LINUX: Free and Open-source OS
OS: Operating system -- > communication blw user & system.
TYPES OF OS:
1. WINDOWS
2. LINUX
3. MAC OS
LINUX COMPONENTS:
1. KERNEL: Manages hardware components (CPU, MEMORY, etc --)
The lowest level of OS.
2. DAEMON: Manage the Background Service (Lights, Sounds, schedule)
While starting the system.
3. SHELL: Manage the User Inputs (Command, Script, programs)
Takes input from the user and executes and gives the output.
LINUX OS FLAVOURS/DISTRIBUTIONS:
IPHONE: 14, 14+, 14 PRO, 14 PRO MAX,
VERSIONS: 14, 13, 12, 11
MAIN:
RedHat
Ubuntu (75%)
Amazon Linux
MODES:
1. GUI: Its having the Dashboard
2. CLI: Command line interface (Works with commands only)
HISTORY:
1991 -- > Linus Torvalds -- > student from finland.
1991 -- > Want to create an OS that works like UNIX.
LINUX is Written in C Programming. (1972)
Firstly he wanted to name it as 'Freax' but later it became 'Linux'.
1992 -- > Linxu's initial version was released.
TOTAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: 700 +
OPEN SOURCE:
It is free no need to pay money.
It is available publically.
We can change the code.
we can give a copy of the code to other people.
ADVANTAGES:
It's free and open-source.
Multi-user based.
Fewer Bugs.
Better Performance.
It can be used for all programming languages.
It will hang very rarely.
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DAY-02: SERVER & COMMANDS
MOBAXTERM LINK:
[Link]
NOTE: Go to the path where you have keypair
CONNECT: SELECT THE SERVER -- > CONNECT -- > SSH CLINET -- > COPY TO TERMINAL
PASTE: 1. RIGHT CLICK 2. SHIFT + INSERT
COMMANDS:
ec2-user: default user root: admin
* : refers all in linux
sudo -i : switch to root user form ec2-user
clear/ctrl + l : to clear the screen
touch file1 : to create a file
ll/ls : to list the files
ll -a / ls -a : to list the hidden files
pwd : to show the present working directory
cat file1 : to show the content in a file
more file1 : to show the content in a file
cat>file1 : to insert the content
enter, ctrl d : to save the content
cat>>file1 : to insert the content more than one time.
cp file1 file2 : to copy the content from file1 to file2
mv file1 file5 : to rename file1 to file5
rm file2 : to remove file2
rm file4 -f : to remove file4 forcefully
rm * -f : to remove all files forcefully
touch java{1..5}: to create series of files
rm j* -f : to remove all the files starting with j
wc file1 : to see number of lines, words & characters.
head file2 : to print top 10 lines
head -7 file2 : to print top 7 lines
head -5 file2 : to print top 5 lines
tail file2 : to print bottom 10 lines
tail -7 file2 : to print bottom 7 lines
tail -5 file2 : to print bottom 5 lines
sed -n '6,16p' file2 : to print form line numbers 6 to 16
FOLDERS = DIRECTORIES
mdkir dir1 : to create a folder
cd dir1 : to go inside the directory
cd .. : to go back one directory
rmdir dir1 : to remove a directory
echo "hai raham" > file3
===============================================================
DAY-03:
STATIC: We can't modify
DYNAMIC: We can mofify
VI/VIM EDITOR: Used to edit files and insert content.
i: used to modify/insert content
esc: to get out from insert mode
3. SAVE MODE:
:w : to save
:q : to quit
:wq : to save & quit
! : forcefully
2. INSERT MODE:
A : End of line
I : Starting of line
O : Create new line above existing line
o : Create new line below existing line
1. COMMAND MODE:
yy : copies single line
p : paste single line
dd : delete single line
u : undo
nyy : copies n lines
np : pastes n line
ndd : delete n lines
nu : undo n times
gg : top of file
shift+g : bottom of file
:15 : to go to line 15
:set number: print lines inside the file
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========================
HARDWARE:
cat /proc/meminfo : to show memory information
lsmem : to show memory information
cat /proc/cpuinfo : to show cpu information
lscpu : to show cpu information
cat /etc/os-release : to print flavoure
fdisk -l : to show the ebs volume info
lsblk : to show the ebs volume info
df : to show the mount point
df -m : to show the mount point in mb
free : to show how much ram is available
free -m : to show how much ram is available
yum install lshw -y : to install the package
lshw : to show the hardware information.
===================================================================================
=================================
USERS:
ec2-user: he is the default user.
root: he is the admin, he will have all permissions.
superuser:
he is a normal user created by root user.
normal user -- > visudo -- > super user
useradd raham: to create a user
cat /etc/passwd: to see the users list.
user -- > GROUP & FOLDER
cat /etc/group: to see the groups list.
ls /home: to show user folder on home
id raham: to show the user info
passwd raham: to assign password for user
NOTE: in linux password will not be visible.
password -- > more than 8 char.
username should not be given as password.
To create super user:
1. create user (useradd raham)
2. password (passwd raham)
3. visudo -- > 100 -- > yy & p -- > root=raham
su - rajesh : to login to super user
NOTE: In linux if you are on non root use sudo command
root -- > normal -- > visudo -- > super user
logout or ctrl d used to exit from super user.
=============================================================
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jun 8 16:02 file1
TYPE OF FILES:
- : Regular file
b : Blocked file
c : Charcter file
d : Directory
l : link file
PERMISSION:
rw-r--r--
r : read : 4
w : write : 2
x : executable : 1
user : rw- : 4+2+0 : 6
group : r-- : 4+0+0 : 4
others : r-- : 4+0+0 : 4
chmod 777 file1
chmod 666 file2
1 : acl -- > access control list
chown raham file1: to make raham as owner to file1
chgrp raham file1: to make raham as group to file1
chown raham:raham file2 : to make raham user&group for file2
chown rajesh:raham file1: rajesh as user & raham as group
groupadd devops : to create devops group
usermod -aG devops raham : to add raham user to devops group
usermod -aG aws raham : to add raham user to aws group
gpasswd --delete raham devops : to remove raham user form devops group
userdel raham : to delete raham user
===================================================================================
====================
DAY-05:
GREP : Global Regular Expression Print
to search for a particular word
grep is file1 : to search word is on file1
grep IS file1 -i : to avoid the case sensitive
grep IS file1 -i -v : to avoid the line which is having word is
cat file1 | grep is : to search word is on file1
cat file1 | grep IS -i : to avoid the case sensitive
cat file1 | grep IS -iv : to avoid the line which is having word is
| : is pipe sysmbol -- > to work with pipe we need to have 2 commands
here 1 st command output will be input of 2 nd command.
lscpu | grep cpu -i
lsmem | grep memory -i
dmesg | grep image -i
SED: Stream Editor -- > to replace words in a file.
%s/is/abc/ -- > to replace is with abc
sed '3c/abc/' file1 -- > to replce 3rd line in a file
sed 's/linux/unix/' file1-- > single word replace
sed 's/linux/unix/; s/session/class/' file1 -- > multi word replace
cat file1 -n -- > to print line numbers in a file
sed '=' file1 -- > to print line numbers in a file
sed -n '5,13p' file1 -- > to print line 5 to 13
sed -e '5,13p' file1 -- > to print line 5 to 13 double times
NETWORKING:
ip addr
ip addr show
hostname -i
ifconfig -- > all the 4 commands used to show ip address
ping [Link] -- > to get response form server
ping -c 4 [Link]
netstat --- > to show active internet connections
ps -- > to check the process
kill -9 32555 -- > to kill a process
ps aux -- > to list process in ids
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LINUX DIRECTORY SYSTEM:
FHS
bin : it stores all the binary files and also it stores the commands that had
been executed by the user.
sbin : it stores the commands that had been executed by the super user.
boot : it contains boot images & boot files.
dev : it contains all the device files
etc : it contains all the host specific system configuration files.
lib : it contains all the library files of the system.
lib64 : it contains all the library files of the system of 64 bit.
mnt : it is used for the mounting purpose.
opt : it stores all the file details of the 3 rd party when it installed.
proc : it is used to see all the processing related files (Hardware details).
srv : it stores all the service related information provided by system.
sys : it stores any new changes that obtained while changing Hardware.
tmp : it stores temperory files and have access to all.
usr : it contains local system files which are continuing with the old system
architecture.
var : it stores all the system services.
