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Understanding Image Modeling and Digitization

The document describes a simple image model where an image is represented as a two-dimensional function f(x, y) that combines illumination and reflectance components to determine intensity. It explains the processes of sampling and quantization necessary for converting continuous images into digital form, emphasizing the importance of spatial and gray level resolution. Additionally, it addresses the challenges of discernible details and false contouring in digital images due to insufficient gray levels.

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44 views11 pages

Understanding Image Modeling and Digitization

The document describes a simple image model where an image is represented as a two-dimensional function f(x, y) that combines illumination and reflectance components to determine intensity. It explains the processes of sampling and quantization necessary for converting continuous images into digital form, emphasizing the importance of spatial and gray level resolution. Additionally, it addresses the challenges of discernible details and false contouring in digital images due to insufficient gray levels.

Uploaded by

kuttappayibiju2002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mod 4-part 2

A Simple Image Model:

• An image is denoted by a two dimensional function of


the form f{x, y}. The value or amplitude of f at spatial
coordinates {x,y} is a positive scalar quantity whose
physical meaning is determined by the source of the
image.
• When an image is generated by a physical process, its
values are proportional to energy radiated by a
physical source. As a consequence, f(x,y) must be
nonzero and finite; that is o<f(x,y) <co The function
f(x,y) may be characterized by two components- The
amount of the source illumination incident on the
scene being viewed.
• The amount of the source illumination reflected back
by the objects in the scene These are called
illumination and reflectance components and are
denoted by i(x,y) an r (x,y) respectively.
• The functions combine as a product to form
f(x,y). We call the intensity of a monochrome
image at any coordinates (x,y) the gray level (l)
of the image at that point l= f (x, y)
• L min ≤ l ≤ Lmax
• Lmin is to be positive and Lmax must be finite
• Lmin = imin rmin
Lmax = imax rmax
• The interval [Lmin, Lmax] is called gray scale.
Common practice is to shift this interval
numerically to the interval [0, L-l] where l=0 is
considered black and l = L-1 is considered
white on the gray scale. All intermediate
values are shades of gray of gray varying from
black to white.
A Simple Image Model:
• An image may be defined as a
two-dimensional function f(x,y), where x and y
are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the
amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x,y)
is called the intensity of the image at that
point
SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION:
• To create a digital image, we need to convert the
continuous sensed data into digital form.
• To convert a continuous image f(x, y) into digital
form,we have to sample the function in both
co-ordinates and amplitude.

This process includes 2 processes:


• Sampling: Digitizing the co-ordinate value is called
sampling.
• Quantization: Digitizing the amplitude value is called
quantization.
Sampling
• Sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time
signal to a discrete-time signal.
• A common example is the conversion of a sound
wave (a continuous signal) to a sequence of
samples (a discrete-time signal). A sample is a
value or set of values at a point in time and/or
space.
Sampling
Quantization
Spatial and Gray level resolution:

• Spatial resolution is the smallest discernible


details of an image.
• Suppose a chart can be constructed with vertical
lines of width w with the space between the also
having width W, so a line pair consists of one such
line and its adjacent space thus. The width of the
line pair is 2w and there is 1/2w line pair per unit
distance resolution is simply the smallest number
of discernible line pair unit distance.
• Gray levels resolution refers to smallest discernible
change in gray levels. Measuring discernible change in
gray levels is a highly subjective process reducing the
number of bits R while repairing the spatial resolution
constant creates the problem of false contouring.
• It is caused by the use of an insufficient number of
gray levels on the smooth areas of the digital image . It
is called so because the rides resemble top graphics
contours in a map. It is generally quite visible in image
displayed using 16 or less uniformly spaced gray levels

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