SOLUTIONS
Solid Solutions Gas in solid ’ Solution of hydrogen in palladium
Liquid in solid > Amalgam of mercury with sodium
Mass %, ppm,mole fraction and molality are independent of
Temp. Vs Conc. temperature, whereas molarity depends on temperature.
This is because volume depends on temperature.
At a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid
is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas. p= KH.
Henry's law.
KH = Henry's law constant (greater the Ky value
means lower the solutbility.)
[Link] increase the solubility of Co2in soft drinks,the bottle
Application of is sealed under high pressure.
Henry's law. 2. To avoid bends, the tanks used by scuba divers are filled
with air diluted with helium
Solubility of gas increases with decrease of temperature. It
Temp and Solubilty
is due to this reason that aquatic species are more
of gas comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters.
The partial vapour pressure of each component in the
Raoult's law for solution
volatile liquids is directly proportional to its mole fraction P1a X1
The solutions which obey Raoult's law over the entire range
of concentration are known as ideal solutions. (For ideal
IdealSolutions
solution AmixH = 0, AmixV = 0)
Example : Solution of n-hexane and n-heptane,
Positive deviation: A-B interactions are weaker than
those between A-A or B-B,
Non-idealSolutions
Example - Mixtures of ethanol and
acetone
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Negative deviations: Forces between A-A and B-B are
weaker than those between A-B
Example- mixture of phenol +aniline. a
mixture of chloroform +acetone
Mixtures have same composition in liquid and vapour phase
and boil at a constant temp.
minimum boiling azeotrope(positive deviation) eg- 95% aq
Azeotropes ethanol
maximum boiling azeotrope(negative deviation) eg- 68% aq
nitric acid
Colligative Depend on the number of solute particles not upon their
properties nature.
POA-PA = XB
PoA
PoA = Vapour pressure of solvent.
Relative Lowering
of PA =vapour pressure of solution. PoA -P =lowering of
Vapour Pressure vapour pressure
PoA-PA = relative lowering of vapour pressure, Xg = mole fraction
PoA
of solute.
100o
AT, =k. Wg X ATs =elevation in boiling point,
MgxWA
Elevation of Boiling K = molal elevation constant
Point Ma =molecular weight of solute, We weight of solute
WA weight of solvent
Ws X1000
AT; =K MgxWA AT =depression in freezing point,
Depression of K = molal depression constant
Freezing Point Me molecular weight of solute, Wa weight of solute
WA weight of solvent
Osmosis
Solvent flows through the semi permeable membrane from
pure solvent to the solution.
The extra pressure applied on the solution that just stops
Osmotic pressure the flow of solvent is called osmotic pressure of the solution
Osmotic V=nRT TI= 0Smotic pressure,
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pressure (n) M = number of moles of soute R= gas constant
T: Temperature in Kelvin =RT, = CRT where Cis
concentration of solution.
Isotonic solutions Two solutions having same osmotic pressure
Hypertonic Higher osmotic pressure than a particular soln
Hypotonic Lower osmotic pressure than a particular soln
The direction of osmosis can be reversed if a pressure
Reverse Osmosis larger than the osmotic pressure is applied to the solution
side. That is, now the pure solvent flows out of the solution
Application : Desalination of sea water
ratio of normal molar mass to experimentally determined
van't Hoff factor (molar mass or as the ratio of observed colligative property
i) to the calculated colligative property.
i- observed colligative property normal molecualr mass
i
normal colligative property observed molecular mass
Value of van't Hoff NaCl, KCI =2; BaCl, CaCl; =3; NasPO4 =4: Al(SO4)3
factor(i) KA[Fe(CN)e]=
CH,COOH ( in benzene) =
