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Rollup, Cube
============
These clauses are optional clauses used along with group by clause only. These clauses are used
to calculate sub total, grand total automatically.
Rollup and cube will find sub & grand total based on single column or multiple column.
Synatx
=======
Select column1,column2,……….
From tablename
Group by rollup(column1,column2,……….);
select ename,sum(sal)
from emp
group by cube( ename)
select ename,sum(sal)
from emp
group by rollup( ename)
JOINS
=====
Join is an operation performed to combine data stored in multiple tablesles. To combine data
stored in two tables we need to join those two tables.
Types of Joins
=============
1)Equi join/inner join
2)Outer join
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3)non equi join
4)self join
5)natural join
6)cross join (or) cartesian join
1)Equi join/inner join
===================
To perform equi join, between two there must be a common field and name of the
common field need not be same.
Equi join is performed based on the common field with same data type.
Equi join based on (=) operator
This join returns only the rows with a match in both tables
Syntax
=====
[Link] = [Link]
In join queries declare table alias and prefix column names with table alias for two
reasons
1)for faster execution
2)to avoid column ambiguously defined
Display ename,sal,deptno,dname,Loc?
select ename,sal,[Link],dname,loc
from
emp e,
dept d
where
[Link]=[Link];
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ANSI(AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE)
======================================
USE “ON” clause or “using” clause for join conditions instead of “where” clause.
ON Clause
=========
select ename,sal,[Link],dname,loc
from emp e inner join dept d
on [Link]=[Link];
USING CLAUSE
============
Using clause can be used when name of the common field is same.
select [Link],[Link],[Link]
from emp e inner join dept d
using(deptno);
Outer join
========
Equi joins only matching records but cannot return unmatched records but to get
unmatched records also perform outer join
3 types
=========
1)Left outer join
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2)Right outer join
3)full outer join
1)Left outer join
==============
It returns all rows(matched and un matched) from left side table and matching rows
from right side table.
select ename,sal,[Link],dname,loc
from
emp e,
dept d
where
[Link]=[Link](+);
2) Right outer join
=================
It returns all rows(matched and un matched) from right side table and matching rows
from left side table.
select ename,sal,[Link],dname,loc
from
emp e,
dept d
where
[Link](+)=[Link]
full outer join
=============
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It returns all rows from both tables
select ename,sal,[Link],dname,loc
from
emp e
full outer join dept d
on
[Link]=[Link]
select ename,sal,[Link],dname,loc
from
emp e,
dept d
where
[Link]=[Link](+)
union
select ename,sal,[Link],dname,loc
from
emp e,
dept d
where
[Link](+)=[Link]
Non equi join
===============
Non equi join is performed when tables are not sharing common field.
This join is called non equi join because here join condition is not based on (=) operator
(<,<=,>,>=,between , in,………..)
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Display ename,sal,grade ?
select ename,sal,[Link],[Link],[Link]
from emp e,
salgrade s
where [Link] between [Link] and [Link]
DISPLAY GRADE 3 EMPLOYEES LIST?
=============================
select [Link],[Link],[Link],[Link],[Link]
from emp e,
salgrade s
where [Link] between [Link] and [Link]
and [Link]=3;
self join
========
Joining a table to itself is called self join.
=> in self join a record in one table with another record of same table.
Syntax:
=======
From tablename aliasname 1,tablename aliasname2
Method 1:
Compare one value with all other column values in same column
Write a query to display the employees who are getting same salary as scott salary from
emp table using self join.
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SELECT [Link],[Link]
FROM EMP E1,
EMP E2
WHERE [Link]=[Link]
AND [Link]='SCOTT';
Compare two different column values from same table (these belongs to same datatype)
Write a query to display the employees names and their manager names from emp
table using self join.
SELECT [Link] EMPLOYEE,[Link] MANAGER,
FROM EMP E1, EMP E2
WHERE [Link]=[Link]
Write a query to display the employees who are getting more salary than their manager
salary from emp table using self join.
select [Link] employee,[Link],[Link] manager,[Link]
from emp e1,
emp e2
where [Link]=[Link]
and [Link]>[Link];
DISPLAY BLAKE’S MANAGER NAME?
select [Link],[Link],[Link],[Link] manager_name
from emp x,
emp y
where [Link]=[Link]
and [Link]='BLAKE';
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natural join
==========
This join also returns matching rows only. This join performance very high compare to
inner [Link] this we are not allowed to use joining condition.
Syntax
=======
Select * from tablename1 natural join tablename 2
select * from emp e natural join dept d;
cross join (or) cartesian join
=========================
Cross join returns cross product or cartesian product of two tables.
Ex :
====
A=1,2 (AxB)=(1,3)(1,4)(2,3)(2,4)
B=3,4
If cross join performed between two tables then each record of 1 st table joined with each and
every record of second table.
select * from emp e cross join dept d;
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