DRRR REVIEWER Disaster is "a sudden, calamitous impacts, which exceeds the ability of the These events, usually
s the ability of the These events, usually sudden, can
occurrence that causes great harm, injury, affected community or society to cope have tremendous effects.
destruction, and devastation to life and using its own resources. B. Man-made - Disasters caused by
LESSON 1: BASIC CONCEPT OF DISASTER property”. It disrupts the usual course of man are those in which major
Disasters are often a result of the
AND DISASTER RISK life, causing both physical and emotional direct causes are identifiable
combination of exposure and hazard:
distress such as an intense feeling of intentional or non-intentional
helplessness and hopelessness. 1. The conditions of vulnerability that are human actions.
The Philippines has experienced several present.
A preceding definition of disaster that Man-made Disaster
disastrous events in the past five years. stresses two elements:: Life (whether 2. Insufficient capacity or measures to
Here are some notable ones: [Link]/industrial disasters -
human or animal) and property. reduce or cope with the potential
Unregulated industrialization and
Typhoon Ulysses (Vamco) - 2020: This negative consequences.
The effects vary – it maybe a minor inadequate safety standards increase
powerful typhoon caused severe flooding damage (like broken windows and doors), the risk for industrial disasters.
The impact of disasters are the
and landslides, resulting in significant major damage (like torn rooftops, following:
damage and loss of life. EXAMPLE: leaks of hazardous
collapsed walls), total destruction (like
a. loss of life, injury, materials; accidental explosions;
Typhoon Rolly (Goni) - 2020: Another completely destroyed houses and
b. disease and other negative effects bridge or road collapses, or vehicle
devastating typhoon, Rolly brought strong structures rendering them useless and
on human physical, mental, and collisions; Power cuts
winds and heavy rains, causing inhabitable) and the worst scenario, it can
lead to death. (Asian Disaster social wellbeing,
widespread destruction and displacing [Link]/Violence - the threat of
Preparedness Center, ADPC, 2012) c. damage to properties,
thousands of people. terrorism has also increased due to
destruction of assets,
the spread of technologies involving
COVID-19 Pandemic - 2020 onwards: The According to the Food and Agriculture d. loss of services,
nuclear, biological, and chemical
pandemic has had a profound impact on Organization (FAO, 2008): e. social and economic disruptions,
agents used to develop weapons of
the country, affecting public health, the f. environmental degradation.
Disaster is “a serious disruption of the mass destruction.
economy, and daily life. functioning of a community or a society Classification of Disasters:
EXAMPLE : bombs or explosions;
Typhoon Odette (Rai) - 2021: This involving widespread human, material,
A. Natural Disasters – a natural release of chemical materials; release
typhoon was one of the strongest to hit economic or environmental losses and
phenomenon is caused by natural of biological agents; release of
the Philippines in recent years, causing impacts, which exceeds the ability of the
forces, such as earthquakes, radioactive agents; multiple or
extensive damage and displacing millions affected community or society to cope
typhoon, volcanic eruptions, massive shootings; mutinies
of people. using its own resources”.
hurricanes, fires, tornados, and
[Link] humanitarian
Volcanic Eruption of Taal - 2020: The The United Nations International extreme temperatures. They can
emergencies - the term complex
eruption of Taal Volcano led to the Strategy for Disaster Reduction defines: be classified as rapid onset
emergency is usually used to describe
evacuation of thousands of residents and disasters and those with
Disaster as a serious disruption of the the humanitarian emergency resulting
significant ashfall in surrounding areas. progressive onset, such as
functioning of a community or a society from an international or civil war. In
droughts that lead to famine.
involving widespread human, material, such situations, large numbers of
economic or environmental losses and people are displaced from their
homes due to the lack of personal could occur in a community or society LESSON 2: Risk Factors Underlying Gender and Family - the female gender
safety and the disruption of basic over some specified future time Disasters suffers more adverse effects. This worsens
infrastructure including food period. when children are present at home.
Elements of Disaster
distribution, water, electricity, and Marital relationships are placed under
THREE IMPORTANT FACTORS OF
sanitation, or communities are left [Link] - the “elements at risk from a strain.
DISASTER RISK
stranded and isolated in their own natural or man-made hazard event.
Age - adults in the age range of 40-60 are
homes unable to access assistance. 1. Exposure
(Quebral, 2016). more stressed after disasters but in
EXAMPLE: conflicts or wars and [Link] general, children exhibit more stress after
Genocide the deliberate killing of a 2. Hazard-a potentially dangerous physical disasters than adults do.
large group of people, especially [Link] occurrence, phenomenon or human
activity that may result in loss of life or Economic status of country - evidence
those of a particular ethnic group. Resilience refers to the ability of the
injury, property damage, social and indicates that severe mental problems
individuals, communities, and system resulting from disasters are more
economic disruption, or environmental
to effectively respond to, recover prevalent in developing countries like the
degradation.
Risk and Disaster Risk from and adapt to the impact of Philippines. Furthermore, it has been
natural or man-made hazards. [Link] - the condition determined observed that natural disasters tend to
Risk is defined as “the combination of
by physical, social, economic and have more adverse effects in developing
the probability of an event and its Mitigation it refers to the efforts and
environmental factors or processes, which countries than do man caused disasters in
negative consequences” (UNISDR, measure taken to reduce the risk
increase the susceptibility of a community developed countries.
2009). The term risk is used in a impact of hazards before they occur.
to the impact of hazard. (Food and
variety of contexts.
The goal is to minimize potential Agriculture Organization of the United Factors which underlie disasters:
It is usually associated with the damage, loss of life and disruption. nation, FAO 2008).
1. Climate change is the change that
degree to which humans cannot cope
The three variables to determined The following consideration to be taken can be attributed “directly or
(lack of capacity) with a situation (e.g.
the risk: when risk factors underlying disaster are indirectly to human activity that
natural hazard).
involved: alters the composition of the
Disaster risk is the product of the 1. vulnerability to a hazard global atmosphere and which is in
2. coping capacity linked to the Severity of exposure - which measures addition to natural climate
possible damage caused by a hazard
reduction, mitigation, and those who experience disaster firsthand variability observed over
due to the vulnerability within a
3. resilience to the vulnerability of a which has the highest risk of developing comparable time periods”. This is
community. It should be noted that
community. future mental problems, followed by in line with the official definition
the effect of a hazard (of a particular
those in contact with the victims such as by the United Nations Framework
magnitude) would affect communities
rescue workers and health care Convention on Climate Change.
differently (Von Kotze, 1999:35
practitioners and the lowest risk are those (UNFCCC)
Disaster risk refers to the potential most distant like those who have
(not actual and realized) disaster awareness of the disaster only through Climate Change - “climate change”
losses, in lives, health status, news. means the alteration of the world’s
livelihoods, assets, and services which climate that we humans are causing
such as burning of fossil fuels, expected to have increased hazard The growing rate of urbanization and LESSON 3: DISASTERS AND IT’S
deforestation and other practices that exposure. (Gencer, 2013). the increase in population density (in EFFECTS
increase the carbon footprint and cities) can lead to creation of risk,
[Link] and Inequality - Effects of Disasters on one’s Life
concentration of greenhouse gases in especially when urbanization is rapid,
Impoverished people are more likely
the atmosphere. can increase disaster poorly planned and occurring in a a. deaths
to live in hazard exposed areas and
risk in a variety of ways – by altering context of widespread poverty.
are less able to invest in risk-reducing b. destruction of infrastructures,
the frequency and intensity of Growing concentrations of people and
measures. The lack of access to
hazards events, affecting vulnerability economic activities in many cities are c. loss of livelihood and services, and
insurance and social protection
to hazards, and changing exposure seen to overlap with areas of high-risk other
means that people in poverty are
patterns. exposure.
often forced to use their already d. physical and nonphysical effects.
[Link] Degradation - limited assets to buffer disaster [Link] Governance - weak
changes to the environment can governance zones are investment A disaster is an event that harms
losses, which drives them into further humans and disrupts the operations
influence the frequency and intensity environments in which public sector
poverty. Poverty is therefore both a of society.
of hazards, as well as our exposure actors are unable or unwilling to
cause and consequence of disaster
and vulnerability to these hazards. For assume their roles and responsibilities A hazard is a dangerous situation or
risk (Wisner et al., 2004), particularly
instance, deforestation of slopes often in protecting rights, providing basic event that carries a threat to humans.
extensive risk, with drought being the
leads to an increase in landslide services and public services.
hazard most closely associated with Hazards can only be considered
hazard and removal of mangroves can
poverty (Shepard et al., 2013). Disaster risk governance refers to the disasters once it affected humans. If a
increase the damage caused by storm
specific arrangements that societies disaster happened in an unpopulated
surges (UNISDR, 2009b). Vulnerability is not simply about
put in place to manage their disaster area, it is still a hazard.
poverty, but extensive research over
[Link] Economic Development risk (UNISDR, 2011a; UNDP, 2013a)
the past 30 years has revealed that it The Effect of Natural and Man-Made
- It results in an increased polarization within a broader context of risk
is generally the poor who tend to Disasters in Humans
between the rich and poor on a global governance (Renn, 2008 in UNISDR,
suffer worst from disasters (DFID,
scale. Currently increasing the 2015a). This reflects how risk is
2004; Twigg, 2004; Wisner et al., [Link] Populations
exposure of assets in hazard prone valued against a backdrop of broader
2004; UNISDR, 2009b).
areas, globalized economic social and economic concerns (Holley One of the most immediate effects of
development provides an opportunity [Link] planned and Managed et al., 2011). natural disasters is population
to build resilience if effectively Urban Development - A new wave of displacement. When countries are
managed. By participating in risk urbanization is unfolding in hazard- ravaged by earthquakes or other
sensitive development strategies such exposed countries and with it, new powerful forces of nature, many
as investing in protective opportunities for resilient investment people need to abandon their homes
infrastructure, environmental emerge. People, poverty, and disaster and seek shelter in other regions. A
management, and upgrading informal risk are increasingly concentrated in large influx of refugees can disrupt
settlements, risk can be reduced. cities. accessibility of health care and
Dominance and increase of wealth in education, as well as food supplies
certain regions and cities are and clean water.
[Link] Risks traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a LESSON 4: Disasters from Different
serious psychological condition Perspectives
Aside from the obvious immediate
resulting from extreme trauma. Left
danger that natural disasters present, 1. Physical Perspective- Calamities
untreated, children suffering from
the secondary effect can be just as are phenomena that cause great
PTSD can be prone to lasting
damaging. Severe flooding can result physical damage in a community
psychological damage and emotional
in stagnant water that allows infrastructure, its people and
distress.
breeding of waterborne bacteria and their properties, e.g. houses and
malaria carrying mosquitoes. Without Ways on how to plan ahead of a environmental sources of living.
emergency relief from international disaster These cited effects of a disaster
aid organizations and others, death can be easily measured and the
[Link] for hazards at home.
tolls can rise even after the most common.
immediate danger has passed. [Link] safe place indoors and
Effects:
outdoors
[Link] Scarcity
- Injuries
[Link] yourself and family
The aftermath of natural disasters - Physical disabilities or illness
members
affects the food supplies. Thousands - Sanitation
of people around the world are [Link] Disaster kits/supplies on hand - Damage in infrastructure
hungry because of destroyed crops 2. Psychological Perspective-
and loss of agricultural supplies, [Link] an emergency Victims of disasters may suffer
whether it happens suddenly in a communication plan. from Post Traumatic Stress
storm or gradually in a drought. As a [Link] your community get ready. Disorder (PTSD) and other serious
result, food prices rise reducing mental health conditions, which
families’ purchasing power and [Link] the Disaster Preparedness are not being given much
increasing the risk of severe Cycle attention to by the authorities or
malnutrition or worse. The impacts of even by the victims, themselves.
hunger following an earthquake, (This may be sensitive statement)
typhoon or hurricane can be
Effects:
tremendous, causing lifelong damage
to children’s development. - distress
- hopelessness
[Link] Aftershocks
- intrusion/avoidance
Natural disasters can be particularly - emotional effects
traumatic for young children. - hatred/revenge
Confronted with scenes of destruction - cognitive Effects
and the deaths of friends and loved - dependence/insecurities
ones, many children develop post- - physical Effects
- grief/withdrawn/isolation 4. Economic Perspective- - unemployment LESSON 5: Understanding
- interpersonal effect Implementation of a partial and Vulnerability
- hunger
- guilt feeling total shut down of local business
Vulnerability is a state of being at risk.
- helplessness operations result to a lot of 5. Political Perspective- Natural
According to Republic Act 10121 also
- lack of trust people losing means of living. disasters are commonly thought
known as ‘Philippine Disaster Risk
3. Socio –cultural Perspective- to be less politically
Effects: Reduction and Management Act of
Filipinos are generally known as argumentative than armed
2010’, vulnerability is defined as the
“matiisin”, resourceful, helpful, - loss of life conflicts, yet a closer look shows
characteristics and circumstances of a
optimistic, and prayerful. These - unemployment that both the effects of a natural
community, system or resource that
characteristics are manifested in - loss of property loss of household disaster and the resulting
make it susceptible to the damaging
the country’s recent fight against articles distribution of humanitarian aid
effects of a hazard.
[Link] to the National - loss of crops are profoundly linked to politics.
Health Emergency, Enhanced Vulnerability refers to the
Community Quarantine (ECQ) - loss of public infrastructure Effects:
susceptibility of individuals,
prevailed in the whole country 5. Biological Perspective- The - People who have trust in political communities, and systems to the
disturbing effects caused by a institution will assess the negative impacts of hazards.
These traits help a lot of Filipinos to
survive the challenge of COVID19 in prevalent kind of disease or virus in government’s risk assessments as
Vulnerability is a multifaceted
the country. To people who are used an epidemic or pandemic level is credible and accept their hazard
concept, influenced by a range of
to natural calamities like typhoons, known as biological disaster. policies (Johnson 1999)
factors including physical, social,
flash floods, and volcanic eruptions - Low level of trust in public
Epidemic Level:: Biological disaster economic, and environmental factors.
most citizen would find contentment institutions therefore means that
affects large numbers of people
with what they have at the moment. citizens may ignore the Three Phases of Disaster
within a given community or area.
The culture of “malalampasan din recommendations and disregard Management
natin ‘to..” belief and “ bahala na and Ex: Dengue. the information provided by these
1. Preparation
Diyos” syndrome give hope to most institutions (McCaffey 2004).
Pandemic Level: Biological disaster 2. Response
Filipino in the midst of a disaster. Such - If individuals are confident that
affects a much large region, sometime 3. Recovery
perspective helps a lot especially they will receive sufficient aid
spanning entire continents or the from the government when a
those who belong to the marginalized Factors Contributing to Vulnerability
globe disaster occurs, they might not be
sector to be hopeful and continue Physical Vulnerability
fighting against any challenge at hand. Ex. Swine Flue motivated to take measures on
their own (King and Kang 2000). Infrastructure- Poorly maintained
Effects: Effects:
infrastructure, like roads, bridges, and
- change in individual roles - loss of lives buildings, increases vulnerability to
- disruption of social relationships damage.
- public demobilization
and personal connections
- negative economic effect
Assets - The value and location of assets, Building Resilience
such as homes, businesses, and essential
Vulnerability Reduction- Identifying and
services, contribute to vulnerability.
addressing vulnerability factors is crucial
Social Vulnerability for building resilience.
Age- The young and elderly are often Risk Assessment- Conducting
more vulnerable due to physical comprehensive risk assessments is a
limitations. fundamental step.
Gender- Women and girls may face Eary Warning Systems- Effective early
greater vulnerability due to social norms warning systems can help communities
and limited access to resources. prepare and respond to hazards.
Disability- Individuals with disabilities Disaster Preparedness- Developing and
may experience higher vulnerability due implementing disaster preparedness plans
to limited mobility and access. is essential.
Economic Vulnerability
Poverty- Limited financial resources make
it harder for people to recover from
disasters.
Livelihoods- Disasters can disrupt
livelihoods and income sources, leading to
prolonged hardship.
Environmental Vulnerability
Natural Resource Dependence-
Communities dependent on natural
resources are degradation. vulnerable to
environmental
Land Degradation- Soil erosion and
desertification can increase the risk of
landslides and floods.
Deforestation- Loss of forests can lead to
increased flooding and soil erosion.
