PERCEPTION

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What do You Understand by this
Picture?

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 Meaning of Perception
❑ Perception may be defined as the
process by which an individual selects,
organizes and interprets stimuli into a
meaningful and coherent picture of the
environment in which he lives.

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 Sensation Vs Perception
❑ Sensation deals with the basic behavior of
an individual, caused by his physiological
functions.
❑ Perception is the process by which an
individual selects, organizes and interprets
stimuli into a meaningful and coherent
picture of the environment in which he lives.

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 Sub processes of Perception

External
Environment

Physical Confrontation Registration Interpretation

Environment

Sociocultural Feedback
Environment

Consequence
Behavior
s
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 Perceptual Selectivity
❑ Though people are exposed to several
stimuli , they tend to select only a few at a
given point of time, this is perceptual
selectivity.
❑ Subliminal Perception : when the stimuli is
so subtle that an individual may not even be
conscious that he is exposed to some
stimulus.
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 Factors Influencing Perceptual
Selectivity

External Attention Internal Set Factors

Factors
❑ Learning and
❑ Intensity Perception
❑ Size
❑ Motivation and
❑ Contrast
Perception
❑ Repetition
❑ Motion ❑ Personality and
❑ Novelty and Perception
❑ familiarity
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 External Attention Factors
Intensity
According to the intensity principle of attention,
the intensity of an external stimulus determines
its probability of being perceived.
Example:
Light Colour Bright Colour

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External Attention Factors Contd…
Size:
A larger object is more likely to be noticed
than a smaller object.
Example:
Which you can read fast?

God is great God is great

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 External Attention Factors Contd…
❑ Contrast: According to the principles of contrast, the
stimuli that contradict most with the background or the
expectations of people receive maximum attention.
❑ Example: Which white square is smaller?

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External Attention Factors Contd…
Motion:
People gives more attention to moving
objects than the stationery objects.
Example:
Moving object Stationery object

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External Atatention Factors Contd…

Repetition Novelty and

The more number of Familiarity:
New objects in a
times a stimulus is
familiar situation or
repeated, the more it is
familiar objects in a
likely to be noticed new situation draw the
perceiver’s attention.

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 Internal Set Factors
Learning and Perception:
Learning by itself plays a major role in
developing the perceptual set.
Example:

Hilly
Terrrain
Ahead

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 Motivation and Personality and
Perception: Perception:
The primary motives: Personality of a
Hunger and Thirst person influence
The secondary perception
motives:
The need for power,
The need for affiliation
and The need for
achievement

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Factors Influencing Perception

❑ The Perceiver

❑ The Target

❑ The Situation

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 Perceptual Organization

❑ Emphasizes on the subsequent activities

that take place in the perceptual process
after a stimulus is received.

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Forms of Perceptual Organization

❑ Figure-ground
❑ Perceptual Grouping
❑ Closure
❑ Continuity
❑ Proximity
❑ Similarity
❑ Perceptual Constancy
❑ Perceptual Context
❑ Perceptual Defense

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 Perceptual Organization

❑ Figure-ground:

In perceiving stimuli or phenomena, the

tendency is to keep certain phenomena in
focus and other phenomena in
background.

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 Perceptual Grouping

❑ An individual tends to group several

stimuli together into a recognizable
pattern.
❑ Various forms
❑ Closure
❑ Continuity
❑ Proximity
❑ Similarity
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 Perceptual Constancy
❑ The perception of elements like size, shape,
color, brightness and location of an object
remains constant and does not change from
individual to individual.
Example: Photograph

❑ Perceptual Context
It provides meaning and value to objects,
events, situation and other people in the
environment.
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 Perceptual Defense

❑ It refers to the screening of those

elements which create conflict and
threatening situation in people.

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 Attribution
❑ Attribution refers to how people explain
the cause of another’s or their own
behavior.
❑ The determination depends on three
factors:
❑ Distinctiveness
❑ Consensus
❑ Consistency

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 Social Perception
It is directly concerned with how one
individual perceives other individuals;
how we get to know others.
Factors affecting
Social
perception

Attribution Stereotyping The Halo Effect

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 Stereotyping
❑ It is the tendency to perceive another
person as belonging to a single class or
category

❑ Halo effect
❑ The person is perceived on the basis of
one trait or event.

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 Impression Management

❑ It is referred to as “self presentation”

❑ It is the process by which people try to

manage or control the perceptions
formed by other people about
themselves.

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Impression Management Strategies
Used By Employees

Demotion-preventive Promotion-enhancing
strategy strategy
❑ Accounts ❑ Entitlements
❑ Apologies ❑ Enhancements
❑ Disassociation ❑ Obstacle-disclosure
❑ Association

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 Demotion-Preventive Strategy

❑ It is used when employees want to

minimize their responsibilities for negative
outcome
❑ Accounts
❑ Apologies
❑ Disassociation

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 Promotion-Enhancing Strategy:
❑ It is used when employees want to
maximize their responsibility for a positive
outcome or improve their image
❑ Entitlements
❑ Enhancements
❑ Obstacle-disclosure
❑ Association

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 Linkage Between Perception and
Individual Decision-making
❑ Perception has a crucial role in individual
decision-making in organizations, by affecting
both the decision as well as the quality of the
decision.
❑ The decision taken by an individual is a
complex process involving the intake of data,
screening procession and interpreting and
evaluating of data, based on the perceptions
of the individual.
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