffer overflow and how can it be exploited?

- What is a phishing attack? Describe the steps.

- What are the common threats and how to mitigate them?

- What is vulnerability assessment?

- What is penetration testing?

- What is the CIA triad?

- What is a security audit and its importance?

- What is a security incident response plan?

- What is a security policy?

- Difference between threat, vulnerability, and risk.

- Describe the role of a CISO.

Computer Networks & Operating Systems

- What is an operating system?

- What is the difference between JVM (Java Virtual Machine) and JRE (Java Runtime

Environment)?

- Can you explain the OSI model and its relevance to cybersecurity?

- What is the difference between authentication and authorization?

- How is memory managed in an operating system?

Web Development (HTML, CSS, JavaScript)

- What is HTML, CSS, and JavaScript?

- Explain semantic tags in HTML. Why are they important?

- What is the default width of a <div> element?

- How do you remove the login button using CSS?

- Explain media queries in CSS and their use in responsive design.

- What is the difference between relative, absolute, and fixed positioning in CSS?

- How does a browser render a webpage from an HTML file?

- What JS frameworks have you used? How are they implemented?

- Write JavaScript to get the value of an element by its ID.

- Fetch todays date and format it using JavaScript.

- Write JS code for: Fibonacci series, Factorial of a number, Variable declaration and print, Nested

ifblock.

- How do you include JavaScript in an HTML file?

- Add Flipkart's search bar to your portfolio website.

- Make the search bar full-width (using inline CSS, then another method).

- Explain all the tabs in inspect mode on the Flipkart website.

- What technologies does the Flipkart website use?

Project-Related
- Tell me about your projects.

- Explain your project in detail (working and software used).

- What part of the project was handled by you?

- What challenges did you face during your project? How did you overcome them?

- What algorithms were used in your projects and why?

- How did you ensure security of your code/application?

- How did you ensure data security in your cybersecurity project?

- Describe a specific incident where you identified and mitigated a security threat.

- How did you handle a data breach in your project?

- What tools did you use for vulnerability assessment and penetration testing?

- What steps did you take to ensure cybersecurity compliance?

- Did you work with a team to solve complex security issues?

Cloud & DevOps

- What is cloud computing?

- What are IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS? Give examples.

- What are public, private, and hybrid clouds?

- What are cloud services? Give examples.

- What is a virtual machine?

- How did you deploy your full-stack project to the cloud?- What is a CI/CD pipeline? (e.g., AWS

CodeBuild, CodePipeline) - Do you have knowledge of cloud technology?

Behavioral / HR / Managerial
- Introduce yourself.

- Do you know Java?

- Do you have hands-on experience in SQL?

- Which domain would you want to work in?

- Do you love coding? Why?

- Are you open to relocation?

- Are you open to working in shifts?

- What are your current skillsets?

- What motivates you to work in software development?

- Why do you want to work in cybersecurity?

- Why do you want to join Cognizant?

- Where do you see yourself in the next 5 years?

- What are your strengths and weaknesses?

- Do you have any questions for me?

- Rate yourself in Python (out of 5).

- Rate yourself in SQL (out of 5).

- Tell me about a time when you had to work under pressure.

- How do you handle conflicts in a team?

- What is your approach to continuous learning?

- How do you explain complex technical concepts to non-technical people?

Scenario-Based Questions

- You’re given a project where everything is completed, but the client asks for other requirements.
What inputs would you ask your manager?

- You’re working in a team, and a client requests a last-minute change before the deadline. How
would you handle it?

- You’re assigned a different domain — what would you do?

- You have a team that doesn’t want to work late, but there’s a deadline. What will you do?

- How will you run a campaign for a specific product in a rural area?

- If Cognizant gives you an offer for April 15, will you join immediately?

- A scenario-based coding question: Remove date and month from a given DOB and extract the
year (Java).

Extra / Miscellaneous

- What is an API?
- What is JSON?

- What is an activation function?

- What is CNN? (Likely meant as Convolutional Neural Network)

- What is the purpose of static keyword (C#/Java)?

- What is a membership function? How do you implement it?