Scribd
Upload
12 views18 pages

Formatting and Transmission of Signals

The document discusses the formatting and transmission of baseband signals, focusing on character coding for discrete information and sampling techniques for analog information. It explains the importance of the Nyquist Rate for reconstructing analog signals and introduces various modulation methods such as Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). Additionally, it addresses aliasing issues and solutions for ensuring compatibility with digital systems through quantization.

Uploaded by

mazenf948
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views18 pages

Formatting and Transmission of Signals

The document discusses the formatting and transmission of baseband signals, focusing on character coding for discrete information and sampling techniques for analog information. It explains the importance of the Nyquist Rate for reconstructing analog signals and introduces various modulation methods such as Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). Additionally, it addresses aliasing issues and solutions for ensuring compatibility with digital systems through quantization.

Uploaded by

mazenf948
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Lecture (2)

Presented by : Dr/ Radwa Adel

1
Formatting

Insuring that the message is compatible with digital processing

It includes:
1-character coding (formatting discrete information)
2-sampling, quantization, pulse code modulation (formatting
analog information) 2
Formatting and transmission of baseband signals

3
1-Formatting discrete information (Character Coding)

*It is the step that transforms text into binary digits using, for example,
(ASCII).

*The characters are first encoded into a sequence of bits called a bit
stream or baseband signal.

*Groups of k digits can be combined to form new digits called (symbols).

*The number of symbols (M= 2k the system that transmits these


symbols called M-ary system.

*For k=1 the system is called a binary system.


For k=2 the system is called 4-ary system or quaternary system.

4
Example:

5
Formatting analog information

Sampling: converts analog signal to discrete pulse amplitude waveform.

For a band limited signal having no spectral components above frequency “fm“
sampling frequency “fs “must be greater than or equal to 2fm

1
Ts 
2 fm

Nyquist Rate: it is the sufficient condition to allow analog signal to be


reconstructed completely from a set of uniformly discrete time samples

fs  2 fm

6
Impulse sampling

7
Impulse sampling
xs (t )  x(t ). x (t )

xs (t )   x(t ). (t  nT )
n  
s


  x(nT ). (t  nT )
n  
s s (Time domain)

Xs ( f )  X ( f ) * X  ( f )

1
 X(f) *[
Ts
  ( f  nf )]
n  
s


1

Ts
 X ( f  nf )
n  
s (Frequency domain)

8
fs <2fm

Fs=2fm

Fs<2fm

9
Natural sampling
Using pulses instead of impulses.
Impulse: is a pulses with zero width. It is an impractical signal.

xs (t )  x(t ). x p (t )
n 
xs (t )  x(t )  n
c
n - 
e j 2f s t
(Time domain)

Xs ( f )  c
n  
n X ( f  nf s ) (Frequency domain)

10
Natural sampling

11
Natural sampling
if Tpulsewidth  0
1
then c n  for all n
Ts
Xs ( f ) pulse
 X s ( f ) impulse

Conclude that pulse width (T) is what make natural sampling converging to
impulse sampling

12
Analog Pulse Modulation

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

The analog signal is sampled using pulses and the amplitude of these pulses is
proportional to (modulated by) the analog signal.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

The analog signal is sampled using pulses and the width (pulse duration T) of
these pulses is proportional to (modulated by) the analog signal.

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

The analog signal is sampled using pulses and the position of these pulses is
proportional to (modulated by) the analog signal.

13
14
Aliasing

It is the overlapping occurred in the sampled spectrum because fs < 2fm

Aliasing error makes the signal can’t be reconstructed correctly at the receiver

15
Solution
1-Increasing fs to fs’ using anti-aliasing filter have small transition bandwidth.

16
2-Reducing fm to fm’ where fm’< fs/2

Note that: removing aliasing using fm’ will result in a loss of some of the signal
information 17
Signal interface for a digital system

Natural sampled data: it isn’t


compatible with digital system
because of each natural sample still
has an infinite set of values

Quantized samples: here the pulses


have flat and finite values so it is
compatible with digital system
18

You might also like