STRUCTURES DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2019/2020

Steel Structural Design Lecture – Compression members

1. Fundamental of column
1.1 Introduction
Compression members can be designed to resist:
o Axial compression only – These are termed STRUTS
o Axial compression and bending – COLUMNS (STANCHIONS)

Bending moments in compression members are generally caused by:

o Load eccentricity
o Lateral loads (e.g. wind)
o Frame/member continuity (rigid connections in continuous design)

Column cross section types

o Typical cross sections:

Universal Column Square Hollow Rectangular Hollow Circular Hollow Rolled

(UC) Section (SHS) Section (RHS) Section (CHS) Steel Angles (RSA)

o Compound cross sections:

Welded RSAs
box and Laced
lattice

Figure 1: Compound cross sections used for compression members

1.2. Buckling of column

1.2.1 Geometric parameters
Before we start considering behaviour of column under compression, there are two parameters you
need to know, i.e. slenderness and radius of gyration:
1) Slenderness, 
The slenderness is the effective length of column (the length between supports) divided by radius
of gyration.
 = L/i (1)
2) Radius of gyration, i
2 2
I yy  i y A and I zz  iz A (2)

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Although not explicitly stated recommended maximum slenderness values are as follows:
Generally: max = 180
Resisting self-weight : max = 250
Tension member (subject to load reversal due to wind): max = 350

Worked example1:
Calculate slenderness and radius of gyration of a 356x406x551 section column has an effective length
of 10 metres.

Solution:
𝐼 226938
𝑖𝑦 = √ 𝑦𝑦 = √ = 17.98 cm
𝐴 702

𝐼 82671
𝑖𝑧 = √ 𝑧𝑧 = √ = 10.85 cm
𝐴 702

From TATA blue book, they are 18.0 and 10.9, respectively.
1000
𝜆𝑦 = = 55.62
17.98

1000
𝜆𝑧 = = 92.17
10.85

1.2.2 Buckling for a perfect pin ended strut

The formulae to calculate the CRITICAL LOAD is named after the Swiss mathematician EULER who
first proposed it. The expression can be derived by considering the equilibrium of a buckled strut.

Figure 2: Buckling about the weaker axis

The Euler load:
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑁𝑐𝑟 = (3)
𝐿2

The average compressive stress at elastic buckling fc can be expressed as in Equation (4):
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𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 𝐸
𝑓𝑐 = = = (4)
𝐴 𝐴𝐿2 𝜆2

For a perfect pin ended strut length L, with a Young’s modulus E and second moment of area I,
loaded with an axial compressive force N a buckled form can be considered where the displacement
from straight, y is a function of the position x along the length of the member and is small compared
to the dimensions of the strut.
Combining the two described modes of failure the behaviour of a perfect strut can be described in
Figure 3:

Figure 3. Compression strengths of a perfect member for varying slenderness values

The intersection point of these two modes of failure can be found by equating the squash load by the
Euler load giving Equation (5).

 2E
t  (5)
fy

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Worked example 2:
A 10 metres long 356x406x551 section column with S275 grade steel, calculate the Euler load and
compression strength of the column. Determine which failure mode this column tends to have.

Solution:
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 3.14162 × 210000 × 106 × 226938 × 10−8
𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑦𝑦 = = = 47035.55 𝑘𝑁
𝐿2 102 × 103
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 3.14162 × 210000 × 106 × 82671 × 10−8
𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑧𝑧 = = = 17134.53 𝑘𝑁
𝐿2 102 × 103
275 × 702 × 102
𝑁𝑐,𝑅𝑑 = = 19305 𝑘𝑁
103
Therefore, the column will buckle about the weak axis (z-z axis).

1.2.3 Buckling for other end conditions

In design other end conditions than pinned may be required. Different end conditions are accounted
for by using an EFFECTIVE LENGTH or BUCKLING LENGTH Leff. Figure 4 sets out the
boundary conditions and their corresponding buckling lengths.

1) Both ends 2) Both ends 3) One end fixed, 4) One end fixed 5) Both ends fixed
pinned pinned and a one end pinned (cantilever)
pin at the
midpoint

Leff= L Leff = L/2 Leff= 0.85L Leff = 2.0L Leff = 0.7L

FigureFigure 4: Effective
11: Effective length
length of strutsofwith
struts with different
different end conditions
end conditions

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2. Compression design to Eurocode 3

2.1 Design procedure

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Figure 5: Design flowchart of steel column

2.1 Section classification (clause 5.5.2)
Cross sections classification is similar to that in beam design we have covered, the sections are
classified as: (1) CLASS 1; (2) CLASS 2; (3) CLASS 3; and (4) CLASS 4. The maximum plate
element width to thickness ratio for each class is given for hot rolled I sections in Table 5.2 EN
1993-1-1.

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Worked Example 3:
Classify the 254x254x89 uniform column of S275 steel.
Solution

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The outstand flange:

235
  0.924
275

cf (256.3  10.3  2 12.7) / 2

  6.9  9 (class 1)
t f 0.924 17.3

The internal web:

c w 260.3  2 17.3  2 12.7
  21.05  33 (Class 1)
t w 0.924 10.3
Therefore the section is class 1.

2.2 Non dimensional slenderness

A non-dimensional slenderness value  is defined in the Eurocode 3 based on the ratio of the
compression resistance of the section, Afy, and the elastic critical force, Ncr:
𝑁𝑐,𝑅𝑑 𝐴𝑓𝑦
𝜆=√ = √𝑁 (6)
𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝑐𝑟

Worked example 4:
To follow worked example 2, a 10 metres long 356x406x551 section column with S275 grade steel,
determine the non-dimensional slenderness  of this column.
Solution:

𝑁𝑐,𝑅𝑑 19305
𝜆𝑦𝑦 = √ =√ = 0.64
𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑦𝑦 47035.55

𝑁𝑐,𝑅𝑑 19305
𝜆𝑧𝑧 = √ =√ = 1.06
𝑁𝑐𝑟,𝑧𝑧 17134.53

2.3 Compression resistance (clause 4.7.4)

The cross section resistance Npl,Rd must be larger than the NED (the factored design load). This check
is required for sections where the non-dimensional slenderness   0.2.

For Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 sections (i.e non-slender) the compression resistance is given in
Equation (7):

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Af y
N pl. Rd  (7)
M0

Where A is the gross cross-sectional area (from section tables) and the partial safety factor is
γM0=1.00

For Class 4 (slender) sections the compression resistance is given in Equation (8):

Aeff f y
N [Link]  (8)
M0

Where Aeff is the reduced effective cross-sectional area and the partial safety factor is γM0=1.00

2.4 FLEXURAL BUCKLING (clause 6.3.1)

For sections where the non-dimensional slenderness   0.2 the buckling resistance Nb,Rd must be
larger than the NED (the factored design load). The buckling resistance is calculated by multiplying the
COMPRESSION RESISTANCE by a buckling reduction factor χ:
For Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 sections (i.e non-slender) the buckling resistance is given in Equation
(9):
Af y
N [Link]   (9)
 M1
Where A is the gross cross-sectional area (from section tables) and the partial safety factor is γM1=1.00

For Class 4 (slender) sections the load carrying capacity is given in Equation (10):
A f
[Link]   eff y (10)
 M1
Where Aeff is the reduced effective cross-sectional area and the partial safety factor is γM1=1.00
NB: Non symmetric class 4 sections need to be designed for combined bending and axial compression
since there will be a shift in the centroid of the section from the gross cross section A to the effective
cross section Aeff which will cause a bending moment (see clause 6.2.9)

The buckling reduction factor χ is obtained from one of 5 possible buckling curves given in
Eurocode 3: ao, a, b, c, d. These curves relate the reduction factor χ to the non-dimensional
slenderness  and are based on the Perry-Robertson expression but have different imperfection
factors, α for different section types.
1
 and  1 (11)
2
  2 

where:
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2
1   (  0.2)   (12)

2

Af y
 Non dimensional slenderness, for Class 1, 2 and 3 sections
N cr

Aeff f y
 Non dimensional slenderness, for Class 4 sections
N cr

 Imperfection factor

N cr Critical buckling load based on the gross cross section area

Table 6.2 of EN 1993-1-1 defines which of the five curves should be used for different sections
and Table 1 given below (Table 6.1 of EN 1993-1-1) gives the imperfection factors required to
define the five buckling curves.

Table 1: Imperfection factors to define buckling curves (Table 6.1 of EN 1993-1-1)

Buckling curve Imperfection factor α
a0 0.13
a 0.21
b 0.34
c 0.49
d 0.76

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An alternative way to obtain the reduction factor χ is to use the chart from Figure 6.4 BS EN
1993-1-1 as shown in Figure 6 below:

Figure 6: Buckling curve

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Worked Example 5: Column design

Design a column in grade S275 steel

assuming simple construction (i.e. pinned
beam column connections and a pinned base
connection for the following structural
arrangement.)

Trying section UC 254×254×89

Flange thickness tf is 17.3 mm
Web thickness tw is 10.3 mm
fy is taken as 275 N/mm2 (since tf < 40mm
and we are using S275)

Determine factored load , F

F=1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk = (1.35 × 900) + (1.5 × 750) = 2340 kN

Section classification (as shown in worked example 2)

The section’s flange: plastic
The section’s web: semi-compact
The section can be overall considered non-slender.

We must determine the effective length of the

member for in both the y-y and z-z axis:

Leffy = 6000 mm
Leffz = 3000 mm

Since the section is not class 4 the non-dimensional

slenderness can in both the y-y and z-z axis be
found as follows:

Af y
 
N cr

Where:
 2 EI
N cr  Leff 2

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Considering buckling about the y-y axis:

 2 EI yy  2  210000 14300 10 4

N cr  2
  8232895 N
Leffy 6000 2

Af y 11300  275
   0.614
N cr 8232.9 103

Considering buckling about the z-z axis:

 2 EI zz  2  210000  4860 10 4

N cr  2
  11192131 N
Leffz 3000 2

Af y 11300  275
   0.527
N cr 11192.1103

Both non dimensional slenderness values λ̅ are greater than 0.2 so flexural buckling must be
considered. The buckling curve for a hot rolled I section of material S275 whose flange thickness tf is
less than 100mm thick and h/b<1.2 is:
b for buckling about the y-y axis
c for buckling about the z-z axis %HORZLVH[WUDFWIURP(&

Therefore the imperfection factor α for buckling:

y-y axis is 0.34 (Page 17 Table 1 at lecture note)
z-z axis is 0.49 (Page 17 Table 1 at lecture note)
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Calculating the section reduction factor χ for buckling about the y-y axis - using the non
dimensionless slenderness  in the y-y axis based on the gross cross section, as calculated above
and using the relevant imperfection factor α:


1     0.2     (1  0.34(0.614  0.2)  0.614 )  0.759
2 2

2 2
1 1
   0.830
  2   2 0.759  0.759 2  0.614 2

So calculating the section reduction factor χ for buckling about the z-z axis - using the non
dimensionless slenderness  in the z-z axis based on the gross cross section, as calculated above
and using the relevant imperfection factor α:


1     0.2     (1  0.49(0.527  0.2)  0.527
2 2
 0.719
2 2
1 1
   0.828
   2 2
0.719  0.719  0.527 2 2

The reduction factor χ is greater for buckling in the y-y axis so the critical buckling resistance Nb,Rd
of this member can be calculated using the reduction factor χ for buckling about the z-z axis :

Af y 11300  275
N [Link]    0.828   2579225 N ≅ 2579 kN > 2340 kN
 M1 1.0

Nb,Rd is greater than NEd so this section is acceptable.

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3. Determination of moments on columns of simple construction

The Non-conflicting complementary Information (NCCI) presents a method for determining the
moments on columns in simple construction due to the eccentricity of the beam-to-column joints.
The method presented in this NCCI is applicable to steel framed buildings modelled as “simple”
according to EN 1993-1-8 § 5.1.1 (2), in which the joints may be assumed not transmit any bending
moment from the beams into the columns. The lateral stability of the frame must be provided by a
system of bracing or by lift shafts and stair wells. The columns in this type of structure will primarily
be loaded in axial compression, but “nominal” moments due to the eccentricity of the beam-to-
column joints should also be considered in design.

Figure 7: Nominal moment due to beam-to-column joint eccentricity

ℎ 𝑡
𝑀𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝑅𝑏1,𝐸𝐷 (2 + 100) 𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑏1,𝐸𝐷 ( 2𝑤 + 100) (13)

The beam reactions will only result in a moment being transferred into the column when they are out
of balance. The reason for using a fixed value of 100 mm off the face of the column, rather than an
exact measurement, is to provide a simple, safe and conservative method for use in the design of
multi-storey buildings with nominally pinned joints. The method is safe because it makes an
adequate allowance for the moments arising from the eccentricity of the joint. It simple, because it
does not require the designer of the columns to have knowledge of the joint detail, other than the fact
that it is nominally pinned. This is important in an industry in which detailed design of the joints is
often carried out at a later stage in the design process, often by a different designer from the person
who sizes the members.
In multi-storey columns that are effectively continuous at their splices, the distribution of nominal
moments to the upper and lower column sections is carried out in proportion to their stiffness. For
this purpose, the stiffness is defined as the second moment of area about the appropriate axis
divided by the height between floors. Where the ratio of stiffness’ does not exceed 1.5, the
moments may be shared equally between the column above the joint and the column below. The
nominal moments should be assumed to have no effect at the levels above and below the level at
which they are applied.
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Worked example 6:
A 305x305x97 column is connected with
two 457x191x67 beams as shown below,
calculate the lever arms for moments
induced by beam A and B.
Solution:
Lever arm for beam A:
𝐻 307.9
+ 100 = + 100 = 253.95 𝑚𝑚
2 2
Lever arm for beam B:
𝑡𝑤 9.9
+ 100 = + 100 = 104.95 𝑚𝑚
2 2

4. Combined bending and compression in a column (BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause

6.3.3)
Members which are subjected to combined bending and axial compression should satisfy:

N Ed M y ,Ed M
 k yy   k yz  z ,Ed  1
 y N Rk M M z ,Rk
 LT  y ,Rk
 M1  M1  M1 (14)

N Ed M y ,Ed M
 k zy   k zz  z ,Ed  1
 z N Rk M M z ,Rk
 LT  y ,Rk
 M1  M1  M1 (15)

Where  LT is the reduction factor due to lateral torsional buckling; kyy, kyz, kzy, and kzz are the
interaction factors. Values of these factors may be obtained from Annex A or from Annex B of EC3.
The IStructE manual has proposed a simplified method for calculating the columns with additional
moments.
For I, H or RHS sections in a simple construction where the only moments are those due to
eccentricity of connections, the expression below should be satisfied:
𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 1.5𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑
+ + ≤1 (16)
𝜒𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜒𝐿𝑇 𝑊𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑊𝑧 𝑓𝑦𝑑

where fyd is the designed yield strength of the material (𝑓𝑦 /𝛾𝑀1 ), and the 𝜒𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the minimum
reduction factor for flexural buckling.
If the column is subject to moments other than from beam eccentricity, the following expressions
should be satisfied:
For I and H sections (susceptible to LTB):
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𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 𝑀 0.78 for class 1 and 2 sections

+𝜒 + 𝐶𝑚𝑧 𝑊 𝑧,𝐸𝑑 ≤{ (17)
𝜒𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐿𝑇 𝑊𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓
𝑧 𝑦𝑑 0.85 for class 3 and 4 sections
For RHS sections (not susceptible to LTB):
𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 𝑀
𝜒𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑓𝑦𝑑
+ 𝐶𝑚𝑦 𝑊 + 𝐶𝑚𝑧 𝑊 𝑧,𝐸𝑑 ≤ 0.85 (18)
𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓
𝑧 𝑦𝑑

Cmy and Cmz are uniform moment factors (similar to C1 in LBT) and can conservatively be taken as
1.0. Smaller factors are given in Annex B to EC3 Part 1-1 as shown below.

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Worked example 7
1 2 3
Given a two story steel structure, the actions are as 8m 6m
follows:
C
Permanent actions:
Self weight of floor: 3.5 kN/m2 6m
Variable actions:
B
Imposed floor load for offices: 3.0 kN/m2
7KHIORRUVSDQVLQWKHPGLUHF 6m
Design beam B1-2 and column B2. A

Design of beam B1-2

4.5m
Assume beam B1-2 is simply supported (hinged-
hinged ends) fully restrained beam:
Beam Span: L=8.0 m 5m
Bay width: =6.0 m

8m 6m
Partial factors for actions (Table A.1 (2) B EN1990)
Partial factor for permanent actions γG = 1.35
Partial factor for variable actions γQ = 1.5

Combination of actions
Design value of combined actions = [[ 
Combined action per meter length of beam account for 6 m, Fd  9.23  6  55.4kN / m

Design moment and shear:

Maximum design moment, My,Ed, occurs at mid-span and the maximum bending moment is:
Fd L2 55.4  8.0 2
M y , Ed    443.2kNm
8 8
Maximum design shear force, VEd, occurs at the end supports, and is:
Fd L 55.4  8.0
V Ed    221.6kN
2 2

Trial section:
Use S275 UB, assuming the thickness of flange and web is less than 40 mm, thus the yield strength
is 275 N/mm2
The minimum plastic modulus of the beam is:

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M y , Ed   MO 443.2  10 3  1.0
W pl, y    1612cm 3
fy 275

Try 457 191 74 UB with plastic section modulus 1650 cm3, the dimensions and properties are
listed as below:

Depth h =457 mm
Web depth hw =4 mm
Width b =190.4 mm
Thickness of the web tw,c =9.0 mm
Thickness of the flange tf,c =14.5 mm
Radius R =10.2 mm
Area A =94.6 cm2
Second moment of area (y-y) Iy =33300 cm4
Second moment of area (z-z) Iz =1670 cm4
Elastic section modulus (y-y) Wel,y =1460 cm3
Plastic section modulus (y-y) Wpl,y =1650 cm3
Yield strength fy,c =275 N/mm2
Ultimate tensile strength fu,c =430 N/mm2

Classification of section:
Outstand flange in compression:

235 235
   0.92
fy 275
c  (b  t w  2r ) / 2  80.5mm
c
 6.03  9
t f

Therefore the flange is Class 1

Web in bending:
c  h  2t f  2r  407.6mm
c 407.6
  49.2  72
t w 0.92  9
Therefore the flange is Class 1
Overall, the section is Class 1.

Bending resistance of cross section (Claus 6.2.5)

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W pl, y f y 1650  10 3  275

M c, y , Rd    10 6  453.75kNm  443.2kNm
 Mo 1.0

The cross section resistance in bending is fine.

Shear resistance of cross section:

 f 
Av  y 
3
V pl, Rd  
M0
Shear area Av:
Av=A-2btf+(tw+2r)tf >ηhwtw (η=1.2 EN 1993-1-5)

hw=h-2tf=457-(2×14.5)=428 mm

Av=9460-(2×190.4×14.5)+(9.0+2×10.2) ×14.5 = 4364.7 mm2

(but not less than 1.2×428×9 = 4622.4 mm2 )

4622.4  275 / 3
V pl, Rd 
 
 10 3  733.9kN
1.00
733.9kN  221.2kN

The section passes the shear resistance check VEd is less than half the plastic shear resistance Vpl,Rd
therefore resistance under combined bending and shear is fine.

Lateral torsional buckling of the beam

Because the beam is fully restrained, thus lateral torsional resistance is fine.

Serviceability check of the beam:

5  80000 4  ((3  3.5)  6) 80000
Deflection w   29.74mm   40mm
384  210000  33300  10 4
200
Deflection is OK.

Design internal column B2

Column height = 5.0 m

Actions:
Reactions at “each” of the two floor level from 8m span:
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Permanent = 0.5  8  6  3.5  84kN

Variable = 0.5  8  6  3.0  72kN

Reactions at “each” of the two floor level from 6m span:

Permanent = 0.5  6  6  3.5  63kN
Variable = 0.5  6  6  3.0  54kN

The total load applied on column due to two floors is given by:
Permanent Gk  2  (84  63)  294kN
Variable Qk  2  (72  54)  252kN

Partial factors for actions (Table A.1 (2) B EN1990)

Partial factor for permanent actions γG = 1.35
Partial factor for variable actions γQ = 1.5

Design combined action is given by:

1.35  294  1.5  252  776.3kN

Section selection:
Try 254  254  73 UC section, the section properties are as follows:
Depth h =254.1 mm
Width b =254.6 mm
Thickness of the web tw, =8.6 mm
Thickness of the flange tf, =14.2 mm
Second moment of area (y-y) Iy =11400cm4
Second moment of area (z-z) Iz =3910cm4
Radius of Gyration iz =6.48 mm
Area A =93.1 cm2
Plastic section modulus (y-y) Wpl,y =992 cm3
Yield strength fy,c =275 N/mm2
Ultimate tensile strength fu,c =430 N/mm2

Section classification:
The section is Class 1.

Buckling length:
Leffy=5.0m
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 STRUCTURES DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2019/2020

Leffz=5.0m

Flexural buckling resistance

Since the section is not class 4 the non dimensional slenderness can in both the y-y and z-z axis be
found as follows:

Af y
 
N cr

Where:
 2 EI
N cr  Leff 2

Considering buckling about the y-y axis:

 2 EI yy  2  210000  11400  10 4
N cr  2
  9451133 N
Leffy 5000 2

Af y 9  275 0.515

   9451  10 3 
N cr

Considering buckling about the z-z axis:

 2 EI zz  2  210000  3910  10 4
 2
  3241572 N
5000 2
N cr
Leffz

Af y  90  275 
  3241.6  10 3 0.88
N cr

Both non dimensional slenderness values λ̅ are greater than 0.2 so flexural buckling must be
considered. The buckling curve for a hot rolled I section of material S275 whose flange thickness tf is
less than 100mm thick and h/b<1.2 is:
b for buckling about the y-y axis :All from Table 6.2 Page 58 (EC-3)
c for buckling about the z-z axis

Therefore the imperfection factor α for buckling:

y-y axis is 0.34 : All from table 6.1 Page 57 (EC-3)
z-z axis is 0.49

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 STRUCTURES DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2019/2020

Calculating the section reduction factor χ for buckling about the y-y axis - using the non
dimensionless slenderness  in the y-y axis based on the gross cross section, as calculated above
and using the relevant imperfection factor α:


1     0.2     (1  0.34(0.515  0.2)  0.515 )  0.686
2 2

2 2
1 1
   0.878
  2   2 0.686  0.686 2  0.515 2

So calculating the section reduction factor χ for buckling about the z-z axis - using the non
dimensionless slenderness  in the z-z axis based on the gross cross section, as calculated above
and using the relevant imperfection factor α:


1     0.2     (1  0.49(0.88  0.2)  0.88 )  1.054
2 2

2 2
1 1
   0.612
  2   2 1.054  1.054 2  0.88 2

The reduction factor χ is greater for buckling in the y-y axis so the critical buckling resistance Nb,Rd
of this member can be calculated using the reduction factor χ for buckling about the z-z axis :

Af y 9310  275
N
b. Rd   0.612   10 3  1567kN > 776.3 kN
 M1 1.0

Combined bending and axial compression buckling (simplified)

The reaction from an 8m beam is

1.35  0.5  8  6  3.5  1.5  0.5  8  6  3.0  221.4kN
The reaction from an 6m beam is
1.35  0.5  6  6  3.5  1.5  0.5  6  6  3.0  166.1kN Level 1

Design moment on column due to beam actions (NCCI 221.4kN 166.1kN

document SN005a-EN-EU)

The moment induced by beam actions is given as: 100

h
100
M  ((h / 2)  100)  (221.4  166.1)  12.6kNm

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 STRUCTURES DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2019/2020

M y , Ed  12.6kNm
M z , Ed  0

When a column is subjected to moment (due to eccentricity from connection) and axial force, the
following expression can be used:
𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 1.5𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑
+ + ≤1
𝜒𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜒𝐿𝑇 𝑊𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑊𝑧 𝑓𝑦𝑑
which Mb,Rd and Mz,Rd are the lateral torsional buckling resistance about y-y axis and moment
resistance bending about z-z axis, respectively. (see [Link] EN 1993-1-1)

776.3 13.6
  0  0.56  1.0
1562 221

Therefore a 254  254  73 UC is adequate.

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