CHARGE (@) :— Teoo types of charge : positive charge @ and Negative charge © like vepe) <@8— 1 <00— unlike chasges attract -@o— de -b6x10 2 ST Unit of charge : Coulomb (c) mallet ndetendent charge : (Fundamental charge) CURRENT (I) \= cursent is vate of flow of positive charge. chaye(o a engi EE tc Ge_8) ir Divectfon of curssent= opposite tothe Flow of fovuanmn — SEUntt of cuveent= Ampere (A others populay unit= mA uA micro POTENTIAL DIFF ERENCE(v) :~ fotential difference befween two points is amount o work done in moving 4 unit charge (Lc) from one point to the other. v=. potential difperence (vot) (v) WORK Se w= wiorkdone (Joule) (7) ge charge coulomb) (c) = OV [Link] of BD is volt (V) Gurssent Flows ?- Potential Difference (v) LPD) +e flows lowes potential to Higher potential (Lp—> HP) + current glows prom Higher potential to lower potential ( HP—> LP) = sumbol ofcell . ination op Cells- Battery fff : ny fea ol. s+tseusus eye “HES “| ne ip O= TE Vv lyr» bo ove Cc oAS WeeV wu 1 +h alae work c¢ PDResistance(R) —wW— Property oF @ conductor to oppase the flow of electric cursent . Facor! on which vesistance of conductor depends. (length Red m (@Area(ny Rx A in (3)Material RocP . a Resietuty )- property of materia ee (i) Temperatuse tempt ) Metals Rt 2)Alloys (nichrome) At Tampt Rt 7 sysemmiconductor(ersi) RJ Pp: Rh 2m. am wr *sT unit of R: ohm ort. + ST Unit of Reeistivity(P): Dim Resistivity (P) — only on Material , i oe the material - Does nat change with shape Resistivity (P) is a proper and wn material cil length Area, Diameter or radius) « Resistivity order: Metals < Alloys < insulators . transmission lines. Copper ald aluminium are sThsulators like rubber and glase have high p- poor conductors. ity is ohm m. + sT Unit of vesisti Material | Realty o-] (cdma traomavotonmecies El : Electric Current is messured by an instrumer Of G Fc RD ot or 21 28 LB L RA A 7 2A RA oR x Area op civcle, A= 7s* 4 Ree £ Bee WY Ra? ae oe ho diameter— VWwKI [Temp same) ie potential difference V; across ‘the ends fe metallic conductos is rectly, proportional to the current flowing through it provided “its temperature yemains the same ((=TR) Resistance onweshay? 2, ey VIRad equation : wo SR a (aN (eh ee (4y 54 VeTR2 EER 6v veS Blo ZF slope> eben y x slope =? RE | 2, De, rao R Ray - TA sf . > wn fe pirdent } a istante . I same I Dipferent v— Difperent > same Re= Rit RotRo clenpentoepetocre leGAaNpNoHE A) hp che ccmpNoten2 ! series - a ee Re= RitRa= 643=4 w Re Ri Ro eH Pavalle! ho tyes shorlaut YRe = Ri Ro ae 62 Re” Ri Ro Rit Ro + t= tel - Re= 643 1 9 9 1. iss. q 32 Re 6 2 . Max Resistance —> series ® Min Resistance—> parallel Re= 3R fee 2 of patallel over series Combination +— () Independence of Appliances :— i¢ one appliance pails ov there is 4 short cin in ce nna of the direutt the other appliances continue to operate normally. Tits is because each appliance is on a separate branch oF the civeyit, ensuing Ghee @ fault in one does not agrect the others. (2) Devices of dipgerenttppes need ditgerent current — For example - a bulb and q Heater needs diferent current and can not be connected in series. “Thig can be done with paralle! combination. ( Reduced Equivalent Resistance :- a “The equivalent wesistance of a parallel circuit [s less than the smallest resistance of any of the branches This reduced rresistance allows for @ higher total current to flow through the circuit while maintetining the same voltage. Which can lead fp more efficient en: yy consum front Clreuit Diagram := circuiTs— continuous and closed path of elect [236] ae 7 ‘An cectc cel —E 2 | Aemeyerecoatatneteas= | — fife 3 Plug key ore open) ofr = =a ; eae a 6 Wires crossing without joining: +7 Electric bulb 8 | Aresistor of resistance R- 9 | Variable resistance or Rheostat ~ 0 ‘ammeter n Voltmeter _/ Electric Power(P) !— Rate at which Electric enevgy is congumed - as ial PaVar : ee ae rater P= Power, STUnit- watt(W) =PR R V= Potenttal difference ( Volt) veIR T=cyrrent( Ampere) rey ELECTRICAL ENERGY (E) Electrical energy supplied by cel s-Tunitog Energy is youles(7) Framer Kw h kwh walt 100 Gill = [Link] unit x Price of Lunit) Heating Effect of Electric curyent ;— When an electric current through condi lecheie dente contr Lal a aly sane tne ced renee heat - This is called heating effect of elechic current. Soule’s laws of Heating s— Heat (H) produces in 4 Pure resistor Hae r™ He R Cie Fa) Gics GPa) Heat(n) is measused inJouleePractical Application of Heating Effect of Electric current Material used or making Heating Devices Allogs ~eHigh Resistivity than metals «High Melting ink (BSE 2025, CBSE 2023) Electric Gulb :- Filament -"Tangsten. filament is healed and [+ emits light. Tangsten has very high Metting point - Most of Eneygy consumed appears as heat, Based on Heating efpect of cuseent . Electvie Fuse sagthy Device :~ gcd on eating cet of atone «Fla puse 6 used to prove shork civ guse has low me so when high cursent passes Abvough tt metts due to Heat producer qiven by Joules law (H= PRE) and ctop the flow of curssertt- puse wise is connected in series caith the appliance- aa = Rating of Fuse Wire - Max Current) cae siiance |TV ae Appliance anly small park 2 light if high current flows (more than required) Fuse wire gets heated & melts Rating of Fuse 14,24, 3A, 4A, 5A, 100, ete ea 3A Fuse wise - Alloy of APs cu lead, from Fuse wire should have: ae High “esistivity and leu melting point. [teteetsu eral 6 1c) \igeT=Soie a wet ee th eos] ‘one ohm ie dfn as tet resistance ofan oblect wh [F1 Ampore flows trough an object on spying Pot | tone coulomb of charge lows through a conductor in one socond, | the curren flowing through the eoncuctoris knowin ss. one ammpore. Define 5 unt OF Potential Difference 1 Volt - Derine stunk of Power Watt a | yp eVe BRIS | | ‘The potential difference between two points is said to be 1volt if? | Joule of work is dono in moving a positive charge of 1 Coulomb from | Shepotnt tothe ether= 20°KI0 Fm = 800m Be? Sy om (= Sb @ fay Tage 0.62eer ten er Penang eer = 0.2mm= 0.2 x105 ved fe ba ?? Rely = a HOMEWORK, COMMENT THE ANSWER iy. ‘Earectypropotanatos cure onan tug ipods ts temper 19. How you would connect three resistors each of y2>s ReaWenne 20S Ren 2O= WA iv Bi pylon foie dodo XO FERS le? ie a Peay we I 1Pe edSe ee Brent eine eure cea Presets iSite entre ate eee renee eat 8) concent Ra Fine ddine AMSA B 6A O S28 265A